Geochemistry of Two Types of Basalts in the Emeishan Basaltic Province: Evidence for Mantle Plume-Lithosphere Interaction

Based on the temporal-spatial distribution and geochemical characteristics,the Emeishan basalts can be divided into two types: high-P_2O-TiO_2 basalt (HPT) andlow-P_2O_5-TiO_2 basalt (LPT), which differ distinctly in geochemistry: the LPTs are characterizedby relatively high abundances of MgO, total FeO and P_2O_5 and compatible elements (Cr, Ni, Sc), andrelatively low contents of moderately compatible elements (V, Y, Yb, Co), LREE and otherincompatible elements compared with the HPT. On the diagrams of trace element ratios, they areplotted on an approximately linear mixing line between depleted and enriched mantle sources,suggesting that these two types of basalts resulted from interactions of varying degrees betweenmantle plume and lithospheric mantle containing such volatile-rich minerals as amphibole andapatite. The source region of the LPT involves a smaller proportion of lithospheric components,while that of the HTP has a larger proportion of lithospheric components. Trachyte is generated bypartial melting of the basic igneous rocks at the base of the lower continental crust. Both the twotypes of magmas underwent certain crystal fractionation and contamination of the lower crest athigh-level magma chambers and en route to the surface.

The Principles for Discrimination of the Source Composition of Mantle-Derived Igneous Rocks and the Nature of the Mantle Source Region of the Emeishan Basalts

This paper discusses the discrimination principles. deduction and methods for probing into the source composition of mantle-derived magma. The magmatophile (incompatible) source elements are not all optimal tracers for mantle source composition. The ratios of two strong magmatophile elements (D<1) or the ratios of two trace elements with the same D value are not controlled by the formation mode and evolution degree of a magma, but maintain the characteristics of their composition in mantle source region prior to the magma formation. The ratios are related to different mantle-crust structures and dynamics. The mantle source composition of the Emeishan Basalt series is similar to that of the South Atlantic Rio Grande Rise-Walvis Ridge Basalts and Brazil continental-margin basalts. This may indicate that these basalt series might have similar source regions and tectonic environments.

Modeling experimental study on weathering-leaching of Emeishan basalt and its relation with metallogenesis

The Emeishan basalt has a high Cu background value (170×10-6 on average), and thus provides a ore-forming material source for copper ores. The collected samples were exposed in basalt lavas of the third segment of the Emeishan basalt eruptive cycle. By using a set of automatically cycling glass apparatuses, weathering-leaching experiments by three kinds of rainwater on the collected samples were carried out in the open system (at normal temperature and normal pressure). The analysis results showed that the most intensive export of Cu occurred under acidic rainwater-induced weathering-leaching conditions, almost 2-3 orders of magnitude the export of Cu by mod-ern air rainwater, and 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than the export of Cu by CO2 rainwater. In addition, the total amount of Zn, Cu, U, Ni and Sr exported by acidic rainwater are greater than 1%. All this indicates that copper in the Emeishan basalt provided the copper source for Cu mineralization at the contact between the basalt and the Maokou Formation limestone at the bottom.

Engineering geological classification of the structural planes for hydroelectric projects in Emeishan Basalts

The scale and characteristics of rock mass are important indexes of the rock mass structural plane classification.This paper firstly analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics,the structural plane types(original structural plane,tectonic structural plane and hypergenic structural plane) and the associated features of the Emeishan basalts and then studies the classification schemes of the built hydropower structure planes of different rock areas(the east district,the central district and the west district) in the Emeishan basalt distribution area,Southwest China.Based on the analysis and comparison of the scale and the engineering geological characteristics of the typical structure planes in the basalt hydroelectric Stations,the types of structural planes are used in the first order classification.The secondary order classification is made by considering the impact factors of rock mass quality,e.g.,the state of the structural planes,infilling,joint opening,extending length,the grade of weathering and strength.The engineering geological classification for Emeishan basalt is proposed.Because there are no evidences of a large structure presenting in study area,the first-order(Ⅰ) controlling structural planes do not appear in the classification,there only appear Ⅱ,ⅡⅠ,Ⅳ and Ⅴ grade structural planes influencing the rock-mass quality.According to the different rock-block types in bedding fault zone,the second-grade(Ⅱ) structural planes consisted of bedding fault zone is further classified into Ⅱ_1,Ⅱ_2 and Ⅱ_3.The third-grade(ⅡⅠ) structural planes constructed by intraformational faulted zones are not subdivided.According to the different characteristics of intrusion,alteration and weathering unloading structural planes,the Ⅳ grade structure plane is divided into Ⅳ_1,Ⅳ_2 and Ⅳ_3.According to the development characteristics of joints and fractures,the Ⅴ grade structure plane is divided into fracture Ⅴ_1 and columnar joint Ⅴ_2.In all,the structural planes are classified into four groups with nine subsets.The research proposes the engineering geological classification of the structural plane for the hydropower project in the Emishan basalts,and the result of the study has a potential application in similar regions.

Formation and evolution of Emeishan basalt saprolite in vadose zones of Touzhai landslide source rockmass

In order to explain the formation process of slope hazards, and to identify the key factors leading to instability of a slope, Emeishan basalt saprolite in vadose zones of the Touzhai landslide in Zhaotong, Yunnan, was studied. The formation and evolution of Emeishan basalt saprolite was examined using, amongst other techniques, field investigations,thin section analysis, scanning electron microscopy(SEM) observations, chemical analysis, physical and water-physical property tests of rock masses. Field observations revealed that the majority of the weathered rock blocks were presented as a concentric layer structure in which an internal corestone was enveloped with several layers of external saprolized crust. Chemical and mineralogical analysis identified that iron was the most sensitive element and that the weathering progress usually started with the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ in rock blocks. Alkaline elements such as Si, Ca, Mg, Na and K were also dissolved and Fe and Al were concentrated in saprolized crusts. Results indicated that loss on ignition(LOI) also increased significantly. SEM results showed that the weathering intensity of thebasalt blocks decreased gradually from the outside to the inside, and the mineral morphology significantly differed on both sides of the weathering front. The saprolized crusts presented cellular microstructure features due to the generation of micropore and clay minerals. Thin section analysis showed that plagioclase was relatively more stable than pyroxene and chlorite during weathering. With a centripetal propagation of the weathering front, saprolized crusts became thicker and corestones became smaller; fresh Emeishan basalt blocks gradually turned into saprolized blocks. Due to the loose structure and low strength of saprolite, the quality of the Emeishan basalt mass significantly deteriorated, this being a potentially important factor which caused the Touzhai landslide to occur.

A preliminary study on ore-forming environments of Xianglushan-type iron deposit and the weathering mineralization of Emeishan basalt in Guizhou Province, China

Xianglushan-type iron deposits are one of the new types of iron deposits found in the Weining Area of Western Guizhou. The iron-bearing rock system is a paleo-weathered crustal sedimentary(or accumulating) stratum between the top of the Middle-Late Permian Emeishan basalt formation and the Late Permian Xuanwei formation. Iron ore is hosted in the Lower-Middle part of the rock system. In terms of the genesis of mineral deposit, this type of deposit should be a basalt paleo-weathering crustal redeposit type, very different from marine sedimentary iron deposits or continental weathering crust iron deposits. Based on field work and the analytical results of XRD Powder Diffraction, Electron Probe, Scanner Electron Microscope, etc., the geological setting of the ore-forming processes and the deposit features are illustrated in this paper. The ore-forming environment of the deposit and the Emeishan basalt weathering mineralization are also discussed in order to enhance the knowledge of the universality and diversity of mineralization of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province(ELIP), which may be a considerable reference to further research for ELIP metallogenic theories, and geological research for iron deposits in the paleo-weathering crust areas of the Emeishan basalt,Southwestern, China.

Integration of zircon and apatite U–Pb geochronology and geochemical mapping of the Wude basalts(Emeishan large igneous province):A tool for a better understanding of the tectonothermal and geodynamic evolution of the Emeishan LIP

Radiogenic isotopic dating and Lu–Hf isotopic composition using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS)of the Wude basalt in Yunnan province from the Emeishan large igneous province(ELIP)yielded timing of formation and post-eruption tectonothermal event.Holistic lithogeochemistry and elements mapping of basaltic rocks were further reevaluated to provide insights into crustal contamination and formation of the ELIP.A zircon U–Pb age of 251.3±2.0 Ma of the Wude basalt recorded the youngest volcanic eruption event and was consistent with the age span of 251-263 Ma for the emplacement of the ELIP.Such zircons hadε_(Hf)(t)values ranging from7.3 to+2.2,identical to those of magmatic zircons from the intrusive rocks of the ELIP,suggesting that crust-mantle interaction occurred during magmatic emplacement,or crust-mantle mixing existed in the deep source region prior to deep melting.The apatite U–Pb age at 53.6±3.4 Ma recorded an early Eocene magmatic superimposition of a regional tectonothermal event,corresponding to the Indian–Eurasian plate collision.Negative Nb,Ta,Ti and P anomalies of the Emeishan basalt may reflect crustal contamination.The uneven Nb/La and Th/Ta values distribution throughout the ELIP supported a mantle plume model origin.Therefore,the ELIP was formed as a result of a mantle plume which was later superimposed by a regional tectonothermal event attributed to the Indian–Eurasian plate collision during early Eocene.

Madouzi-type (nodular) sedimentary copper deposit associated with the Emeishan basalt

Ore minerals in the sedimentary-type Cu deposits in the Xuanwei Formation overlying the Emeishan basalt are dominated by copper sulfides and native copper. As the ores mostly exhibit concretionary structure, previous researchers named them the "Madouzi-type Copper Deposit". Here the authors carried out mineralogical and isotopic studies on copper nodules in this ore deposit. The mineralogical study shows that copper nodules are composed of copper sulfides that have been cemented by ferruginous amorphous minerals, clay, and carbonaceous fragments in the modes of metasomatism and sedimentation. The nodules are preliminarily present as aggregates of gelatinous material. The isotopic analysis shows that the δ 13CPDB values of an- thraxolite are within the range of-24.8‰--23.9‰, indicating that the anthraxolite is the product of sedimentary metamorphism of in-situ plants. The δ 34SV-CDT values of chalcocite are within the range of 7.6‰-13.1‰, close to those (about 11‰) of Permian seawater. The δ 34SV-CDT values of bornite and chalcopyrite are 21.6‰-22.2‰, similar to the sulfur isotopic composition (20‰) of marine sulfate, indicative of different sources of sulfur. The above characteristics indicate that the copper nodules were formed in such a process that Cu-bearing basalt underwent weathering-leaching and copper-bearing material was transported into waters (e.g., rivers, lakes, and swamps) and then adsorbed on clay and ferruginous amorphous mineral fragments. Then, the copper-bearing material was suspended and transported in the form of gelinite. In lake or swamp environment, it was co-deposited with sediments to form copper nodules. At later stages there occurred metasomatism and hydrothermal su- perimposition, followed by the replacement of chalcocite by bornite and the superimposition of chalcopyrite over bornite, finally resulting in the formation of the "Madouzi-type" nodular copper deposit.

Eruption of the Continental Flood Basalts at -259 Ma in the Emeishan Large Igneous Province, SW China: Evidence from Laser Microprobe ^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar Dating

A suite of continental flood basalts sampled over a vast exposure and stratigraphic thickness in the Emeishan large igneous province （LIP）, SW China was investigated for laser microprobe ^40Ar/^39Ar dating. There are two ^40Ar/^39Ar age groups for these basalts, corresponding to 259-246 Ma and 177-137 Ma, respectively. A well-defined isochron gives an eruption age of huge quantities of mafic magmas at 258.9±3.4 Ma, which is identical to previous dating and paleontological data. Much younger ^40Ar/^39Ar ages for some basalts with Iow-greenschist metamorphic facies probably recorded a late thermo-tectonic event caused by collision between the Yangtze and Qiangtang continental blocks during the Mesozoic, which resulted in the reset of argon isotope system. The ^40Ar/^39Ar age data, we present here, combined with previous dating and paleontological data, suggest relatively short duration （about 3 Ma） of mafic volcanism, which have important implication on mantle plume genesis of the Emeishan continental flood basalts in the LIP.

Lead isotopic systematics for native copper-chalcocite mineralization in basaltic lavas of the Emeishan large igneous province, SW China: Implications for the source of copper

The Emeishan continental flood basalt, which is widespread in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces of Southwest China, is the volcanic product of a Permian mantle plume, and native copper-chalcocite mineralization associated with the basalt is very common in the border area of Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. The mineralization occurred in the tuff intercalation and terrestrial sedimentary rock intercalation which were formed during the main period of basalt eruption. The orebodies are controlled by the stratigraphic position and faults. Metal ore minerals in the ores are mainly native copper, chalcocite and tenorite, with small amounts of chalcopyrite, bomite, pyrite and malachite, and sometimes with large amounts of bitumen, carbon and plant debris. Several decades of ore deposits are distributed in the neighboring areas of the two provinces, while most of them are small-scale deposits or only ore occurrences. By comparing the lead isotopic composition of the ores with that of the wall-rocks, cover and basement rocks of various periods, the source of copper in this type of ore deposits was studied in this paper. The results showed that: (1) The Pb isotopic composition of the ores from ten deposits is absolutely different from that of siliceous-argillaceus rocks of the Upper Permian Xuanwei Formation, limestones of the Lower Permian Series and Carboniferous, Cambrian sandstone-shale and recta-sedimentary rock and dolomite from the upper part of the Meso-Proterozoic Kunyang Group. This indicates that ore lead was derived neither from the cover rock nor from the basement rocks; (2) Although the Neo-Proterozoic Siman dolomite and silicalite, and dolomite in the lower part of the Kunyang Group are similar in Pb isotopic composition to the ores, lead and copper contents in these rocks are very low and they have not made great contributions to copper mineralization; (3) The ores have the same Pb isotopic composition as the basalt, the latter being enriched in copper. These facts indicate that lead and copper were derived from the basalt. According to the regional geological data and the geological-geochemical characteristics of the ore deposits, it is suggested that ore-forming materials were leached out from the basalt. The thickness and buried depth of the basalt and regional tectonic dynamics can affect the formation of large-scale copper deposits. Therefore, exploration for this type of ore deposits should be conducted in the areas from western Yunnan to western Sichuan, where there are developed basalts of great thickness, with extensive tectonic movement and magmatic activity.

Petrology, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Emeishan Continental Flood Basalts, SW China: Evidence for Activity of Mantle Plumes

Electronic microprobe analyses for olivine, clinopyroxene and Cr-spinel in picrites, which we have discovered recently in the Emeishan continental flood basalt province (ECFBP), show that the olivine is rich in Mg, and that Cr-spinel is rich in Cr. Based on the olivine-melt equilibrium, the primary parental melt compositions are calculated. The high-Mg olivine-hosted picrite can be regarded as parental melt. Thus, the melting temperature and pressure are estimated: T=1600℃ and P=4.5 GPa. It suggests that the picrites are connected with the activity of mantle plumes. Their major element composition is comparable to many other CFBs by their high Fe8, (CaO/Al2O3)8 and low Na8, indicating a high pressure. All rocks display a similar chondrite-normalized REE patterns, i.e., enrichment of LREE, relative depletion of HFSE and absence of negative Nb and Ta but depletion in P and K. Some incompatible element ratios, such as La/Ta, La/ Sm, (La/Nb)PM, (Th/Ta)PM, are in a limited range, show that they were derived from the mantle plume, and there was no or little crustal contamination during magma ascent en route to the surface. They were generated by 7% partial melting of garnet peridotite. The axis of the plume might be located beneath Lijiang Town, Yunnan province.

Chemostratigraphy of Flood Basalts in the Garze-Litang Region and Zongza Block: Implications for Western Extension of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province, SW China

The Late Permian Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP) is commonly regarded as being located in the western part of the Yangtze craton, SW China, with an asymmetrical shape and a small area. This area, however, is just a maximum estimation because some parts of the ELIP were not recognized or dismembered and destroyed during the Triassic to Cenozoic tectonism. In this paper, the chemostratigraphical data of the Zongza block, the Garze-Litang belt and the Songpan-Garze block suggest that the Late Permian basalts in these areas have remarkable similarities to the ELIP basalts in petrography and geochemistry. Flood basalts in the Sanjiangkou area are composed of the lower part of the low-Ti (LT) tholeiite and the upper part of the high-Ti (HT) tholeiite, which is the same as the flood basalts on the western margin of the Yangtze craton. Flood basalts in the Zongza and Songpan-Garze areas, which are far from the Yangtze craton, consist of HT tholeiite only. This is the same as the flood basalts within the Yangtze craton. Therefore we argue that these contemporary basalts all originated from the Emeishan mantle plume, and the ELIP could have a significant westward extension with an outcropped area of over 500,000 km2. This new scenario shows that the LT tholeiite occurs on the western margin of the Yangtze craton, while the HT tholeiite overlying the LT basalts occupies the whole area of the ELIP.

沙湾地区玄武岩对峨眉山地幔柱岩浆过程的响应

四川省乐山市沙湾地区附近出露大面积的二叠纪玄武岩,是峨眉山大火成岩省的重要组成部分。研究区岩石学及地球化学研究表明,其岩性主要为致密块状辉石玄武岩、斜斑玄武岩和粗面玄武岩;主量元素显示玄武岩具有高钛拉斑系列的成分特点,稀土元素表现出玄武岩呈轻稀土元素富集的右倾模式,轻、重稀土元素分馏程度较高;微量元素相对富集Th、U等大离子亲石元素及高场强元素,强烈亏损Sr和P等与流体相关的微量元素;与云南宾川上仓附近晚期喷发的高钛玄武岩及洋岛玄武岩(OIB)特征相似,暗示峨眉山周边的玄武岩形成于地幔柱诱发下的板内拉张环境,原始岩浆源于交代富集地幔源区的石榴石二辉橄榄岩的低程度部分熔融,具有与再循环洋壳有关的辉石岩相似的成分特点,且在上升过程中发生斜长石的分离结晶作用及微弱的地壳混染。本次玄武岩对比工作揭示,位于大火成岩省中带的沙湾地区玄武岩与内带的宾川上仓晚阶段喷发产物具有同源性和等时性的特点,暗示该玄武岩浆属于大火成岩省活动晚期地幔柱边缘部分熔融的产物。

四川盐源地区晚二叠纪双峰式火山岩的厘定及其地质意义

四川省盐源县柏林山一带广泛分布着一套基性岩、酸性岩的火山岩组合,两类火山岩在时空上紧密伴生,二者之间缺失中性火山岩,构成典型的双峰式火山岩组合。通过对区内双峰式火山岩的空间分布调查,基性岩主要为致密块状玄武岩、斑状玄武岩,酸性火山岩主要为碱流岩,碱流岩位于玄武岩顶部,为晚二叠纪峨眉山大火成岩省的组成部分。在地质背景、岩石学、地球化学等方面研究的基础上,对区内双峰式火山岩的成因和形成环境进行了探讨,表明玄武岩的原始岩浆来自富集型地幔源区,为地幔橄榄岩小程度部分熔融的产物,形成于洋岛构造环境,碱流岩主要为玄武岩浆极度分离结晶后的酸性残余岩浆形成,形成于陆内拉张构造环境。柏林山地区晚二叠纪双峰式火山岩的发现和厘定为峨眉山玄武岩的演化提供了新的线索和依据,为区域成矿研究以及稀有稀土找矿提供了新的启示。

川西南峨眉山玄武岩中蚀变绿泥石的成分特征及其地质意义

在火山岩和碎屑岩储层中普遍发育大量绿泥石,影响着物性。为查明火山岩中蚀变绿泥石的成因及其对储层物性的影响,本次工作选取川西南峨眉山典型剖面、ZG1井、ZG2井以及YT1井等系列玄武岩样品进行岩相学研究和电子探针微区成分分析。结果显示:玄武岩中绿泥石大致可分为显晶质、隐晶质和微晶3种结晶类型,总体上属于富铁种属的铁斜绿泥石(辉绿泥石)和铁镁绿泥石,形成于富铁的还原环境;隐晶质与微晶和显晶质绿泥石分别受到岩浆期后热液和来自深部的多期次构造热液叠加蚀变的控制,形成主要表现为Fe^(2+)对Mg^(2+)的成分置换,反映流体具有从碱性向弱酸性-中酸性过渡的变化规律。绿泥石的形成过程对火山岩储集空间的影响具有双重作用:岩浆期后热液的充填结晶充填减少了火山岩原生孔隙并降低储层物性,对火山岩储层起到破坏性作用;多期次构造热液的溶蚀迁移沉淀则产生了新的微孔,对火山岩储层起到建设性作用。

川南地区晚二叠世铌—稀土—钛多金属富集层成因机制及对峨眉山地幔柱成矿系统的补充

近年来,在川南沐川地区晚二叠世宣威组底部发现了厚度大、高度富集、层位稳定、分布面积广的新类型Nb—REE—Ti多金属富集层,该富集层中超常富集Nb、REE、Ti、Ga、Sc、Zr等多种关键金属元素,此6种战略性关键金属矿产是我国急缺重要的高科技矿产,且找矿潜力较大。近30年来,地质工作者广泛关注了晚二叠世峨眉山玄武岩组与宣威组之间的平行不整合界面之上的黏土岩层中“三稀”富集特征与成因.

乌蒙山地区茅口组中上部火山物质的发现:峨眉地幔柱早期活动的证据

峨眉地幔柱活动是显生宙重要的地质事件,为了加深对滇东北乌蒙山地区峨眉地幔柱活动演化的认识,对该区茅口组中上部凝灰岩的同位素年龄、锆石微量元素、锆石Lu-Hf同位素、牙形石生物地层等进行了研究。研究区茅口组中上部的凝灰岩为滇东北乌蒙山地区峨眉地幔柱活动演化增加了新的岩石学证据,其最底层凝灰岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为268.7±1.7 Ma(MSWD=0.89,n=8);发现的牙形石为Jinogondolella aserrata,是二叠系瓜德鲁普统沃德阶的典型分子,与锆石U-Pb年龄对应。茅口组凝灰岩锆石微量元素特征显示其为基性岩浆锆石,具有大陆弧型构造背景及较高的Th/Nb值,可能代表峨眉山大火成岩省大规模喷发之前的火山活动。茅口组凝灰岩锆石Hf同位素特征显示,εHf(t)值为-6.7~11.6,大部分为负值,少量正值,具不均一性,反映该时期的火山活动除地幔柱物质参与外还有较多地壳物质的加入。茅口组凝灰岩的发现表明,峨眉地幔柱在乌蒙山地区于瓜德鲁普统沃德期已经发生小规模的岩浆喷发活动,该时期地幔柱的作用主要表现为对岩石圈热量的传导及部分地幔物质参与的熔融作用,为峨眉地幔柱模型的建立增加了新的证据。

贵州织金文家坝地区铝土质泥岩成因分析

该文以贵州织金文家坝龙潭组下段铝土质泥岩为研究对象,结合沉积学、岩石学、地层学、矿床学、地球化学等理论和方法,划分了区域内龙潭组沉积相类型,认为铝土质泥岩为峨眉山玄武岩风化产物,经历了三个阶段的铝富集,但因峨眉山玄武岩风化作用不彻底,风化物中铝含量少,成岩后没有受构造运动抬升地表经受风化淋滤而未形成铝土矿。

Platinum-Group Element Geochemical Characteristics of the Picrites and High-Ti Basalts in the Binchuan Area,Yunnan Province

The Binchuan area of Yunnan is located in the western part of the Emeishan large igneous province in the western margin of the Yangtze Block. In the present study, the Wuguiqing profile in thickness of about 1440 m is mainly composed of high-Ti basalts, with minor picrites in the lower part and andesites, trachytes, and rhyolites in the upper part. The picrites have relatively higher platinum- group element （PGE） contents （PGE=16.3-28.2 ppb）, with high Cu/Zr and Pd/Zr ratios, and low S contents （5.03-16.9 ppm）, indicating the parental magma is S-unsaturated and generated by high degree of partial melting of the Emeishan large igneous province （ELIP） mantle source. The slightly high Cu/Pd ratios （11 000-24 000） relative to that of the primitive mantle suggest that 0.007% sulfides have been retained in the mantle source. The PGE contents of the high-Ti basalts exhibit a wider range （~PGE=0.517-30.8 ppb）. The samples in the middle and upper parts are depleted in PGE and have ~Nd （260 Ma） ratios ranging from -2.8 to -2.2, suggesting that crustal contamination of the parental magma during ascent triggered sulfur saturation and segregation of about 0.446%-0.554% sulfides, and the sulfide segregation process may also provide the ore-forming material for the magmatic Cu-Ni-PGE sulfide deposits close to the studied basalts. The samples in this area show Pt- Pd type primitive mantle-normalized PGE patterns, and the Pd/Ir ratios are higher than that of the primitive mantle （Pd/Ir=l）, indicating that the obvious differentiation between Ir-group platinum- group elements （IPGE） and Pd-group platinum-group elements （PPGE） are mainly controlled by olivine or chromites fractionation during magma evolution. The Pd/Pt ratios of most samples are higher than the average ratio of mantle （Pd/Pt=0.55）, showing that the differentiation happened between Pt and Pd. The differentiation in picrites may be relevant to Pt hosted in discrete refractory Pt-alloy phase in the mantle; whereas the differentiation in the high-Ti basalts is probably associated with the fractionation of Fe-Pt alloys, coprecipitating with Ir-Ru-Os alloys. Some high-Ti basalt samples exhibit negative Ru anomalies, possibly due to removal of laurite collected by the early crystallized chromites.

峨眉山地幔柱主要研究进展及四川盆地二叠纪成盆动力学机制

近年来峨眉山大火成岩省及其地幔柱成因研究取得了重要进展,但关于地幔柱在四川盆地的作用范围和二叠纪成盆动力学机制等方面存在认识分歧。基于大量文献调研并结合近期研究,采用深部地幔活动控制表层系统演变的研究思路,系统梳理峨眉山大火成岩省及其深部地质特征。地幔柱是诱发峨眉山玄武岩大规模喷发并形成大火成岩省的主导因素,但地幔柱仅对四川盆地部分地区具有直接影响,具体表现为地幔柱上涌引起地壳隆升并导致中二叠统茅口组顶部出现地层差异剥蚀和对盆地中南部二叠纪沉积的控制作用,而盆地中北部中晚二叠世—早三叠世拉张槽群和“凹凸相间”沉积-构造格局的形成则主要受控于南秦岭洋岩石圈板块的拉张。