WebFLex:A Framework for Web Browsers-Based Peer-to-Peer Federated Learning Systems Using WebRTC

Scalability and information personal privacy are vital for training and deploying large-scale deep learning models.Federated learning trains models on exclusive information by aggregating weights from various devices and taking advantage of the device-agnostic environment of web browsers.Nevertheless,relying on a main central server for internet browser-based federated systems can prohibit scalability and interfere with the training process as a result of growing client numbers.Additionally,information relating to the training dataset can possibly be extracted from the distributed weights,potentially reducing the privacy of the local data used for training.In this research paper,we aim to investigate the challenges of scalability and data privacy to increase the efficiency of distributed training models.As a result,we propose a web-federated learning exchange(WebFLex)framework,which intends to improve the decentralization of the federated learning process.WebFLex is additionally developed to secure distributed and scalable federated learning systems that operate in web browsers across heterogeneous devices.Furthermore,WebFLex utilizes peer-to-peer interactions and secure weight exchanges utilizing browser-to-browser web real-time communication(WebRTC),efficiently preventing the need for a main central server.WebFLex has actually been measured in various setups using the MNIST dataset.Experimental results show WebFLex’s ability to improve the scalability of federated learning systems,allowing a smooth increase in the number of participating devices without central data aggregation.In addition,WebFLex can maintain a durable federated learning procedure even when faced with device disconnections and network variability.Additionally,it improves data privacy by utilizing artificial noise,which accomplishes an appropriate balance between accuracy and privacy preservation.

“Instruction-Category” Approach of Test Suite Construction for Oven Embedded System

Being different from testing for popular GUI software, the “instruction-category” approach is proposed for testing embedded system. This approach is constructed by three steps including refining items, drawing instruction-brief and instruction-category, and constructing test suite. Consequently, this approach is adopted to test oven embedded system, and detail process is deeply discussed. As a result, the factual result indicates that the “instruction-category” approach can be effectively applied in embedded system testing as a black-box method for conformity testing.

Exploration of the Integration of Software Engineering Thinking into Embedded System Design Course

Engineering practice is the key bridge between college education and actual work in the industry.In order to deliver qualified talents with engineering quality to the industry,this paper explores integrating software engineering thinking into the Embedded System Design course.A practical and effective teaching mode is designed consisting of immersive learning,case-based learning,progressive practice,interactive learning,and autonomous learning.Through this teaching mode,multi-levels of closed-loop have been established including final project cycle closed-loop,testing cycle closed-loop,and product cycle closed-loop.During this process,students gradually transition to putting forward product requirements,carrying out design and development,thinking and solving problems,collaborating,and assuring quality from the perspective of software engineering.The practice results show that students’engineering quality has been significantly improved.

Teaching Reform and Practice of Embedded System Design Based on Outcome-Based Education

Embedded system design is the core course of the telecommunication major in engineering universities,which combines software and hardware through embedded development boards.Aiming at the problems existing in traditional teaching,this paper proposes curriculum teaching reform based on the outcome-based education(OBE)concept,including determining course objectives,reforming teaching modes and methods,and improving the curriculum assessment and evaluation system.After two semesters of practice,this method not only enhances students’learning initiative but also improves teaching quality.

ARM-Based Embedded System Platform and Its Portability Research

Taking ARM as the hardware platform, the embedded system is built from both hardware and software aspects with the application as the center. In the hardware design, build the hardware platform scheme, design the schematic diagram as well as PCB, complete the hardware debugging, and ensure the system hardware platform function;in the software design, optimize the three-stage pipeline structure of ARM instruction system, design the instruction set, install the embedded system on the virtual machine, build the cross-toolchain, and set up the correct NFS network file system. Finish the design of the ARM-based embedded system platform, combined with the hardware requirements of the experimental platform, transplant the powerful Uboot as the Bootloader of the system, and further transplant the Linux-2.6. 32 kernel to the system start the operation normally, and finally, build the root file to finish the study of its portability.

Design of fuzzy number recognition based on embedded system platform

A system of number recognition with a graphic user interface （GUI） is implemented on the embedded development platform by using the fuzzy pattern recognition method. An application interface （API） of uC/ OS-Ⅱ is used to implement the features of multi-task concurrency and the communications among tasks. Handwriting function is implemented by the improvement of the interface provided by the platform. Fuzzy pattern recognition technology based on fuzzy theory is used to analyze the input of handwriting. A primary system for testing is implemented. It can receive and analyze user inputs from both keyboard and touch-screen. The experimental results show that the embedded fuzzy recognition system which uses the technology which integrates two ways of fuzzy recognition can retain a high recognition rate and reduce hardware requirements.

Key Technology of Embedded System Implementation for Software-based CNC System

The software-based computer numerical control（CNC） system includes three types of tasks： periodic real-time tasks, aperiodic real-time tasks, and non-real-time tasks. The tasks are characterized by concurrency, hybridization, and correlation, which make system implementation difficult. The conventional scheduling algorithm can not meet the demands of system implementation in the software-based CNC system completely. The uncertainty factors when running real-time tasks affect control performance by degrading manufacturing accuracy as a result of system resource and processor use restrictions. To address the technical difficulty of embedded system implementation, a novel fuzzy feedback scheduling algorithm based on output jitter of key real-time tasks for a software-based CNC system is proposed. Time characteristics, such as sampling jitter, input-output jitter, and non-schedulability are discussed, followed by quantification through simulations of the impact of time characteristics on manufacturing accuracy. On the basis of this research, the scheduler architecture is designed, and then the algorithm table is calculated. When the system resource changes, the key periodic real-time tasks meet their deadlines by means of dynamically adjusting the task period. The simulated results show that the machining precision rises by an order of magnitude for the proposed scheduler in resource-constrained software-based CNC systems. Moreover, unlike conventional feedback scheduling methods, the algorithm in this paper does not rely on the availability of task execution times and is easy to implement while incurring only a small overhead.

Modeling and Analysis of Scheduling for Distributed Real-time Embedded Systems

Aimed at the deficiencies of resources based time Petri nets （RBTPN） in doing scheduling analysis for distributed real-time embedded systems, the assemblage condition of complex scheduling sequences is presented to easily compute scheduling length and simplify scheduling analysis. Based on this, a new hierarchical RBTPN model is proposed. The model introduces the definition of transition border set, and represents it as an abstract transition. The abstract transition possesses all resources of the set, and has the highest priority of each resource; the cxecution time of abstract transition is the longest time of all possible scheduling sequences. According to the characteristics and assemblage condition of RBTPN, the refinement conditions of transition border set are given, and the conditions ensure the correction of scheduling analysis. As a result, it is easy for us to understand the scheduling model and perform scheduling analysis.

Digital Synthetic-heterodyne Interferometric Demodulation Based on Embedded System

Optical fiber acceleration seismometer as an important instrument can offer high sensitivity, anti-jamming and non-touched advantage which has an extensive application field. Its signal processing ability will decide whole system’s performance to some extent because it will affect directly the factors such as resolving power, precision and dynamic range. The signal processing is usually realized by analog circuits which was more inferior in stability, flexibility and anti-jamming to digital processing system. A digital processing system of optical fiber acceleration seismometer has been designed based on the embedded system design scheme. Synthetic-heterodyne demodulation has been studied, and signal processing has been realized. The double processors of ARM and DSP are employed to implement respectively the system control and signal processing, and to provide the output interfaces such as LCD, DAC and Ethernet interface. This system can vary with the measured signal in real time and linearly, and its work frequency bandwidth is between 10Hz and 1kHz. The system has better anti-jamming ability and can work normally when the SNR is 40dB.

Aspect-Oriented Design Method for Embedded Systems Based on Timed Statecharts

The formal modelling and verification method has become an effective way of improving the reliability and correctness of complex,safety-critical embedded systems.Statecharts are widely used to formally model embedded applications,but they do not realise the reasonable separation of system concerns,which would result in code scattering and tangling.Aspect-Oriented Software Development(AOSD)technology could separate crosscutting concerns from core concerns and identify potential problems in the early phase of the software development life cycle.Therefore,the paper proposes aspect-oriented timed statecharts(extended timed statecharts with AOSD)to separately model base functional requirements and other requirements(e.g.,scheduling,error handling),thereby improving the modularity and development efficiency of embedded systems.Furthermore,the dynamic behaviours of embedded systems are simulated and analysed to determine whether the model satisfies certain properties(e.g.,liveness,safety)described by computation tree logic formulae.Finally,a given case demonstrates some desired properties processed with respect to the aspect-oriented timed statecharts model.

A wireless endoscope based on an embedded system

We presented a wireless endoscope system developed on the embedded Linux platform. This wireless endoscope system consists of three parts: the endoscope capsule,the portable equipment and the image workstation,which make this system wireless and portable. Hardware design of this system and software design of the portable equipment are described. In clinical use,patients swallow the endoscope capsule for gastrointestinal inspection. The portable equipment receives images of gastrointestinal tract via the radio frequency module while it sets and reads back parameters of the capsule via the low frequency module. Acquired image data can be saved as a FAT32 format file in an universal serial bus disk. Images can be processed and reviewed at an Microsoft Windows PC workstation in the next stage. The image acquired by this wireless endoscope system is quite effective with clear details of gastrointestinal tract. However,the endoscope capsule was large,making it difficult to swallow. So the printed circuit board design of endoscope capsule needs to be improved.

MOOC construction of major core course and reform of Hybrid Teaching Mode Taking "principle of embedded system" as an example

The development of MOOC directly promotes the reform of physical classroom teaching,and leads to the reform of teaching mode and teaching method in the direction of improving teachers’teaching quality and students’learning effect and innovation ability.In order to meet the needs of MOOC teaching reform,based on the MOOC built by ourselves and running on the MOOC platform,this paper puts forward the hybrid teaching mode reform of the core courses of an computer specialty,which combines online and offline in depth.Sort out the knowledge system of an embedded system,build MOOC and put it online on domestic well-known MOOC platform,compile supporting teaching materials,and form an organic combination of online and offline teaching resources;proposing a hybrid teaching mode of online and offline combination,which focuses on interactive classroom teaching reform.On the basis of organizing students to carry out online autonomous learning,online and offline entity classroom carries out interactive classroom teaching reform;Using intelligent teaching tools to promote students to use mobile phones to participate in classroom learning,improve the universality of interactive teaching,carry out flipped classroom teaching,and improve the depth of interactive teaching.Based on the independent construction of MOOC,the hybrid teaching is carried out,which improves the pertinence of online teaching organization.The information-based teaching and flipped classroom teaching in the physical classroom improve the students’ability to solve problems,and lay a solid foundation for the improvement of teaching quality and learning effect.

Study on the Hardware Initialization of Embedded System

An embedded system generally comprises gffour parts （embedded microprocessor unit, peripheral hardware equipment, embedded operating system, and user application）, and its core function is to complete the control of different equipments as well as necessary monitoring and management measures. Initialization is to set a variable as ＂default value＂, including system initialization, software initialization and hardware initialization. However, these three types of initialization are classified in accordance with different layers. This is studied in this paper.

A Decision Support Framework for the Choice of Languages and Methods for the Design of Real Time Embedded Systems

The choice of methods or design languages is a crucial phase in the development of systems and software, also for real time and embedded systems. An open question that remains in the design of these types of systems is to build a method, or to choose one among those existing, capable to cover the life cycle of a project, and particularly the development phases. This article contributes to answer the question, by proposing an approach based on a multi-criteria comparative study, of few languages and methods dedicated to the design of real time and embedded systems. The underlying objective of this work is to present to designers a wide range of approaches, and elements that can guide their choices. In order to reach this goal, we propose different comparison criteria. Each criterion is divided into sub-criteria, so that the designers can refine their choices according to the qualities they prefer and wish to have in the method or language. We also define a rating scale which is used to assess the retained languages and methods. The scores obtained from this assessment are presented in tables, one table per criterion, followed by a summary table giving the overall scores. Graphics built from these tables are provided and intend to facilitate the judgement and thus the choice of the designers.

The Design and Realization of Network Remote Control Based on Embedded Systems

In order to achieve remote control problems for the intelligent home appliances, The paper presents a realization method through the Internet and GSM remote to control appliances of smart home, and given circuit. And described in detail the hardware and software design of smart home appliances and their control method. Test results show that the system is stable and reliable.

Monitoring the Turmeric Finger Disease and Growth Characteristics Using Sensor Based Embedded System —A Novel Method

In this cyber era, novelty plays a prime role in the field of agriculture that majorly depends on computer-based measurements and control. Herein before, it was totally controlled and performed by the agriculturists. One of the technological innovative methods to measure and monitor the turmeric finger growth characteristics is the embedded system that is based on sensor array module such as flex sensor, temperature sensor and pH sensor. The experimental work has been designed and tested with five set of nodes and the growth of turmeric finger is tenuously monitored by measuring the change in flex resistance. Out of five nodes, two nodes were diseased. Deliberately, one node was left as such and the other node was treated with natural pesticides (pseudomonas and viride) to restrict the rhizome rot disease attack. After cultivation, it was found that the rhizome rot disease attack on the node which was treated with pesticides was comparatively lesser than the other node. The five different nodes have been used in the experimental work with an average flex sensor resistance of 3.962 cm/kΩ. In a nutshell, this proposed method manifests the farmers to detect the rhizome rot disease at its earlier stage and to prevent it as well by screening the growth of the turmeric fingers when it is under the soil.

Internet-Based Technologies for Design of Embedded Systems

In recent years, online engineering technologies are widely distributed and developed. Their influence on society is very strong. The Internet technology has provided additional opportunities for a new development level of education, design and production. Associations and scientific conferences in the field of online engineering that appeared, seek to foster practices in education and research in higher education institutions and the industry on online engineering. A particular challenge for online engineering is how to extend the traditional equipments and laboratories to the Internet. A method of the embedded systems design with using online laboratory is described in this paper. Also, in this paper the experimental set of remote laboratory which allows carrying out hardware/software oriented design of the embedded control system of a mobile platform is considered.

Research on CGI in Embedded System

This paper mainly studies the method of dynamic embedded Web server technology and its realization. Taking S3C2440 processor as the core hardware platform, constructed the software system of based on Linux operating system on the hardware platform; Analysis the key technology of web server, select Boa as the embedded web server, Boa server and CGIC database successfully transplanted and run the static Webpage： The paper detailed analysis of the CGI technology and using C language to compile the CGI program to realize dynamic Web server, realize the use of the Web browser to the remote Web server access control function.

Network Multifunctional Substation with Embedded System in Coal Mine

In order to solve the problems of mining monitor and control systems during the construction process of digital mining combined with network and embedded technologies, the kernel access equipment of a mining monitor and control system was proposed and designed. It is the architecture of a mining embedded network multifunctional substation. This paper presents the design of hardware and software of the substation in detail. Finally, the system’s ef- ficiency was validated through experimentation.

A Low-Cost Active Control Multi-Fan Turbulence Wind Tunnel with an Embedded System to Generate Natural Wind

This paper describes a new actively controlled multi-fan wind tunnel that generates natural wind as a type of turbulence wind tunnel at a reduced cost. The driving section of the wind tunnel has 100 PC cooling fans that are controlled by an original embedded system. The fluctuating velocity wind is successfully generated with a mean velocity of 7 m/s and two turbulent intensities of 2% and 3% based on Karman’s power spectrum density function. The case of 2% has the integral scales of 5 m, 10m and 20 m, and the case of 3% has the integral scales of 3 m, 6 m and 15 m with a turbulence grid. In particular, the wind with the turbulent intensity of 2% satisfies the Kolmogorov’s -5/3 multiplication rule of inertial subrange with the frequency range from 0.01 Hz to 2.0 Hz. Consequently, the new wind tunnel can be used for studying engineering technology and research regarding conditions with natural wind.