Increased CO2 Levels during the First Half of Incubation at High Altitude Modifies Embryonic Development of Fertile Leghorn Breeder Eggs

The exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) within an incubator has a significant impact on embryonic development (ED) and hatching processes. This study examines the influence of non-ventilation (NV) conditions during the first ten days of incubation at high altitudes on Leghorn hens hatching eggs. Five hundred four hatching eggs were equally divided into three treatment groups and placed in twelve incubators (R = 4). The first group was subjected to standard ventilated conditions (V) during the setting phase. The ventilation inlet holes of the remaining incubators in the NV treatments were closed with either micropore (M) or polypropylene (P) tape, referred to as NVM and NVP groups, respectively. These two different airtight settings were intended to allow for a gradual rise in CO2 naturally generated by the embryos. Results indicate that carbon dioxide concentration gradually increased during the first half of incubation, reaching 1.42% in the NVM group and 1.20% in the NVP group, while the V condition group remained at 0.15%. From 10 days of incubation onwards, normal V conditions were restored in all incubators. The highest hatchability of fertile eggs (HFE) was shown by the NVP group (55.7%), followed by the V (52.6%) and NVM (38.6%) groups. The NVP group showed a greater yolk-free body mass (YFBM) from 10 days of incubation until the hatch basket transfer. NV conditions during the first 10 days of incubation at high altitude produced higher YFBM with gradually decreasing yolk sac mass. In comparison to the NVM and V conditions, the particular NVP condition showed a beneficial impact on the quality of hatched chicks. Sustaining NVP condition (1.2% of CO2) throughout the first half of incubation at high altitude generated the optimal environment in the incubator ensuring the best hatchability results. This study highlights how important it is for hatchery managers to recognize the influence of low O2 and high levels of CO2 on the development trajectories of Leghorn embryos during early incubation at high altitudes.

Population genomic analysis reveals key genetic variations and the driving force for embryonic callus induction capability in maize

Genetic transformation has been an effective technology for improving the agronomic traits of maize.However,it is highly reliant on the use of embryonic callus(EC)and shows a serious genotype dependence.In this study,we performed genomic sequencing for 80 core maize germplasms and constructed a high-density genomic variation map using our newly developed pipeline(MQ2Gpipe).Based on the induction rate of EC(REC),these inbred lines were categorized into three subpopulations.The low-REC germplasms displayed more abundant genetic diversity than the high-REC germplasms.By integrating a genome-wide selective signature screen and region-based association analysis,we revealed 95.23 Mb of selective regions and 43 REC-associated variants.These variants had phenotypic variance explained values ranging between 21.46 and 49.46%.In total,103 candidate genes were identified within the linkage disequilibrium regions of these REC-associated loci.These genes mainly participate in regulation of the cell cycle,regulation of cytokinesis,and other functions,among which MYB15 and EMB2745 were located within the previously reported QTL for EC induction.Numerous leaf area-associated variants with large effects were closely linked to several REC-related loci,implying a potential synergistic selection of REC and leaf size during modern maize breeding.

Embryonic and Larval Development of Reciprocal Crosses between Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) and Clarias jaensis (Boulenger, 1909) in West Cameroon

Establishing intraspecific breeding and hybridization programs and determining genetic variability are two important issues for aquaculture. However, interspecific hybridization to improve growth and feeding efficiency is limited. For this purpose, the embryonic and larval development of reciprocal crosses of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) and Clarias jaensis (Boulenger, 1909) were studied under laboratory conditions. The fertilization rate varied from 63.33% to 92%, while the hatching rate ranged from 55.68% to 76% with the highest value in hybrids ♀Cg × ♂Cj. Crosses between ♀Cj × ♂Cj, ♀Cg × ♂Cj and ♀Cj × ♂Cg had embryonic stages similar to those of the pure sib ♀Cg x ♂Cg. All crosses, however, had different timing for the various embryological stages. Hatching occurred at 32 h 15 min and 38 h for ♀Cj × ♂Cj and ♀Cj × ♂Cg, and 23 h and 23 h 30 min, respectively, for ♀Cg × ♂Cg and ♀Cg × ♂Cj. However, both crosses produced viable larvae until the first external feeding. The external morphological features of the larvae were completely formed by the 10th day after hatching. The body forms of the crosses at this time were indistinguishable from the pure sib. This study thus laid the groundwork for further comparative studies on hybrid performance and characterization.

Early embryonic failure caused by a novel mutation in the TUBB8 gene:A case report

BACKGROUND This study aimed to explore the relationship between gene mutations and early embryonic development arrest and to provide more possibilities for the diagnosis and treatment of repeated implantation failure.CASE SUMMARY Here,we collected and described the clinical data of a patient with early embryonic development stagnation after repeated in vitro fertilization attempts for primary infertility at the Department Reproductive Center of Zaozhuang Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital.We also detected the whole-exon gene of the patient's spouse and parents,and conducted bioinformatics analysis to determine the pathogenesis of the gene.CONCLUSION A novel mutant of the TUBB8 gene[c.602G>T(p.C201F)]was identified,and this mutant provided new data on the genotype-phenotype relationships of related diseases.

Cardiac differentiation is modulated by anti-apoptotic signals in murine embryonic stem cells

BACKGROUND Embryonic stem cells(ESCs)serve as a crucial ex vivo model,representing epiblast cells derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst-stage embryos.ESCs exhibit a unique combination of self-renewal potency,unlimited proliferation,and pluripotency.The latter is evident by the ability of the isolated cells to differ-entiate spontaneously into multiple cell lineages,representing the three primary embryonic germ layers.Multiple regulatory networks guide ESCs,directing their self-renewal and lineage-specific differentiation.Apoptosis,or programmed cell death,emerges as a key event involved in sculpting and forming various organs and structures ensuring proper embryonic development.How-ever,the molecular mechanisms underlying the dynamic interplay between diffe-rentiation and apoptosis remain poorly understood.AIM To investigate the regulatory impact of apoptosis on the early differentiation of ESCs into cardiac cells,using mouse ESC(mESC)models-mESC-B-cell lym-phoma 2(BCL-2),mESC-PIM-2,and mESC-metallothionein-1(MET-1)-which overexpress the anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-2,Pim-2,and Met-1,respectively.METHODS mESC-T2(wild-type),mESC-BCL-2,mESC-PIM-2,and mESC-MET-1 have been used to assess the effect of potentiated apoptotic signals on cardiac differentiation.The hanging drop method was adopted to generate embryoid bodies(EBs)and induce terminal differentiation of mESCs.The size of the generated EBs was measured in each condition compared to the wild type.At the functional level,the percentage of cardiac differentiation was measured by calculating the number of beating cardiomyocytes in the manipulated mESCs compared to the control.At the molecular level,quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to assess the mRNA expression of three cardiac markers:Troponin T,GATA4,and NKX2.5.Additionally,troponin T protein expression was evaluated through immunofluorescence and western blot assays.RESULTS Our findings showed that the upregulation of Bcl-2,Pim-2,and Met-1 genes led to a reduction in the size of the EBs derived from the manipulated mESCs,in comparison with their wild-type counterpart.Additionally,a decrease in the count of beating cardiomyocytes among differentiated cells was observed.Furthermore,the mRNA expression of three cardiac markers-troponin T,GATA4,and NKX2.5-was diminished in mESCs overexpressing the three anti-apoptotic genes compared to the control cell line.Moreover,the overexpression of the anti-apoptotic genes resulted in a reduction in troponin T protein expression.CONCLUSION Our findings revealed that the upregulation of Bcl-2,Pim-2,and Met-1 genes altered cardiac differentiation,providing insight into the intricate interplay between apoptosis and ESC fate determination.

Embryonic development of the concave-eared torrent frog with its significance on taxonomy

We investigated the early embryonic and larval development of the concave-eared torrent frogs, Odorrana tormota （Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae）. Embryos were derived from artificial fertilization of frogs’ eggs, and the staging of development was based on morphological and physiological characteristics. Two major periods of development were designated： i） early embryonic period, from fertilization to operculum completion stage, lasted for 324 h at water temperature （WT） 18 ？23℃; ii） larval period, from operculum completion stage to tail absorbed stage, took 1207 h at WT 20 ？ 24℃. Tadpoles of the concave-eared torrent frogs showed no evidence of abdominal sucker. Absence of this key characteristic supports the view from molecular systematics that concave-eared torrent frog does not belong to the genus Amolops. Two cleavage patterns were observed in embryos at 8-cell and 16-cell stages, with Pattern I2 （latitudinal cleavage at the 8-cell stage, and meridional cleavage at the 16-cell stage with two perpendicular meridional furrows） being the predominant pattern and only 1.5% belonging to Pattern II （meridional cleavage at the 8-cell stage and latitudinal cleavage at the 16-cell stage）. The factors affecting cleavage and hatching ratios, developmental speed, and ecological adaptation were discussed.

巨噬细胞迁移抑制因子对人胚胎干细胞存活、增殖和分化的影响

背景:巨噬细胞迁移抑制因子(macrophage migration inhibitory factor,MIF)是一种具有多效性作用的细胞因子,可以在不同类型干细胞中自分泌并且能调控细胞的增殖、分化和迁移。课题组前期研究证实人胚胎干细胞自分泌MIF,且在培养液中浓度基本固定。然而,MIF是否参与了人胚胎干细胞的存活、增殖和分化尚不清楚。目的:探究MIF对人胚胎干细胞存活、增殖和分化的作用。方法:(1)培养人胚胎干细胞H9,CCK-8法检测并绘制细胞生长曲线,采用酶联免疫吸附法定量检测培养基中MIF水平。(2)为了明确外源性MIF对人胚胎干细胞存活、增殖的影响,分为:对照组,细胞在干细胞培养基中正常培养;外源性MIF组,在干细胞培养基中分别添加30,100,300 ng/m L的MIF;MIF抑制剂ISO-1组,在干细胞培养基中分别添加2,7,21μmol/L的ISO-1;MIF+ISO-1组,在不同浓度ISO-1组中分别添加100 ng/m L MIF,采用CCK-8法检测上述各组细胞活力。(3)为进一步阐明MIF基因对人胚胎干细胞存活、增殖的影响,采用CRISPRCas9技术构建MIF敲除的H9细胞系,观察建系情况。(4)为了明确高浓度MIF对人胚胎干细胞初步分化是否有影响,在培养基中分别添加100 ng/m L MIF和100 ng/m L CXCR4中和抗体,采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(RT-q PCR)、免疫细胞荧光、蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)检测干细胞自我更新因子(KLF4、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4、SOX2)及分化转录因子(FOXA2、OTX2)的表达水平。结果与结论:(1)人胚胎干细胞H9的对数生长期为3-6 d,正常生长的情况下自分泌MIF水平约为20 ng/m L,与细胞量无关;(2)与对照组相比,添加不同质量浓度MIF对人胚胎干细胞的增殖无影响(P>0.05);ISO-1明显抑制人胚胎干细胞的增殖,ISO-1浓度越大,抑制越明显(P<0.05);ISO-1中添加MIF可以减少ISO-1的抑制作用(P<0.05);(3)RT-q PCR检测MIF基因敲除约50%后,人胚胎干细胞生长活力显著降低并且无法建系成功;(4)在培养基中添加100 ng/m L外源性MIF,自我更新转录因子KLF4的m RNA、蛋白及荧光表达水平均下降;分化因子FOXA2的m RNA、蛋白及荧光表达水平均上升;(5)在培养基中添加100 ng/m L CXCR4中和抗体,KLF4的m RNA及蛋白表达水平均上升;FOXA2的m RNA及蛋白表达水平均下降,与MIF组表达趋势相反。综上所述,人胚胎干细胞自分泌的MIF是其存活所必需的;培养基中额外添加MIF并不能促进人胚胎干细胞增殖,但可以使自我更新因子KLF4表达下降,转录因子FOXA2表达上升,为下一步探明MIF对人胚胎干细胞分化的影响及机制提供了线索,MIF-CXCR4轴在其中起到一定的调控作用。

CalliSpheres载药微球在肝癌介入治疗中的临床疗效评价

对58例原发性肝癌和24例转移性肝癌患者采用载药微球经导管灌注化疗栓塞治疗,采用改良实体肿瘤疗效评价标准对2组患者进行疗效评价,比较2组患者治疗后肝功能变化及术后并发症发生率。原发组和转移组治疗后的1个月疾病缓解率分别为74.14%和50.00%,疾病控制率分别为100.00%和75.00%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。转移组肝脏功能损害高于原发组(P<0.05)。2组患者术后均出现不同程度的并发症,但转移组发生概率高于对照组,部分差异有统计学意义。CalliSpheres载药微球经导管灌注化疗栓塞肝癌安全有效,在疗效方面原发性肝癌比转移性肝癌更为确切,安全性更高。

Notch signaling dependent differentiation of cholangiocyte-like cells from rhesus monkey embryonic stem cells

Rhesus monkey embryonic stem（rES） cells have similar characteristics to human ES cells,and might be useful as a substitute model for preclinical research.Notch signaling is involved in the formation of bile ducts,which are composed of cholangiocytes.However,little is known about the role of Notch signaling in cholangiocytic commitment of ES cells.We analyzed the effect of Notch signaling on the induction of cholangiocyte-like cells from rES cells.About 80% of definitive endoderm（DE） cells were generated from rES cells after treatment with activin A.After treatment with BMP4 and FGF1 on matrigel coated wells in serum-free medium,rES-derived DE gave rise to cholangiocyte-like cells by expression of cholangiocytic specific proteins（CK7,CK18,CK19,CK20,and OV-6） and genes（GSTPi,IB4,and HNF1β）.At the same time,expression of Notch 1 and Notch 2 mRNA were detected during cell differentiation,as well as their downstream target genes such as Hes 1 and Hes 5.Inhibition of the Notch signal pathway by L-685458 resulted in decreased expression of Notch and their downstream genes.In addition,the proportion of cholangiocyte-like cells declined from ～90% to ～20%.These results suggest that Notch signaling may play a critical role in cholangiocytic development from ES cells.

Research on Embryonic Development of Loach

[Objective] Aim to know the whole process of embryonic development of loach. [Method] DOM + LHRH-A2 was used to induce spawning of loach,then after fertilization,the embryos were cultured into freshwater water with temperature from 24 to 26 ℃ and pH from 7.0 to 7.5. The embryonic development of loach was observed and 27 concrete morphological characteristics and development time of loach from fertilized egg to newly hatched larval period were described in detail. [Result] The embryonic development of loach could be divided into cleavage stage,blastocyst stage,gastrula stage,neurula stage and organogenesis stage. The loach embryo from fertilized egg to out membrane period was 30 h 45 min in fresh water from 24 to 26 ℃ and pH from 7.0 to 7.5. [Conclusion] It provided important reference for studying artificial propagation and genetic breeding of loach.

Culture of Embryonic Stem Cell by Primordial Germ Cells of Down Producing Goat

[Objective] The paper was to establish embryonic stem cell system of goats. [Method] Numerous primordial germ cell colonies were derived from gonadal ridge and the surrounding tissues in 20 millimeter fetuses of down producing goat. Primordial germ cells and goats embryonic fibroblasts obtained from conceptus of equivaient gestational age were co-cultured. [Result] The colonies showed some characteristics of embryonic stem cells, such as the morphology of nest-like, they continued to be AKP positive and the ability to be continuously passed [Conclusion] These cells were pluripotent and ES-like cells.

Embryonic Development of Silnrus asotus in Dongting Lake

[Objective] The research aimed to provide technical basis for fry rearing of Silnrus asotus in Dongting Lake.[Method] The induced spawning medicine was used in the experiment to conduct artificial induced spawning and fertilization for obtaining round green fertilized eggs.According to embryonic development,the morphological characteristics of embryo at different developmental stages were recorded detailedly through microscope.[Result] The embryonic development of Silnrus asotus in Dongting Lake was divided into 7 stages,namely, blastoderm stage,cleavage stage, blastula stage, gastrula stage,neurula stage,organogenesis stage and pre-hatching stage.After hatched for 37 h 20 min in water at 22-24 ℃, fries were come out.[Conclusion] The time sequence of Silnrus asotus in Dongting Lake was basically similar to that of other catfish,while its hatching time was shorter than that of other fish in Siluriformes.

Localization of Neuropeptidelike Substances During Embryonic Development in Amphibian

The localization of four neuropeptidelike substances during embryonic development in amphibian was studied by using immuno cytochemical technique. The cells with positive reaction appeared firstly in the endoderm cells during early tailbud stage, and then were detected in connective tissue at the outer portion of gastrointestinal tract during tadpole stage. In the nervous system, the cells with positive reaction were observed in cranial ganglion and glial cells at the outer margin of the brain and in the inner wall of ventricles. They were also frequently observed in the epidermis during late tailbud stage. The relationship between the appearance of neuropeptides in timespatial sequences and the development of nervous system, the neural crest origin of the cells with positive reaction, and the role of epidermal conductivity in neuropeptidelike cells in epiderms were discussed.

Observation on the Embryonic Development in Citrus after Cross Pollination

Embryonic development was studied in six cross combinations ofCitrus sinensis x C. tangerina, C. sinensis x C. reticulata, C. sinensis x (C. tangerina + C.reticulata), C. sinensis x Poncirus trifoliate, C.reticulata x C grandis and C. grandis xPoncirus trifoliate. The results showed that on the 30th day after pollination thezygote remained a single cell. On the 40th day, the zygote began to divide. On the50th day, zygotic embryo became globular-shaped while nucellar embryos had notinvaded the embryo sac. On the 55th day, a few nucellar embryos began to invadethe embryo sac. On the 60th day, the zygotic embryo became heart-shaped, and atthe same time, a large number of nucellar embryos invaded the embryo sac. On the80th day after pollination, the zygotic embryo was surrounded by nucellar embryosand it was not easy to distinguish these embryos. The cross combination affected thedevelopments of zygotic embryos, ovules and fruits, which were mainly determined bythe cross parents. As compared with interspecies crossing, the zygotic division ofintergenus crossing began later, the zygotic embryos developed slowlier and theinvading time of nucellar embryos was also delayed.

Preliminary Observation on Embryonic Development of Leiocassis crassilabris

[Objective] This study aimed to observe the embryonic development process of Leiocassis crassilabris. [Method] Wild L. crassilabris collected from the Nanjing section of the Yangtze River was used as parent fish for intensive breeding and propagation by artificial insemination. The entire embryonic development process of L. crassilabris from insemination to hatching out of larvae fish was observed consecutively. [Result] Fertilized eggs of L. crassilabris are spherical, and the egg diameter is about 2.2-2.4 mm after water absorption; under conditions of water temperature ranging from 27 to 28 ℃, the embryonic development of L. crassilabris from insemination to hatching out of larvae fish lasted 2 496 min, with a total accumulated temperature of 1 123-1 165 h·℃. [Conclusion] This study is advantageous to better understand the characteristics of embryonic development of L. crassilabris and provides basic biological data for protection and utilization of fish resources and other related work.

Metabolism of Hydrogen Peroxide in the Course of Embryonic Development in Silkworm

Metabolism of hydrogen peroxide in the course of embryonic development ofsilkworm (variety Guang) was determined by using colorimetric analysis and oxygen electrodemethod. The results indicated that: 1) In the course of fertilization (0-4 h after egg laying), thelevel of H_2O_2 content reached its peak value at 2.5 h of the developmental course and the activity ofsuperoxidase dismutase (SOD) was at higher level while the activity of catalase (CAT) at the lowestcorrespondingly; 2) The H_2O_2 content in embryo, in which the diapause of eggs was being relievedthrough treatment with hydrochloric acid on time in the course of embryonic development, wassignificantly higher than that of diapause eggs except the lower level showed in the embryo whenthe development of it went on for 168~216 h and the activity of SOD reached, lower and higher,tWo peaks in 72 and 168 h after egg-laying, respectively, and was significantly higher in late stagewhile the activity of CAT was shown with a stable level in the period of 72-192 h after egg-laying,and, after then, a rapid rising occurred in the embryo. The level of the CAT activity in embryowas shown significantly lower than that in diapause eggs in early period and higher in late stage ofegg development; 3) In the course of formation of diapause in eggs, the level of H_2O_2contentchanged smoothly and the activity of SOD changed vigorously in early period, and kept stable statelater; and the CAT activity increased gradually; while in the course of relief of diapause under ontime-treatment with hydrochloric acid, the level of H_2O_2 was significantly higher than that indiapause eggs and the SOD activity displayed a new peak value and significantly rose in later stage,while the activity of CAT in relieving embryo from diapause was signincantly lower than that indiapause eggs. Combining the results obtained in other researches with those from ours mentionedabove, we suggest that the metabolism of H_2O_2 might be of importance in the courses of formationand relief of diapause in silkworm eggs. Maybe the esterase A4 timer hypothesis and themicropylar barrier to oxygen hypothesis could be integrated for explanation of the course offormation and relief of diapause in silkworm eggs.

哺乳动物多能干细胞:在创建疾病模型、发病机制、药物发现和个性化治疗中的作用

背景:多能干细胞的自我更新和多向分化的特征有可能彻底改变人们对生物学、医学、发育和疾病的理解。干细胞在胚胎发育的早期发挥着重要作用,研究干细胞可以深入理解生物体发育和组织器官形成的基本原理,探索各种疾病的潜在机制,研究受损组织和器官的修复和再生,以及推动药物发现和个性化治疗。目的:回顾多能干细胞的研究历程,并对多能干细胞的基本类别进行归纳总结,同时阐述常见哺乳动物中各类多能干细胞的建系情况。方法:应用计算机检索PubMed、Web of Science、中国知网和万方数据库,检索词为“多能干细胞,胚胎干细胞,诱导多能干细胞,扩展多能干细胞,家畜多能干细胞,Pluripotent stem cells,Embryonic stem cells,Induced pluripotent stem cells,Expanded potential stem cells,Livestock pluripotent stem cells等”,根据纳入标准和排除标准系统地筛选与哺乳动物多能干细胞相关的文献99篇进行综述分析。结果与结论:(1)小鼠胚胎干细胞经典理论认为,干细胞的多能态分为“初始”(na?ve)态和“始发”(primed)态两种,na?ve态对应于早期胚胎未植入子宫壁前的囊胚内细胞团;primed态对应于植入后的上胚层,二者在表观遗传特征、转录活性、外部信号依赖性和代谢表型等方面存在显著的特征差异;后来研究发现在初始态和始发态之间,还存在一个过渡状态——“形成态”(formative态);事实上,胚胎干细胞的多能性属于连续阶段的发展进程,而不是某种独立的细胞状态。(2)除了从囊胚内细胞团获得多能干细胞之外,还有多种多能干细胞获得方式和建系方法:如利用来源于小鼠胎儿原始生殖细胞所建立的胚胎生殖干细胞;利用Oct3/4,Sox2,c-Myc和Klf4因子诱导成年小鼠和人的成纤维细胞去分化所建立的诱导多能干细胞;体细胞核移植,孤雌激活,以及从新生或成体睾丸组织或卵巢组织中分离并进行类胚胎干细胞培养所建立的胚胎干细胞样细胞系;来源于多种成体组织的极小胚胎样干细胞和来源于前囊胚期的扩展多能干细胞,这些多能干细胞的共同特征为不断自我更新,表达核心多能因子,并具备原始三胚层分化能力。(3)目前,多能干细胞正在被用于疾病建模,以便研究不同疾病的机制并开发新的药物。同时,科学家正在尝试用多能干细胞培养各种组织和器官,为再生医学和移植提供新的可能性。然而,多能干细胞的临床应用面临着安全性挑战,包括细胞畸变和免疫排斥问题。不断改进多能干细胞的产生方法,将使其更安全、高效地适用于临床。(4)借鉴小鼠和人多能干细胞的获得方式和建系方法,研究者们已经在家畜中建立了各类多能干细胞,包括胚胎干细胞、诱导性多能干细胞、生殖细胞谱系的多能干细胞和扩展多能干细胞,这将为动物繁殖育种、基因工程、疾病模型、新药筛选和野生濒危动物保护提供新的途径。

干细胞在小口径人工血管内皮化中的应用

背景:小口径人工血管移植后由于血栓形成和内膜增生等原因造成管腔狭窄甚至闭塞,运用干细胞作为种子细胞实现人工血管的内皮化有助于改善血管移植后的远期通畅率。目的:总结干细胞在小口径人工血管内皮化中应用的研究进展。方法:由第一作者检索Pub Med和万方数据库2013-2023年发表的相关文献,英文检索词为“vascular graft,tissue-engineered blood vessel/vascular tissue engineering,endothelialization,stem cells,endothelial progenitor cells,mesenchymal stem cells,induced pluripotent stem cells,embryonicstemcells”,中文检索词为“人工血管,组织工程血管/血管组织工程,内皮化,干细胞,内皮祖细胞,间充质干细胞,诱导多能干细胞,胚胎干细胞”,检索近10年国内外关于干细胞应用于小口径人工血管内皮化的相关文献,初检文献552篇,根据纳排标准最终选取81篇文献进行综述。结果与结论:(1)远期通畅率不理想限制了小口径人工血管的临床应用,造成远期通畅率低下的主要原因是血栓形成和内膜增生。天然血管内皮层具有良好的抗血栓及内膜增生性能,内皮化可以模拟天然血管的特性,是提升远期通畅率的有效手段。(2)小口径人工血管植入体内后会经历体内内皮化过程,但难以形成完整的内皮层。干细胞具有分化为内皮细胞的潜能,体内招募干细胞或将其作为种子细胞种植在人工血管内表面是实现内皮化的研究策略。(3)将内皮祖细胞、间充质干细胞、诱导多能干细胞及胚胎干细胞等作为种子细胞种植均能够一定程度改善小口径人工血管的远期通畅率,且它们各具优势。内皮祖细胞便于获取且可直接用于种植;间充质干细胞来源广泛且具有旁分泌和调节免疫的功能;诱导多能干细胞来源丰富且可消除免疫原性;胚胎干细胞增殖能力强且能多向分化。(4)将干细胞用于人工血管的研究目前仍未转化至临床,未来需要进一步研究并促进临床转化。

Application of mRNA Differential Display to the Identification of Genes Related to Embryonic Development

mRNA differential display was established by Liang and Pardee in 1992 for the purpose of displaying the mRNA differences between two tissues. The early embryonic development in animals is primarily controlled by the maternal RNAs stored in egg. These mRNAs are being degraded as the development proceeds. In some animals, such as fish and amphibian, new transcripts do not appear until the midblastula stage (midblastula transition, MBT). In other animals, for example in mouse, the zygotic genes are expressed during very early stages of development. The mRNA programmed synthesis and degradation during embryonic development controls the cell differentiation, germlayer formation and pattern formation. All these mRNA changes could be displayed side by side as cDNA band differences by mRNA differential display and the genes corresponding to these differential mRNAs could thus be obtained.

Observation on Embryonic Development of Hybrid between Ryukin(♀) and Dragon-eye(♂)

[Objective] This study aimed to observe the embryonic development of the F1 hybrid between Ryukin （♀） and Dragon-eye （♂）. [Method] Embryonic development of the FI hybrid and parents between Ryukin （♀） and Dragon-eye （♂） was observed with XTL-2400 anatomical lens continuously. The organ characteristics and structures at each development stage were observed with OLYMPUS CKX41 microscopes, and photographed and recorded with a digital camera. [Result] At a water temperature of 25℃, the hatching time of the F1 hybrid is 51.3 h, the hatching time of Ryukin embryo is 52.4 h and that of Dragon-eye embryo is 56.3 h. [Conclusion] This study provides certain theoretical and practical basis for improving morphological characteristics of the existing Dragon-eye goldfish.