Numerical simulation on effects of embedded crack on rock fragmentation by a tunnel boring machine cutter

Based on the simplification of cutting process,a series of numerical simulations were conducted using a 2-D discrete element method to explore the effects of embedded cracks with different dip angles on the rock fragmentation process,cutting characteristics and breaking efficiency.The results show that the simulated results are in a good agreement with previous theoretical study.The main crack propagates to the top tip of embedded crack,except when the dip angle is 90°.Side cracks which are more fully developed in the rocks containing embedded cracks tend to propagate towards the free surface.According to the history of vertical cutting force,it is shown that the peak force is decreased by embedded cracks.The study on cutting efficiency was conducted by combining the quantity of crack and cutting energy.And the results show that breaking efficiency can be treated as a decreasing or a increasing function when the dip angle is less or larger than 30°,respectively.Breaking efficiency is higher than that in intact rock when the dip angle is larger than 45°.

Temperature field at time of pulse current discharge in metal structure with elliptical embedding crack

Theoretical analysis is made on the temperature field at the time of pulse current discharge in a metal structure with an elliptical embedding crack. In finding the temperature field, analogy between the current flow through an elliptical embedding crack and the fluid flow through a barrier is made based on the similarity principle. Boundary conditions derived from this theory are introduced so that the distribution of current density and the temperature field expressions can be obtained. The study provides a theoretic basis to the applications of stopping spatial crack with electromagnetic heating.

Four-Beam Model for Vibration Analysis of a Cantilever Beam with an Embedded Horizontal Crack

As one of the main failure modes, embedded cracks occur in beam structures due to periodic loads. Hence it is useful to investigate the dynamic characteristics of a beam structure with an embedded crack for early crack detection and diagnosis. A new four-beam model with local flexibilities at crack tips is developed to investigate the transverse vibration of a cantilever beam with an embedded horizontal crack; two separate beam segments are used to model the crack region to allow opening of crack surfaces. Each beam segment is considered as an Euler-Bernoulli beam. The governing equations and the matching and boundary conditions of the four-beam model are derived using Hamilton＇s principle. The natural frequencies and mode shapes of the four-beam model are calculated using the transfer matrix method. The effects of the crack length, depth, and location on the first three natural frequencies and mode shapes of the cracked cantilever beam are investigated. A continuous wavelet transform method is used to analyze the mode shapes of the cracked cantilever beam. It is shown that sudden changes in spatial variations of the wavelet coefficients of the mode shapes can be used to identify the length and location of an embedded horizontal crack. The first three natural frequencies and mode shapes of a cantilever beam with an embedded crack from the finite element method and an experimental investigation are used to validate the proposed model. Local deformations in the vicinity of the crack tips can be described by the proposed four-beam model, which cannot be captured by previous methods.

Three dimensional K-Tz stress fields around the embedded center elliptical crack front in elastic plates

Through detailed three-dimensional （3D） finite element （FE） calculations, the out-of-plane constraints Tz along embedded center-elliptical cracks in mode I elastic plates are studied. The distributions of Tz are obtained near the crack front with aspect ratios （a/c） of 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0. Tz decreases from an approximate value of Poisson ratio v at the crack tip to zero with increasing normalized radial distances （r/a） in the normal plane of the crack front line, and increases gradually when the elliptical parameter angle φ changes from 0° to 90°at the same r/a. With a/c rising to 1.0, Tz is getting nearly independent of φ and is only related to r/a. Based on the present FE calculations for Tz, empirical formulas for Tz are obtained to describe the 3D distribution of Tz for embedded center-elliptical cracks using the least squares method in the range of 0.2 ≤ a/c ≤ 1.0. These Tz results together with the corresponding stress intensity factor K are well suitable for the analysis of the 3D embedded centerelliptical crack from field, and a two-parameter K-Tz principle is proposed.

The reliability analysis of welded structure with embedded cracks by using three dimensional stochastic FEM

In this paper, the reliability of welded structure with an embedded elliptical crack was calculated by using three dimensional stochastic finite element method. This method has overcome the shortcomings of conservative results in safety assessment with deterministic fracture mechanics method. The calculation of reliability was based on three dimensional perturbation stochastic finite element program which was developed by ourselves. The effects of variables (such as fracture toughness K IC , load P, the ratio of minor axis to major axis a/c) on the structure reliability were also discussed. The calculation results indicate that among the three variables (K IC ,P, a/c) , the fracture toughness K IC has the greatest effect on the structure reliability. The next is external load P. The ratio of the a/c has lower effect on structure reliability than both K IC and P . The method has put forward a new way for safety assessment of welded structure with embedded elliptical cracks.

EFFECTIVE ELASTIC MODULI OF INHOMOGENEOUS SOLIDS BY EMBEDDED CELL MODEL

An embedded cell model is presented to obtain the effective elastic moduli for three-dimensional two-phase composites which is an exact analytic formula without any simplified approximation and can be expressed in an explicit form. For the different cells such as spherical inclusions and cracks surrounded by sphere and oblate ellipsoidal matrix, the effective elastic moduli are evaluated and the results are compared with those from various micromechanics models. These results show that the present model is direct, simple and efficient to deal with three-dimensional two-phase composites.

含埋藏裂纹结构的拘束效应和蠕变裂纹孕育期研究

以含埋藏椭圆形裂纹的高温试样结构为研究对象,基于延性耗散模型,用三维(3D)有限元方法对其拘束效应和蠕变裂纹孕育期进行了研究。结果表明,对于裂尖前沿拘束水平,拘束参量Q的最大值总是分布在椭圆形裂纹的长轴端点处,且随着裂纹横向长度c和纵向长度a的增加,拘束参量Q越大,意味着应力集中越严重,该处位置更为危险;对于蠕变裂纹孕育期,椭圆形裂纹深度比a/t越大或长度比a/c越小,或者载荷越大,则蠕变裂纹损伤率越高,结构发生蠕变裂纹萌生的孕育期越短,结构越危险。此外,建立了拘束参量和蠕变裂纹孕育期的预测公式和工程计算方法,并验证了蠕变裂纹孕育期工程计算模型的有效性。

预埋槽道疲劳性能试验研究

预埋槽道作为一种新型结构体,近些年来,被广泛应用于地下轨道交通之中。在轨道交通运营过程中,由于反复承受重复的荷载作用,很有可能使预埋槽道出现疲劳裂纹,进而引起结构破坏。因此研究预埋槽道力学性能极为重要。目前,预埋槽道的力学性能在国内外已经有了大量的研究,但是对疲劳性能的研究却相对较少。研究采用HDT105A液压伺服疲劳试验机进行疲劳加载试验,并以3组30/20型(宽度为30,高度为20)预埋槽道裸件为研究对象,分别进行试验,根据试验结果,对其位移和荷载峰值进行分析。结果表明3组试件试验后形态良好,并且疲劳次数均可达到120万次,可以满足规范100年使用年限需求。研究结果可为预埋槽道在城市轨道交通中的应用提供参考。

抗裂嵌挤型水稳碎石基层施工技术应用研究

当前,我国高速公路半刚性基层路基占据主导地位,这种半刚性基层混合材料常会造成路面开裂进而造成严重的裂缝问题。因此,研究重点是如何有效防止和减少高速公路路基干燥收缩裂缝和温度收缩裂缝的出现。基于此,本文结合某高速公路改扩建工程段,深入探讨了抗裂嵌挤型水泥稳定碎石的设计方法和施工技术流程。对工程结束半年后的高速公路路基基层进行裂缝检查,检查结果显示基层强度符合工程要求,没有出现大面积的贯通干缩裂缝。检测结果充分说明抗裂嵌挤型水泥稳定碎石基层抗裂性能优异,解决了传统水泥稳定碎石基层开裂问题,值得广泛推广。

含埋藏孔洞缺陷金属构件电磁热止裂强化分析

电磁热效应可以实现含半埋藏裂纹、埋藏裂纹金属构件的止裂强化。针对实践中铸件和锻件内往往存在孔洞形式的缺陷,从理论和数值模拟角度分析了电磁热对其强化的效果,导出了球体绕流的电流密度和温度场分布。研究表明:孔洞缺陷可处理成广义埋藏裂纹缺陷,应用电磁热止裂强化是可行的。放电后,在垂直于通电方向,球形中截面上形成绕流现象,瞬间温度超过了材料的熔点,形成焊口,产生的热压应力显著降低了应力集中,从而抑制了孔洞缺陷受力时的扩展,达到了止裂强化效果。

2Cr13焊接构件埋藏裂纹电磁热止裂及力学性能强化

选择2Cr13材料,通过对接焊方法在焊接接头处预制埋藏裂纹,采用超声波无损检测对埋藏裂纹位置及尺寸进行标定;采用热—电耦合焦耳热问题的数值分析方法,计算出放电瞬间焊接接头内圆形埋藏裂纹的温度场,并求得止裂后焊接接头内的残余应力场。通过ZL-2型超强脉冲放电装置对焊接接头进行电磁热止裂强化试验,对止裂前后埋藏裂纹裂尖附近微观组织进行分析,对比测试止裂前后试件的抗弯、拉伸等力学性能。研究结果表明:止裂瞬间,焊接接头中埋藏裂纹裂尖处温升超过金属熔点,裂尖熔化、钝化,达到阻止裂纹扩展的目的;同时,止裂后裂尖附近微观组织明显细化,出现强韧性均好的白亮组织,进一步阻止了裂纹的扩展;止裂后焊接接头抗弯强度提高18.0%,抗拉强度提高11.7%,断后伸长率提高34.6%。研究证实,脉冲放电实现了2Cr13焊接接头内埋藏裂纹止裂,并提高了焊接接头的力学性能。

含埋藏椭圆形裂纹的金属构件脉冲放电瞬间温度场分析

对带有椭圆埋藏裂纹金属构件在脉冲放电瞬间的温度场进行了理论分析.在带有裂纹问题温度场的理论求解中,根据相似性原理,将电流通过带有椭圆面裂纹导体类比于流体流过障碍物的情形,从而引入了裂纹的边界条件,得到域内电流密度的分布,进而得到了放电瞬间埋藏椭圆裂纹尖端的温度场表达式,为空间裂纹电磁热止裂技术的实际应用提供了理论基础.

带有圆形半埋藏裂纹金属构件放电瞬间的温度场分析

应用复变函数理论,采用曲线坐标变换的方法,对带有圆形半埋藏裂纹金属构件在放电瞬间裂纹尖端区域附近的温度场进行理论分析。并借助于有限元软件,建立三维模型,模拟分析了在放电瞬间裂纹尖端区域附近温度场、温度梯度场的分布状态。计算结果表明:在圆形半埋藏裂纹尖端处,由于电流产生的焦耳热源的作用,使其温度瞬时急剧升高,能够在很小的范围内熔化形成微小的焊口,裂纹前缘的曲率半径增加了几个数量级,显著地减少了应力集中,有效地遏制了裂纹的扩展;数值模拟与理论分析结果吻合。

异种钢焊接接头脉冲放电强化与力学性能分析

采用电磁热止裂强化方法对异种材料焊接接头进行强化研究,对含椭圆形埋藏裂纹缺陷的焊接接头进行了脉冲放电数值分析,得到放电瞬间的热应力场和冷却到常温时的残余应力场,结果表明,脉冲放电瞬间焊接接头中的裂纹尖端温升超过材料熔点,裂尖钝化并产生了有利的残余压应力;对Q235和1Cr18Ni9焊接接头进行了电磁热强化试验研究,结果表明,试件通过放电强化,焊接接头的力学性能得到改善,抗拉强度提高19.4%,冲击韧性提高12.07%。

无限平板内埋裂纹线弹簧模型

建立了无限平板内埋椭圆形裂纹的线弹簧模型，用积分变换方法推导了问题的控制积分方程和应力强度因子的表达式，给出了数值结果，并与现有交替迭代解进行了比较。

椭圆形半露头裂纹的线弹簧模型

建立了无限平板椭圆形半露头裂纹线弹簧模型，由积分变换方法推导了问题的控制方程和应力强度因子表达式，给出了相应于表面裂纹及内埋裂纹的计算结果，通过与现有有限元解或交替迭代解比较，表明了解的良好性。由此说明半露头裂纹的线弹簧模型解也将是合理的可靠的。

带有半埋藏空间裂纹的Cr12构件电磁热止裂分析

对带有半埋藏环形裂纹的Cr12标准拉伸试件进行了电磁热止裂研究.通过ZL-2型放电装置实现了半埋藏空间裂纹的止裂实验,采用微机控制电子万能试验机完成了止裂前后试件拉伸性能测试,同时计算了电磁热止裂前后应力强度因子的变化;建立了超强脉冲电流放电瞬间,环形裂纹尖端附近电流绕流、温度场和热应力场的数值分析模型,通过热-电耦合和热-机械耦合两个过程得到了脉冲放电瞬间拉伸试件中的电流矢量场、温度场和热应力场.研究表明:脉冲电流放电瞬间,围绕裂纹尖端金属熔化,钝化了裂尖,并围绕裂尖形成了热压应力场,得到了超细化的金属组织,止裂后抗拉强度得到了提高,达到了止裂的目的.

济南地铁工程盾构机刀盘开裂原因分析及控制措施研究

刀盘作为核心部件,承担着切削土体和稳定掌子面的重要职责,其工作状态直接关系到盾构施工的整体质量和安全性能。在济南地铁盾构施工过程中,由于地层条件的复杂性和制造、工作参数选择不当,刀盘出现开裂问题。针对造成刀盘开裂的原因,刀盘增加针对性的耐磨设计、焊接应力处理措施优化为整体结构件热处理退火工艺,刀盘中心滚刀采用TBM安装方式、牛腿为嵌入式方箱设计,加强复合地层掘进参数控制。实践证明控制效果良好,有助于促进刀盘设计和焊接工艺的创新和优化。

含半埋藏空间裂纹的Cr12冷冲凹模电磁热止裂分析

对内表面含有半埋藏半椭圆裂纹的Cr12冷冲凹模进行了电磁热止裂研究。采用数值分析的方法,对放电瞬间的耦合场进行了分析,给出了半埋藏半椭圆裂纹尖端附近温度场的分布状态;通过ZL-2型放电装置实现了半椭圆裂纹切片试样的止裂实验研究。研究结果表明:脉冲电流放电瞬间,围绕裂纹尖端的金属熔化,钝化了裂尖,得到了超细化的金属组织,提高了裂纹尖端的机械性能,阻止了干线裂纹源的开裂趋势,达到了止裂的目的。在数值模拟研究过程中采用热-电耦合的分析方法,综合考虑了材料非线性、状态变化非线性和几何非线性,数值模拟结果与实验结果比较相符。

基于激光–介质损伤的三维内裂纹3D-ILC实现

在材料内部制作可用于试验的真实、可控的三维内裂纹,一直是断裂力学中的基础性难题。针对此瓶颈,提出了通过电磁场在试样内部制造等离子体进而制作任意宏观三维内裂纹的全新方法"3D-ILC",实现了"内科手术式"制作内裂纹而对表面无任何影响。首先综述传统的脆性材料的内裂纹制作方法及不足,然后给出激光–介质损伤的基本原理与3D-ILC实现方法,给出基于3D-ILC技术的单裂纹、随机多裂纹、双X形内裂纹试样实例。通过经典的单轴压缩与巴西圆盘试验,证明3D-ILC在断裂力学三维内裂纹断裂力学研究中的可用性。结果表明:3D-ILC相对于传统方法具有以下优势:①可观测性强;②简便、快速、高效;③裂纹真实;④试样均质度、脆性度高、完整性强;⑤裂纹数量、尺寸可控。3D-ILC的提出,解决了断裂力学百年来在材料内部实现任意可控宏观三维内裂纹这一基本问题,使原本复杂和高门槛的三维内裂纹扩展断裂研究具备"平民化"的特征,对于推动断裂力学中内裂纹及三维问题的研究,具有重要意义。