Embryo Transfer Strategies for Women with Recurrent Implantation Failure During the Frozen-thawed Embryo Transfer Cycles:Sequential Embryo Transfer or Double-blastocyst Transfer?

Objective Both sequential embryo transfer(SeET)and double-blastocyst transfer(DBT)can serve as embryo transfer strategies for women with recurrent implantation failure(RIF).This study aims to compare the effects of SeET and DBT on pregnancy outcomes.Methods Totally,261 frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles of 243 RIF women were included in this multicenter retrospective analysis.According to different embryo quality and transfer strategies,they were divided into four groups:group A,good-quality SeET(GQ-SeET,n=38 cycles);group B,poor-quality or mixed-quality SeET(PQ/MQ-SeET,n=31 cycles);group C,good-quality DBT(GQ-DBT,n=121 cycles);and group D,poor-quality or mixed-quality DBT(PQ/MQ-DBT,n=71 cycles).The main outcome,clinical pregnancy rate,was compared,and the generalized estimating equation(GEE)model was used to correct potential confounders that might impact pregnancy outcomes.Results GQ-DBT achieved a significantly higher clinical pregnancy rate(aOR 2.588,95%CI 1.267–5.284,P=0.009)and live birth rate(aOR 3.082,95%CI 1.482–6.412,P=0.003)than PQ/MQ-DBT.Similarly,the clinical pregnancy rate was significantly higher in GQ-SeET than in PQ/MQ-SeET(aOR 4.047,95%CI 1.218–13.450,P=0.023).The pregnancy outcomes of GQ-SeET were not significantly different from those of GQ-DBT,and the same results were found between PQ/MQ-SeET and PQ/MQ-DBT.Conclusion SeET relative to DBT did not seem to improve pregnancy outcomes for RIF patients if the embryo quality was comparable between the two groups.Better clinical pregnancy outcomes could be obtained by transferring good-quality embryos,no matter whether in SeET or DBT.Embryo quality plays a more important role in pregnancy outcomes for RIF patients.

Is the Mock Transfer Enough Reliable to Evaluate Hysterometry for Embryo Transfer?

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of the mock transfer during in vitro fertilization process Method: A case-control study was conducted on 134 patients included in IVF/ICSI cycles. From the hysterometry obtained during the mock transfer, the ideal embryo replacement site, i.e. two cm from the uterine fundus has been determined. Results: Significant differences were noted between the area estimated from the mock transfer and the area where the embryo was deposited during the actual embryo transfer. In fact, 15.9% of the patients had a difference between four and six cm, and 32% of the patients returning for a subsequent transfer had at least 2 cm of difference between the embryo deposit zones. This difference was significant (P 0.00) Conclusion: More than ultrasound guidance, the challenge with embryo transfer is to be able to minimize variations in the length of the uterus. This would make it possible to determine the ideal transfer depot area without multiple manipulations.

精液优化处理后DNA碎片指数与IVF-ET胚胎质量及妊娠结局的关系

目的:评估经密度梯度离心联合上游法优化处理后的精子DNA碎片指数(DFI)与辅助生殖体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)胚胎质量及妊娠结局的关系。方法:回顾性分析2022年4月至12月在郑州大学第一附属医院生殖医学中心因单纯输卵管因素行IVF-ET的257个周期,比较男方精液优化前后精液参数和精子DFI;按优化后精子DFI将其分为高DFI组(DFI>5)与低DFI组(DFI≤5),比较两组的胚胎发育及妊娠结局;根据临床妊娠情况分为妊娠组与非妊娠组、持续妊娠组及早期流产组,比较精子DFI情况。结果:与处理前相比,精液优化处理后前向运动精子及正常形态精子百分比提高,精子DFI下降(P<0.001)。精子优化处理后高DFI组的早期流产率高于低DFI组(P<0.05)。105例临床妊娠周期中早期流产组精液优化处理前、后DFI均高于持续妊娠组(P<0.05)。结论:密度梯度离心联合上游优化处理是一种有效的精液制备方法,可提高精子前向运动能力和正常形态精子比例,降低精子DFI;优化后精子高DFI可能增加临床妊娠后早期流产的风险。

健脾补肾活血汤辅助IVF-ET对不孕患者卵巢储备功能、胚胎质量及妊娠率的影响

目的:探讨健脾补肾活血汤辅助体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)对不孕患者卵巢储备功能、胚胎质量及妊娠率的影响。方法:选取医院2019年11月~2022年11月68例不孕症患者,随机数字表法分为两组,均34例。对照组采用IVF-ET治疗,观察组采用健脾补肾活血汤辅助IVF-ET治疗。观察疗效,对比治疗前后中医证候积分、卵巢储备功能、胚胎质量及妊娠情况。结果:观察组较对照组总有效率升高(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组较对照组中医证候积分降低(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组较对照组卵泡最大直径、子宫内膜厚度均升高,卵巢体积降低(P<0.05);观察组较对照组可用胚胎数、优质胚胎数均升高(P<0.05);观察组较对照组生化妊娠率、临床妊娠率均升高(P<0.05)。结论:健脾补肾活血汤辅助IVF-ET治疗不孕症的疗效显著,能缓解患者症状,改善卵巢储备功能,提高胚胎质量及妊娠率。

基于“冲为血海”的分期针灸对肾虚痰湿型多囊卵巢综合征患者IVF-ET助孕结局及性激素、子宫内膜血流参数的影响

目的评价基于“冲为血海”的分期针灸对肾虚痰湿型多囊卵巢综合征患者体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)助孕结局及性激素、子宫内膜血流参数的影响。方法选取2020年1月至2022年1月于河南中医药大学第一附属医院生殖医学科接受治疗的60例肾虚痰湿型多囊卵巢综合征,分为对照组(30例)与联合组(30例)。对照组接受单纯卵泡期长方案促排卵,在阴道B超引导下经阴道穿刺取卵,取卵后72 h移植优质胚胎;联合组在对照组基础上接受基于“冲为血海”的分期针灸,直至取卵,IVF-ET后随访10个月观察妊娠结局。比较两组胚胎获得及种植情况、IVF-ET助孕结局,治疗前和治疗后子宫内膜血流参数、厚度、类型,性激素、中医证候积分,治疗期间不良反应。结果联合组获卵数、优质胚胎率、胚胎种植率、临床妊娠率、生化妊娠率、活产率更高(P<0.05)。与治疗前比较,治疗后两组血流搏动指数(PI)、血流阻力指数(RI),血清睾酮(T)水平降低,且联合组更低(P<0.05)。与治疗前比较,治疗后两组子宫内膜厚度、子宫内膜分型A型比例,血清孕酮(P)、雌二醇(E_(2))水平升高,且联合组更高(P<0.05)。两组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论基于“冲为血海”的分期针灸治疗肾虚痰湿型多囊卵巢综合征可缓解中医症候,调节性激素、子宫内膜血流参数,改善子宫内膜形态,促进IVF-ET中胚胎的获得及种植,最终优化IVF-ET助孕结局。

卵巢储备功能低下患者血清AMH、Betatrophin水平与卵巢反应性、IVF-ET妊娠结局关系

目的:探讨卵巢储备功能低下(DOR)患者血清抗苗勒管激素(AMH)、促代谢因子(Betatrophin)水平与卵巢反应性及体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)妊娠结局的关系。方法:收集2019年12月-2022年12月在本院行IVF-ET的DOR患者137例临床资料,根据卵巢反应性将患者分为低反应组(n=112)、正常反应组(n=16)、高反应组(n=9);根据妊娠结局将患者分为妊娠成功组(n=44)和妊娠失败组(n=93)。酶联免疫吸附法检测血清AMH、Betatrophin水平,受试者工作特性(ROC)曲线评估2项指标预测IVF-ET妊娠结局价值;多因素logistic回归分析影响妊娠的因素。结果:低反应组、正常组、高反应组血清AMH水平(0.49±0.13 ng/ml、0.98±0.21 ng/ml、1.05±0.26 ng/ml)依次升高,血清Betatrophin水平(156.95±16.33 pg/ml、112.17±13.42 pg/ml、92.64±11.03 pg/ml)依次降低;妊娠成功组血清AMH水平(1.07±0.36 ng/ml)高于妊娠失败组(0.34±0.19 ng/ml),Betatrophin水平(136.29±14.42 pg/ml)低于妊娠失败组(216.16±21.05 pg/ml)(均P<0.05)。血清AMH、Betatrophin预测DOR患者IVF-ET妊娠结局的曲线下面积(AUC)(95%CI)别为0.857、0.771,两项指标联合预测的AUC为0.904。多因素logistic回归分析显示,卵泡刺激素/促黄体生成素比值≥2、卵巢低反应、AMH≤0.71 ng/ml、Betatrophin≥176.23 pg/ml是DOR患者IVF-ET妊娠失败的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:血清AMH、Betatrophin水平与DOR患者卵巢反应性、IVF-ET妊娠结局有关,二者有望作为预测DOR患者IVF-ET妊娠结局的生物标记物。

不孕症患者IVF-ET后不明原因反复种植失败的预测因素分析

目的分析不孕症患者体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)后不明原因反复种植失败(RIF)的预测因素。方法前瞻性纳入2020年6月至2022年6月无锡市妇幼保健院接诊的82例IVF-ET的不孕症患者作为研究对象,根据RIF发生原因将患者分为RIF组与不明原因RIF组。比较两组患者的基线资料、实验室指标,分析IVF-ET后不明原因RIF的影响因素;分析各项影响因素对不孕症患者IVF-ET后不明原因RIF的预测价值。结果82例患者中不明原因RIF 22例,占比为26.83%。Logistic回归分析结果显示,高水平CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)是不孕症患者IVF-ET后不明原因RIF的独立危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05),高水平抗米勒管激素(AMH)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)是其保护因素(OR<1,P<0.05)。绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线结果显示,AMH、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)、FIB、VEGF、G-CSF预测不孕症患者IVF-ET后不明原因RIF的曲线下面积(AUC)>0.70,均具有一定预测价值。结论AMH、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)、FIB、VEGF、G-CSF对不孕症患者IVF-ET后不明原因RIF有一定预测价值。

中药安胎一号穴位贴敷联合黄体酮治疗IVF-ET术后先兆流产疗效分析

目的探讨中药安胎一号穴位贴敷联合黄体酮治疗IVF-ET术后先兆流产患者的疗效。方法选择2021年5月—2022年5月医院收治的80例IVF-ET术后先兆流产患者,按照随机数表法分为观察组和对照组,各40例。对照组使用黄体酮注射液治疗,观察组患者在对照组的基础上,联合中药安胎一号穴位贴敷治疗,两组均持续治疗2周。2周后比较两组治疗后的临床疗效、中医证候积分、雌二醇(E_(2))、孕酮(P)、人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-HCG)水平及不良反应发生率。结果观察组临床疗效总有效率比对照组高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组阴道出血、腰腹疼痛、神疲乏力、头晕耳鸣积分均低于对照组,E_(2)、P、β-HCG水平均高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组不良反应发生率相比,无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论中药安胎一号穴位贴敷联合黄体酮治疗IVF-ET术后先兆流产患者的疗效明显,缓解临床症状,并改善性激素水平,值得临床推广。

Untreated Prior Pulmonary Tuberculosis Adversely Affects Pregnancy Outcomes in Infertile Women Undergoing in vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer: A Large Retrospective Cohort Study

Objective Prior pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB) on chest X-ray(CXR) was commonly found in infertile patients receiving examinations before in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer(IVF-ET). It was unclear whether untreated PTB would affect pregnancy outcomes after IVF-ET.Method We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 14,254 infertile patients who had received IVFET at Peking University Third Hospital in 2017. Prior PTB was defined as the presence of signs suggestive of old or inactive PTB on CXR, with or without a clinical TB history. Patients who had prior PTB on CXR but had not received a clinical diagnosis and anti-TB therapy were included for analysis. Live birth,clinical pregnancy, and miscarriage rates were compared between the untreated PTB and non-PTB groups.Results The untreated PTB group had significantly lower clinical pregnancy(31.7% vs. 38.1%) and live birth(23.8% vs. 30.6%) rates than the non-PTB group(both P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that untreated PTB was a risk factor for decreased live birth rate [odds ratio(OR), 0.80;95% confidence interval(CI), 0.66–0.98;P = 0.028] in all patients and for increased miscarriage(OR, 4.19;95% CI,1.69–10.39;P = 0.002) and decreased live birth(OR, 0.45;95% CI, 0.24–0.83;P = 0.011) rates in patients with unexplained infertility.Conclusions Untreated PTB was associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes after IVF-ET, especially in patients with unexplained infertility, highlighting the clinical significance of PTB in this specific patient population.

拮抗剂方案中HCG扳机日直径16~18 mm卵泡比例对PCOS患者IVF-ET结局的影响

目的探讨拮抗剂方案中人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)扳机日直径16~18 mm卵泡比例对接受拮抗剂方案的多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)结局的影响。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2021年12月于南京医科大学附属妇产医院行IVF-ET助孕的PCOS患者的临床资料。根据HCG扳机日双侧卵巢直径16~18 mm卵泡比例以三分位法将患者分为三组,该比例<0.43为A组(262例),0.43~0.56为B组(267例),≥0.56为C组(247例)。比较三组一般临床资料、超促排卵周期情况、胚胎发育情况、体外受精周期后首次冻融胚胎移植(FET)情况以及妊娠、围产期结局。结果B组基础促黄体生成素(LH)、基础LH与基础促卵泡激素(FSH)比值显著高于A组和C组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A组促性腺激素(Gn)使用总量高于B组和C组,HCG扳机日雌二醇(E_(2))水平低于B组、C组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。B组和C组获卵数、2原核(PN)数、卵裂数、囊胚形成数以及可移植胚胎数高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。C组囊胚形成率高于A组和B组,高评分囊胚率高于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。三组移植胚胎数、移植胚胎天数、内膜准备方案及内膜厚度比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。三组胚胎着床率、生化妊娠率、临床妊娠率、流产率、活产率、妊娠期糖尿病发生率及妊娠期高血压发生率等比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在拮抗剂方案中,HCG扳机日直径16~18 mm卵泡比例可反映卵母细胞发育潜能,当该比例≥0.56时可获得较好的获卵数、2PN数、卵裂数、囊胚形成数以及可移植胚胎数,在一定程度上可作为PCOS患者HCG扳机时机的参考指标,但该比例并不影响后续首次FET的妊娠结局。

基于机器学习预测模型探究薄型子宫内膜患者接受IVF/ICSI-ET治疗的早期流产风险因素

目的:基于多种机器学习方法,探讨薄子宫内膜患者在新鲜胚胎移植中发生早期流产的影响因素,并建立预测模型,为预防薄子宫内膜患者在进行新鲜胚胎移植中发生早期流产提供合理的指导思路。方法:纳入了首次进行新鲜胚胎移植的薄子宫内膜患者1153例,通过LASSO回归和随机森林递归特征消除(recursive feature elimination,RFE)筛选特征,建立6种机器学习模型,通过交叉验证、准确度、敏感性、召回率、f1值、ROC曲线下面积及校准曲线比较不同模型的性能。SHAP图用于解释影响早期流产的因素。结果:通过LASSO回归和随机森林RFE筛选出29个特征变量纳入六种机器学习模型,其中多层感知机模型对早期流产的区分度最佳,ROC曲线下面积为0.803(95%CI=0.772~0.834)。随机森林、XGBoost和AdaBoost模型的ROC曲线下面积都高于0.7。结论:开发了薄子宫内膜患者在新鲜胚胎移植中是否发生早期流产的机器学习预测模型,各种评价指标的验证表明该模型的性能良好,有助于临床医生对该人群患者的早期诊断,为未来改善早期流产高危患者的妊娠结局提供指导思路。

子宫腺肌病病灶位置与IVF-ET结局的相关性研究

目的探讨子宫腺肌病患者病灶位置对体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)结局的影响。方法选取唐山市妇幼保健院2019年10月至2022年10月收治的335例有妊娠意愿的子宫腺肌病患者作为研究对象。所有患者均进行磁共振成像检查,根据病灶位置将患者分为肌层组(病灶累及子宫肌层)、浆膜组(病灶位于子宫浆膜侧)和内膜组(病灶位于子宫内膜侧)。比较三组患者行IVF-ET的妊娠率、流产率和最终活产率。结果最终280例患者纳入研究,包括178例肌层组,70例浆膜组和32例内膜组。浆膜组患者IVF-ET后的流产率显著低于肌层组和内膜组(P<0.05),且最终活产率显著高于肌层组和内膜组(P<0.05)。二元Logistic回归分析显示,与肌层组相比,浆膜组患者IVF-ET后的流产风险小(OR=0.07,95%CI:0.00~0.62,P=0.014)且活产率较高(OR=8.38,95%CI:1.47~31.38,P=0.020)。结论子宫腺肌病病灶位置会影响IVF-ET结局,评估子宫腺肌病病灶位置有助于确定治疗方案。

HRT-FET周期中雌激素水平与妊娠期高血压发生的关系

目的:探讨替代方案冻胚移植(HRT-FET)周期中患者补充孕激素前的雌激素水平对妊娠期高血压疾病(HDP)发生的影响。方法:回顾分析2017年5月至2022年5月于山东大学生殖医学中心经HRT-FET获单胎活产的3506例患者的临床资料。根据E 2水平将患者分成3组:组1(E_(2)≤137pg/mL,≤25%,866例),组2(137pg/mL<E_(2)≤240pg/mL,25.01%~75%,1806例),组3(E_(2)>240pg/mL,>75%,834例)。比较3组患者的妊娠期并发症及新生儿结局。结果:组3患者的HDP发生率明显高于组1(aOR=0.653,95%CI为0.463~0.920,P=0.015)及组2(aOR=0.750,95%CI为0.566~0.994,P=0.045)。各组间妊娠期糖尿病、前置胎盘、产后出血等妊娠期并发症及早产、过期产、SGA(小于胎龄儿)、LGA(大于胎龄儿)等新生儿不良结局发生率无显著差异。结论:替代方案冻胚移植周期中转化内膜前的高雌激素水平是妊娠期高血压疾病发生的独立风险因素。

Pregnancy Outcomes for Day 5 Versus Day 6 Single Frozen-thawed Blastocyst Transfer with Different Qualities of Embryos: A Large Matched-cohort Study

Objective This study aimed to determine whether the day of blastocyst expansion affects pregnancy outcomes in frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer(FBT)cycles.Methods A retrospective match-cohort study was conducted.Patients who underwent blastocyst transfer in frozen-thawed cycles at day 5 or 6 were matched for potential confounding factors.A total of 2207 matched pairs of FBT cycles were included from January 2016 to December 2019 in our Reproductive Medicine Center.Results The clinical pregnancy rate(CPR)and live birth rate(LBR)were significantly increased in day 5 blastocyst transfers when compared to day 6 blastocyst transfers,in terms of the same embryo quality.For FBT cycles with good-quality embryo,the CPR at day 5 and 6 was 61.30%and 57.56%,respectively(P=0.045),and the LBR was 44.79%and 36.16%,respectively(P<0.001).For FBT cycles with poor-quality embryo,the CPR at day 5 and 6 was 48.61%and 40.89%,respectively(P=0.006),and the LBR was 31.71%and 25.74%,respectively(P=0.019).The CPR for FBT cycles with good-quality embryo was statistically higher at day 6 than that at day 5 with poor-quality embryo transferred(57.56%vs.48.61%,P=0.001).Maternal age,anti-Müllerian hormone(AMH),endometrial thickness,embryo quality,and the day of blastocyst expansion were independently correlated with the CPR and LBR.The FBT cycles at day 5 had significantly higher CPR(adjusted odds ratio[OR]=1.246,95%confidence intervals[CI]:1.097–1.415,P=0.001)and LBR(adjusted OR=1.435,95%CI:1.258–1.637,P<0.001)than those at day 6.Conclusion The embryo quality is the primary indicator for FBT cycles.Day 5 blastocysts should be preferred when the quality of embryo at day 5 is the same as that at day 6.

Kidding after Transfer of in Vitro Produced Saanen Goat Embryos into Local Ukrainian Breed Recipients in Different Seasons

In recent years, the demand for goat products has been growing due to the fact that goat milk has a number of advantages over cow milk, for example, it is low in lactose, and is considered less allergenic and easier to digest. To increase production during both breeding and non-breeding seasons and reduce the price of dairy products, it is necessary to effectively use reproductive management and assisted reproductive technologies. In vitro embryo production makes it possible to obtain a large number of eggs from goats, which for some reason are unable to conceive, but have genetic value. Afterward in vitro produced embryos can be transferred into recipient goats of other less genetically valuable breeds, such as the Ukrainian local breed. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of transfers of in vitro produced embryos of Saanen goats into surrogate sires of the Ukrainian local breed in different seasons. All manipulations with animals were carried out following ethical standards (Strasbourg, 1986). Six Saanen goats were selected as the oocyte donors. After the hormonal stimulation oocytes were retrieved by laparoscopic ovum pick-up. In vitro produced embryos were transferred laparotomically into 24 recipients of Ukrainian local breed. Fifty days after embryo transfers, pregnancies were determined by ultrasound diagnostics. Although the embryo development rate in the breeding season was 20% higher than in the non-breeding season, there was no difference in pregnancy and kidding rates between seasons. In conclusion, the transfer of in vitro produced Saanen goat embryos to recipients of the Ukrainian local breed gives the opportunity to achieve pregnancy and kidding regardless of the breeding season, which will enable a faster and more efficient increase in the livestock of highly productive goats in Ukraine in the post-war period.

Live births from in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer following the administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist without gonadotropins:Two case reports

BACKGROUND The prevalence of female infertility between the ages of 25 and 44 is 3.5%to 16.7%in developed countries and 6.9%to 9.3%in developing countries.This means that infertility affects one in six couples and is recognized by the World Health Organization as the fifth most serious global disability.The International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology reported that the global total of babies born as a result of assisted reproductive technology procedures and other advanced fertility treatments is more than 8 million.Advancements in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation procedures led to crucial accomplishments in human fertility treatments.The European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology guideline on ovarian stimulation gave us valuable evidence-based recommendations to optimize ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology.Conventional ovarian stimulation protocols for in vitro fertilization(IVF)–embryo transfer are based upon the administration of gonadotropins combined with gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)analogues,either GnRH agonists(GnRHa)or antagonists.The development of ovarian cysts requires the combination of GnRHa and gonadotropins for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation.However,in rare cases patients may develop an ovarian hyper response after administration of GnRHa alone.CASE SUMMARY Here,two case studies were conducted.In the first case,a 33-year-old female diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome presented for her first IVF cycle at our reproductive center.Fourteen days after triptorelin acetate was administrated(day 18 of her menstrual cycle),bilateral ovaries presented polycystic manifestations.The patient was given 5000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin.Twenty-two oocytes were obtained,and eight embryos formed.Two blastospheres were transferred in the frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycle,and the patient was impregnated.In the second case,a 37-year-old woman presented to the reproductive center for her first donor IVF cycle.Fourteen days after GnRHa administration,the transvaginal ultrasound revealed six follicles measuring 17-26 mm in the bilateral ovaries.The patient was given 10000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin.Three oocytes were obtained,and three embryos formed.Two high-grade embryos were transferred in the frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycle,and the patient was impregnated.CONCLUSION These two special cases provide valuable knowledge through our experience.We hypothesize that oocyte retrieval can be an alternative to cycle cancellation in these conditions.Considering the high progesterone level in most cases of this situation,we advocate freezing embryos after oocyte retrieval rather than fresh embryo transfer.

Pregnancy outcomes following supplementation of single dose GnRH agonist to sustain the luteal phase in antagonist fresh embryo transfer cycles:A multicentric prospective cohort study

Objective:To determine whether a single dose of gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)agonist administered subcutaneously in addition to the regular progesterone supplementation could provide a better luteal support in antagonist protocol fresh embryo transfer cycles.Methods:This prospective,multicentric,cohort study included total 140 women,70 in each group.Controlled ovarian stimulation was carried out as per fixed GnRH antagonist protocol.The trigger was given with hCG.In vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection(IVF/ICSI)was performed and day-3 embryos were transferred.Patients were divided into groups 1 and 2 based on computer generated randomization sheet.Six days following oocyte retrieval,group 1 received 0.2 mg decapeptyl subcutaneously in addition to regular progesterone support while group 2 received progesterone only.Luteal support was given for 14 days to both groups;if pregnancy was confirmed luteal support was continued till 12 weeks of gestation.The clinical pregnancy rate was the primary outcome.The implantation rate,miscarriage rate,live birth delivery rate,and multiple pregnancy rates were the secondary outcomes.Results:A total of 140 patients were analysed,70 in each group.Clinical pregnancy rates(47.1%vs.35.7%;P=0.17),implantation rates(23.4%vs.18.1%,P=0.24),live birth delivery rates(41.4%vs.27.1%,P=0.08),and multiple pregnancy rates(21.2%vs.16.0%,P=0.74)were higher in group 1 than in group 2.Group 1 had a lower miscarriage rate than group 2(5.7%vs.8.6%;P=0.75).However,these differences were not statistically significant between the two groups.Conclusions:Administration of a single dose of GnRH agonist in addition to regular natural micronized vaginal progesterone as luteal support in GnRH antagonist protocol cycles marginally improves implantation rates,clinical pregnancy rates,and live birth delivery rates.However,more studies with higher sample sizes are needed before any conclusive statements about GnRH agonist as luteal phase support can be made.

Post-salpingectomy interstitial heterotopic pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer:A case report

BACKGROUND Heterotopic pregnancy(HP)refers to the coexistence of ectopic pregnancy and intrauterine pregnancy.Salpingectomy is proposed as a pretreatment before in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer(IVF-ET)to reduce the risk of HP.HP after IVF-ET occurs in women who had already underwent bilateral salpingectomy,even though it is extremely rare.CASE SUMMARY A case of a 29-year-old woman with recurrent interstitial HP after IVF-ET following salpingectomy is presented.The main symptom was a sudden and worsening pelvic pain.Physical examinations revealed signs of peritoneal bleeding and irritation with stable vital signs.Transvaginal ultrasound showed a live intrauterine pregnancy and another live embryo with cardiac activity in the left cornu extending beyond the lateral edge of the uterus.Her hemoglobin concentration was 8.0 g/dL,and serum human chorionic gonadotropin value was 171116.9 mIU/mL.With the diagnosis of ruptured HP with internal bleeding,an emergency laparoscopic resection of left cornu was performed.The interstitial pregnancy was removed with caution to protect the intrauterine pregnancy.After the surgical treatment,the intrauterine pregnancy continued with no complications.A healthy baby was delivered by caesarean section at 39 wk.Outcomes of another three cases are further summarized.CONCLUSION Post-salpingectomy HP is a rare but challenging condition.Surgical treatment is preferred in the case with a viable intrauterine pregnancy.

卵巢低反应人群IVF-ET中采取拮抗剂方案与PPOS方案的疗效比较

目的探讨拮抗剂方案与高孕激素促排卵(PPOS)方案在卵巢低反应人群体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)中的应用效果。方法选择该院2018年1月至2022年7月就诊的卵巢低反应患者128例为研究对象,根据促排卵方案不同分为拮抗剂组和PPOS组,每组64例。比较两组重组人绒毛膜促性腺素(HCG)注射日性激素水平[孕酮(P)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)、雌二醇(E_(2))、促黄体生成素(LH)]、卵泡周围血流参数[搏动指数(PI)、收缩期最大血流速度(PSV)、阻力指数(RI)、动脉收缩期峰值流速/舒张末期血流速度(S/D)]、血清生长分化因子-9(GDF-9)、骨形态发生蛋白-15(BMP-15)及促排卵情况、胚胎质量、妊娠结局。结果PPOS组HCG注射日血清E_(2)、BMP-15水平及PSV、优势卵泡数、可移植胚胎数、获卵数、成熟卵数、优质胚胎数、两原核(2PN)受精数、临床妊娠率、活产率大于或高于拮抗剂组,LH水平、周期取消率、流产率低于拮抗剂组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在卵巢低反应人群IVF-ET中,与拮抗剂方案相比,PPOS方案可通过调节性激素水平,改善卵泡周围血流参数及BMP-15水平,提升促排卵效果,改善胚胎质量及妊娠结局。

Serum Beta-hCG of 11 Days after Embryo Transfer to Predict Pregnancy Outcome

Objective To assess the clinic value of a single maternal serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin （β-hCG） assay 11 d after embryo transfer in ART pregnancies and to predict pregnancy outcome. Methods A total of 384 pregnancies after embryo transfer were included. Inviable pregnancies were defined as biochemical pregnancies, ectopic pregnancies and first trimester abortions. Ongoing pregnancies were defined as singleton pregnancies and multiple pregnancies whose gestation were achieved more than 12 weeks. Serum β- hCG concentrations were compared among different groups. Results On the post embryo transfer d 11, the mean β-hCG concentration of the ongoing pregnancy group （323. 7±285.2 mIU/ml） was significantly higher than that of the inviable pregnancy group （81.4±68.1 mmIU /ml） （P〈 0. 001）. In multiple gestations, the levels of β-hCG were significantly higher compared with singleton pregnancies. If the β-hCG level was between 10 mIU/ml and 50 mIU/ml, the positive predictive value of biochemical pregnancies and ectopic pregnancies was 81.8%, the negative predictive value was 94.4%. If the level was less than 100 mIU/ml, the positive predictive value of first trimester abortions was 80.8%, the negative predictive value was 77.8%. If the level was greater than 250 mIU/ml, the positive predictive value of multiple pregnancies was 83.3%, the negative predictive value was 74.4%. Conclusions A single serum β-hCG level on d 11 after embryo transfer has good predictive value for clinical pregnancy outcome in controlled ovarian stimulation cycles and helps to plan the subsequent follow-up.