Information Management: Knowledge, Emancipation, and Metaphysics in the 21st Century

This text is trying to discuss an approximation to the concept of human emancipation,as part of our well-being,in terms of Education and Knowledge.Without abandoning our metaphysical perception of wholeness,as an extension of the continuity principle which connects our conscious and unconscious world,emancipation is considered as a personal struggle against all oppressions.Some of these are grounded in our inner world.In accordance with the Enlightenment request,reasoning and knowledge can help us to structure new forms of acceptances which are shaping our own emancipatory meaning.Under the impact of social influence and personal interpretation,the perceived knowledge is considered as a mental tool containing an upgraded valid information.Taking under consideration that this validity is not able to overcome the metaphysical origins of human thought,it is suggested that when this mental tool is functioning in a self-transformative,self-constructed,and flexible form,human intelligence is structuring a compatible information management mechanism,which can enable us to formulate our personal acceptances,bridge our empirical and hyper-empirical inner world,and enlighten our request for self-criticism,self-determination,and above all emancipation.

The Magical-Sophistical Delusion:Third-Wave-Feminism and Its Philosophical Roots

The content of current third-wave feminism differs significantly from that of previous feminist movements,which sought equal human and civil rights for women.In third-wave feminism,gender is primarily understood as a social category that is linguistically constructed.The now classic work Gender Trouble(1990)by philosopher Judith Butler is decisive for this“linguistic turn”in the social sciences.However,Butler’s work is systematically based on two philosophical traditions that are already highly controversial in themselves:sophism and existentialism,linked to a pre-modern magical worldview.The following essay is a critique of these lines of tradition,followed by the question of the extent to which they can serve citizens of an enlightened society in naming and constructively addressing actual social grievances.

解放之战中艺术的惨胜:后现代插曲

"解放之战"中"解放"有两个维度:一是文艺从霸权或其他领域的影响中自我解放;二是解放,或者说在审美领域获得解放。而后现代主义正是文学和艺术在这场解放之战中的"惨胜"的表现,它带来了胜利的灾难,即文学和艺术被剥夺了与社会生活其他领域联系的自由,并且完全的解放也会彻底毁灭完全自律。

Emancipative Development in Contemporary World Politics

In the contemporary world, various political actors, both within and outside of states, have continued to break through subjective and objective constraints to participate more and more widely in the political activities of the world society, which has promoted inclusiveness in the relationship between all actors and fostered reconciliation between man and nature. Historically, the political development of the world has followed two routes: one involves inter-personal relationships, which have evolved gradually through violent and non-violent forms of revolution from one marked by the conflict between the oppressed and the oppressors and between the exploited and the exploiters, to one marked by equality and mutual respect; and the other involves the progress of the forms of production organization and society made possible by the productive forces driving the production relations forward and the change to the economic foundation that forced the superstructure to experience fundamental transformation. The latter is fundamental and recessive, while the former is dominant, which has a direct impact on states and the broader world. In such a progressive evolution, the political transformation of the world has gradually changed from a violent one to a more peaceful one, and the grander trend has changed from having the features of national independence and liberation as well as a people's revolution, to having the features of seeking development in an all-around way and forging a harmonious world free from threat, fear and anxiety.Hereinto, the dominant role of rational human self-restraint is becoming more and more obvious, with which the actors, even those who onceopposed each other, are seeking mutual tolerance, acceptance and cooperation, including human respect for nature and the environment. In essence, this is indicative of the emancipation of human sociality and the reconciliation between man and nature, which is still currently under way.

The Contemporary Significance of the Study of Gorz’s Labor View

In the post-industrial period,Gorz makes a new exposition of labor liberation:The essence of Gorz so-called labor and laborers is to eliminate alienated labor,to shorten people’s labor time,to make labor a creative autonomous activity,and to show their own value in labor;all kinds of activities outside the labor are also one of the important content and value of life;leisure is not the pleasure of consumption,but the search for a rich life as an interest.Specifically,Gorz’s conception of the goal of labor emancipation mainly includes the liberation of labor time,the autonomy of labor,the diversity of activities,the creativity of labor,and so on;this goal of labor liberation has produced certain significance at home and abroad.

China's 60 years of industrial transformation reviewed

In China, the real industrialization and modernization process started in 1949, when the Chinese people were emancipated from the yoke of the Kuomintang and the People's Republic of China (P.R.C) was founded. However, the road of emancipation has been a bumpy one. In particular, the emancipation of the mind has often been full of twists and turns. The tremendous liberation of social productive forces originated in the emancipation of the mind, whose truth has been tested by economic development practices. In the past 60 years China has paid tremendous efforts and costs in pursuit of emancipation, and today it still needs to emancipate the mind anew. For 60 years, since the formation of P.R. C, the country has kept pursuing the emancipation of the mind while exploring ways of change in institution, strategy and policy. In the first 30 years China attempted to devise an idealistic approach of transition to the socialist planned economic system, which was characterized by continuous revolution and movement. In the second 30 years China explored a realistic approach of transition to the socialist market economic system, which is characterized by incremental reform and opening-up. For six decades industry has remained at the forefront of transformation. The emancipation of the mind and the realization of change aim to ultimately make China a strong nation with an affluent people. The purpose of the six-decade struggle in new China is to erase the stigma of "being poor and blank," secure a firm and strong foothold in the world, restore China's status as a world power and let the Chinese people enjoy the affluence and welfare of a well-off society. The central mission of this national revitalization is to realize industrialization. Therefore, industrialization has been the central theme of China's revitalization in the past 60 years. After 60 years of industrialization, hundreds of millions of Chinese people are now able to enjoy ever-increasing wealth from industrial civilization. However, still a larger proportion of China's 1.3 billion people are awaiting industrial civilization. In this sense, industrialization is not only the focus of China's socioeconomic development but also the world's largest livelihood mission. Industrial development is more of a means of enhancing people's livelihood than a means of regaining the title as a world power. This will become one of the distinctive characteristics of China's industrialization in the new stage.

Mesmerism, Sexuality, and Medicine：＂Karezza＂ and the Sexual Reform Movement

Within the scope of certain social and religious movements, mesmerism had a considerable impact on the Americanway of life during the last decades of 19th century. A famous example is the Christian Science of Mary Baker EddyBut also less known groups adopted mesmeric ideas and practices. The paper focuses on the concept of＂Karezza＂.It combined a specific sexual practice with religious ideas of divine love, birth control, social reform, women＇semancipation and health education. It was created by Alice Bunker Stockham （1833-1912）, an obstetrician andgynecologist from Chicago. Among other authorities, the writer Leo Tolstoy and medical psychologist HavelockEllis appreciated her approach. She was a pioneer of the sexual and marriage reform promoting practical advice foreveryday life. As a doctor, she stressed especially the disastrous consequences of a brutal sexual life destroyingbody and mind （not only of the women）. As an antidote, she propagated the ＂Karezza love＂ avoiding ejaculation ada punctual orgasm （climax） during intercourse. The leading idea was the imagery of a mesmeric ＂fluidum＂ unitingindividuals spiritually. Bunker＇s publications were translated into German. They corresponded to the Lebensreformmovement, but never became popular. Also the early sexology about 1900 ignored Bunker＇s concept as well as thesexual medicine later on. It is worthwhile to reconsider it within the context of the history of medicine, culture, andanthropology.

Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain： An Unknown Voice of Bengal

The whole world knows that England has her Mary Wollstonecraft and France has her Simone de Beauvoir as feminists, but the world knows a very little that Bengal also has her Rokeya Shakhawat Hossain, an intrepid feminist, who struggled till the last day of her life for the perfectly right assessment of the neglected Indian women, was born in 1880, in Pairaband, a small village in British India which now lies in the north-western part of present-day Bangladesh. She pioneered women＇s advancement and led the way to enlightening and empowering women breaking all the traditional social barriers. When the whole women folk were utterly distressed, deprived, and drowned under the dirt of illiteracy, fanaticism, superstitions, and prejudices and could not think of equal rights and freedom, she raised her voice through her writings and worked to uplift the fortune of women, instilled a sense of renaissance in them and led them to tasting the flavor of freedom opposed to the current of patriarchal social views. Based on this bold attitude toward female emancipation, Rokeya can easily be acclaimed as a feminist whereas some critics have viewed her as a Muslim or Islamic feminist which is nothing but an immature attempt to underestimate her genius. It was true that she was brought up in an Islamic cultural milieu and tried to educate the then lagged behind Muslim girls which, the critics probably cogitated as the main aim of her life overlooking the universality of women＇s problems she dealt with and her non-sectarian outlook of life. In fact, she sprang up beyond the limitations the society placed upon her and was boldly vocal about the freedom of women irrespective of their distinctive faiths and social customs. This paper, therefore, aims at exploring Rokeya＇s Istrijatir Abanati （Woman＇s Downfall） （1903） with a view to showing her firm determination, endeavors, and voice to emancipate women, and advocating her as a concerned feminist.

A New Security Concept： Liquid Security

International institutions and understanding of security formed after the Second World War is increasingly becoming inefficient to deal with the necessities of security in our time. Moreover, the increase of the non-state actors and their influence on security led the way to new arguments that highlight individual security instead of state security such as ＂right of retention＂ which is a dispute between the Westphalia system and the liberal order. The possibility to provide security in all national or international levels with the understanding and the institutions of the past is diminishing. We now face a variety of challenges, both old and new, as well as a variety of opportunities to help shape conditions and events that will work both for us and for others. In essence, we have a ＂paradigm gap＂ and we recognize that the nature of international politics is a complex for the exercise of power and influence. In a world of continuing diversity, mistrust, and uncertainty, it is likely that the search for a more cooperative global society is likely to remain in conflict with the powerful pressures which exist for state and other political communities, to look after what they perceive to be their own sectional, national, or regional security against threats form without and within. Whether and how greater international and global security can be achieved, still remains the hardest nut of international politics to crack. Within this study, by introducing the concept of ＂liquid security＂ for the first time in terms of finding security solutions to the scope and variety of the 21st century, it is focused on the fundamental basis of the probable new international order and security understanding. Fundamental principle as the basis of liquid security is to ensure a cooperative global society in a standard and fair security system.

The Emancipation of Authorship： The Viral Editor as a Dispersed Creature of the Internet

The paper is focused on the cultural consequences of a new technological opportunity in mass communication. The Internet has given two billion people a technical means of authorship. It is a real explosion of authorship： In all previous history of mankind there, probably, have been about 200-300 million authors. The emancipation of authorship explains （better than technological innovations） all other changes in the public life, connected with the new communicative environment. The new environment, in which any person from the audience can be an author, develops its own mechanism for creating public significance. The paper describes the structure and functioning of this mechanism, named the Viral Editor, as a ubiquitous and dispersed creature of the Internet which consists of people-users who all now have gotten rights to compose, edit and spread any facts and opinions in any form and shape.

Women, Conflict and Politics： Assessing Margaret Ekpo＇s Approach to Political Emancipation and Liberation in Nigeria

For generations, the potential of Nigerian women to contribute effectively to national development seems to be suppressed by many factors which cut across religious, environmental and cultural constraints. Consequently, women have strongly resolved to renegotiate their relevance through the adoption and utilization of various initiatives. At the forefront, one of these initiatives early in time was Margaret Ekpo （1914-2006）, a Nigerian female political activist who unilaterally began radical movements in parts of Nigeria to transform the political consciousness of the Nigerian women, and to reverse gender-related inequalities in the country. This paper sets out to evaluate her approaches to what could be described as political re-engineering. It develops a framework drawing from theories of conflict resolution and the principles of liberalism and feminism. Findings show that despite of the limited formal education and political ideologies to which she was exposed to, she was able to rise above the prevailing challenges of her time to build a firm pedestal upon which many women politicians in Nigeria have stood to launch themselves to political limelight. The study concludes that the principles of liberalism and a desire to foster the political development of Nigeria account for Margaret Ekpo＇s venture into the political field.

A Comparative Study on the Buddhist and Brahmanic Conceptions of the Relationship between the Secular World and the Emancipation Realm

Buddhism and Brahmanism were two important religions in ancient India and their religious philosophies continue to be the fundamental components of contemporary Indian culture. However, these religions share common theoretical problems like explanation of the relationship between the secular world and the emancipation realm. This article examines this issue.

Development of Tibet at New Historic Starting Point——People in Tibet greet Second Serfs Emancipation Day

March 28 of this year is the second Tibetan Serfs Emancipation Day. People of all nationalities in Tibet marked the day by hoisting the national flag and by singing and dancing. Smiles were on every face and a festive atmosphere pervaded the snowcovered plateau region.

Thoughts on Serfs Emancipation Day

Fifty years ago, on March 28, 1959, Zhou Enlai, Premier of the State Council of the People＇s Repubfic of China, promulgated a decree of the State Council, declanng the Tibet local government controlled by Tibet＇s feudal aristocrats and upperstratum clergy dissolved on that day and resolving that the powers of the Tibet local government be exercised by the Preparatory Committee for the Founding of the Tibet Autonomous Region from that day on. This decision of great historic significance sounded the death knell of the feudal serf system in old Tibet, a theocratic system that was reactionary, corrupt and dark. The change of government cleared obstacles and created conditions for development and progress in Tibet. After that a broad democratic reform movement swept the plateau region. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the one million serfs in Tibet buried the feudal serf system and won their emancipation,

SPECIAL ISSUE： IMPORTANT ISSUES IN MARXIST PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA：The issue of style of study in research on Marxist philosophy

Style of study is a fundamental prerequisite for studies of Marxist philosophy. A Marxist way of study requires firstly taking up the standpoint of the masses; secondly, an unwavering attitude of emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts and progressing with the times; and thirdly, consciously espousing the method of joining theory and practice. Building up Chinese-style socialism is the greatest reality in China and is the locus of the fundamental interest of the mass of the people. It is the requirement and actualization of the principle of ＂emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts and progressing with the time.＂ It is the historical mission of Marxist philosophical studies to serve the practice of Chinese-style socialism.

On the inherent mechanism of emancipation of the mind

At present, emancipating the mind has changed from a significant movement of ideological and theoretical reform initiated at a special historical moment in human society to an inherent requirement and organic constituent of social development that has been regularized, universalized, routinized and normalized. It is the condensed embodiment of the tension and conflict between the determinate and the creative, the natural and the transcendental in the structure of human existence. Its dynamic and constraining mechanisms are specifically manifested as the tension and conflict between innovative and conservative ideas, open and closed ways of thinking, and modern and traditional cultural patterns. In the course of a new emancipation of our thinking, we should not only actively promote specific emancipation of the mind on every level and in every sphere, but also highlight the establishment of mechanisms and institutions for such emancipation, and especially the formation of a mechanism for cultural innovation. We must create an institutional culture that respects different ideas; establish a mindset that is open, tolerant, creative and cherishes difference; and cultivate a cultural model that respects individuality and innovation.

On continuing to emancipate the mind

Emancipating the mind is a magic weapon for developing socialism with Chinese characteristics. The unity between emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts and the unity between the guidance of Marxism and theoretical innovation underlie its three features： the objective or scientific principle, the innovative or progressive principle and the principle of affinity with the people or the principle of Party spirit. Emancipating the mind is, in essence, a question of how to put this into practice. In persisting in emancipating the mind we must make efforts to eliminate interference from both ＂Left＂ and Right ideologies.

The course of human emancipation and the evolution of social forms

The ＂end of history＂ is a subjective proposition about actual social history made in light of the intrinsic and cultural logic of capital. It urgently needs to draw on Marx＇s theory of human emancipation for inspiration to transcend the historical limitations of capitalism. Through study of civil society, Marx came to the logical conclusion that this society will necessarily be overcome. The process of overcoming civil society is at the same time one of transcending political emancipation and advancing towards human emancipation. Political emancipation and human emancipation as the ＂two leaps forward＂ in social development make overall history in the sense of types logically divide into three stages, namely pre-capitalism, capitalism and communism, that are inherently connected with Marx＇s theory of ＂three major forms＂ in social development, i.e. societies respectively featuring personal dependence, objective dependence, and all-round development of individuals. The fact that this theory is concerned with the circumstances of man＇s development and the degree of his emancipation determines that the theory of human emancipation also sheds light on the field of social forms, and that human emancipation and the evolution of social form are really two aspects of a single process. With the historical orientation of the self-improvement of socialism, the Chinese people are seeking, in their theoretical and practical explorations, an approach to realizing human emancipation, one that will offer experience with flesh significance for world history in the huge transition in the form of human society.

Reform and opening up are a powerful motive force for developing socialism with Chinese characteristics

The history of China＇s reform and opening up are at the same time the history of the theoretical exploration of the Sinicization of Marxism. The in-depth movement of emancipating the mind represents a great leap ahead for both the practice and the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The great practice of three decades of reform and opening up has given us a store of valuable historical experience and provided a practical and scientific foundation for the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Reform and opening up are a tremendous impetus to socialism with Chinese characteristics. To adhere to this theoretical system is in effect to adhere to the viewpoint of the emancipation of the mind, seeking truth from facts and the productive forces criterion, as well as to the scientific concept of development and the correct outlook on reform. Taking this theoretical system as our guide is of the utmost importance for further reform and opening up and the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

The Women's Self-Defense Army Fought Invaders, Sought Emancipation

IN the summer of 1937, after the Japanese invaded northeast China, they again encroached upon the northern lands. The Chinese army and common people, driven by anger and hatred, fought against the invaders, sparking off a full scale war of resistance against Japanese aggression.