Analysis and Evaluation of Heavy Metal Environmental Quality of Irrigation Water in Vegetable Farmlands of Shandong Province

[Objective] The aim was to evaluate heavy metal environmental quality of irrigation water in vegetable farmlands of Shandong Province. [Method] Heavy metal contents including Hg,Cd,As,Cr (+6),Pb,Cu and Zn in irrigation water of main vegetable farmlands of Shandong Province were investigated by randomly sampling,and the environmental quality conditions of these heavy metals were evaluated by methods of single quality index and complex quality index. [Result] The results showed that the average contents of heavy metals in irrigation water of Shouguang,Laiyang,Jinxiang and Zhangqiu were all far lower than the limit values prescribed by 'Farmland Environmental Quality Evaluation Standards for Edible Agricultural Products' (HJ332-2006),and no heavy metal was found beyond the limit value in every sample. The single quality indices of the 7 elements in the studied 4 places were all lower than 0.5. The comprehensive quality index of the seven elements was 0.317 8 in Shouguang,0.320 4 in Laiyang,0.232 6 in Jinxiang,and 0.260 7 in Zhangqiu. The environmental quality of irrigation water in the studied four places were all set at the first class. [Conclusion] The environmental quality of irrigation water in the 4 places belonged to clean level and were fit for the plantation of no pollution vegetables.

Comprehensive Evaluation on the Irrigation Water Quality in Turpan City Based on Matter Element Analysis Method

Matter-element analysis method was used to construct the comprehensive matter-element model for the evaluation of the quality of various kinds of irrigation water in Turpan City to evaluate the quality of irrigation water（such as river water,spring water, Karez well water, pumped well water） in Turpan City, Xinjiang. The results showed that the quality of the irrigation water was the best in October,which was in Grade I or Grade 2; in May, the quality of some of the irrigation water became poorer to Grade II, which was easy to soil salinization; in March, the detected qualities of the water samples water from the Meiyaogou basin were all in Grade IV, which was not suitable for farmland irrigation. The comparison on the evaluation results of matter-element analysis and fuzzy evaluation method showed that the results of the 2 methods were almost consistent with each other, and showed good uniformity.

Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation for Decision Making of Water Saving Irrigation System

A model of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation for water saving irrigation system (WSIS) decision making is proposed based on establishing an index system affected by six kinds of basic factors including qualitative and quantitative indexes. The object function of WSIS is set up by using the concept of fuzzy membership degree, it is to transform characteristic vector matrix into unify membership matrix and extending the least square method to the least of weighted distance square. The optimum weighted membership degree and the inferior weighted membership degree are used to solve the object function. This method effective solves the problem of classify for fuzzy attributive indexes and the problem of optimum for the set of different attributive indexes. A case study shows that the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model is reasonable and effective in decision making for water saving irrigation system planning.

Emergy evaluation of the contribution of irrigation water, and its utilization, in three agricultural systems in China

Emergy theory and method are used to evaluate the contribution of irrigation water, and the process of its utilization, in three agricultural systems. The agricultural systems evaluated in this study were rice, wheat, and oilseed rape productions in an irrigation pumping district of China. A corresponding framework for emergy evaluation and sensitivity analysis methods was proposed. Two new indices, the fraction of irrigation water （FIW）, and the irrigation intensity of agriculture （IIA）, were developed to depict the contribution of irrigation water. The calculated FIW indicated that irrigation water used for the rice production system （34.7%） contributed more than irrigation water used for wheat （5.3%） and oilseed rape （11.2%） production systems in a typical dry year. The wheat production with an IIA of 19.0 had the highest net benefit from irrigation compared to the rice （2.9） and oilseed rape （8.9） productions. The transformities of the systems＇ products represented different energy efficiencies for rice （2.50E ＋ 05 sej .J^-1）, wheat （1.66E ＋ 05 sej .J^-1） and oilseed rape （2.14E ＋ 05 sej .J^-1） production systems. According to several emergy indices, of the three systems evaluated, the rice system had the greatest level of sustainability. However, all of them were less sustainable than the ecological agricultural systems. A sensitivity analysis showed that the emergy inputs of irrigation water and nitrogenous fertilizer were the highest sensitivity factors influencing the emergy ratios. Best Management Practices, and other agroecological strategies, could be implemented to make further improvements in the sustainability of the three systems.

Emergy evaluation of a pumping irrigation water production system in China

The emergy concept was used to evaluate a pumping irrigation water production system in China. A framework for emergy evaluation of the significance of irrigation water and its production process was developed. The results show that the irrigation water saved has the highest emergy value （8.73E ＋ 05 sej. J-1）, followed by the irrigation water supplied to farmlands （1.72E ＋ 05 sej.J-1）, the pumped water （4.81E＋04sej.-1）, with the lowest value shown from water taken from the local river （3.72E ＋04sej.j1）. The major contributions to the emergy needed for production are the inputs of soil and water. This production system could contribute to the irrigated agriculture and economy, according to several calculated emergy indices： emergy yield ratio （EYR）, emergy investment ratio （EIR）, environmental load ratio （ELR）, and environmental sustainability index （ESI）. The com- parative analysis shows that the emergy theory and method, different from the conventional monetary-based analysis, could be used to evaluate irrigation water and its production process in terms of the biophysical account. Additional emergy evaluations should be completed on different types of water production and irrigated agricul- tural systems to provide adequate guidelines for the sustainability of irrigation development.

Water Cycle and Irrigation Expansion: An Application of Multi-Criteria Evaluation in the Limestone Coast (Australia)

A summary of the current understanding of the hydrological system in the Limestone Coast in Australia is presented. The regional water balance analysis indicated about 90% of the water is lost through evapotranspiration. Irrigation consumes a substantial part of the groundwater and returns up to half of the water inflow to the aquifer. A multi-criteria analysis using fuzzy quantifiers and analytical hierarchy process was applied for future irrigation expansion. The results showed a total of 94,632 ha of land, considered suitable for irrigation where groundwater is not over-allocated or over used. This model showed some advantages over the conventional multi-criteria evaluation methods as it avoids arbitrary decisions on criteria weightings.

Analysis of Water Resources Supply and Demand and Security of Water Resources Development in Irrigation Regions of the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China

Based on the data for meteorology, hydrology, soil, planting, vegetation, and socio-economic development of the irrigation region in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin, Northwest China, the model of balance of water supply and demand in the region was established, and the security of water resource was assessed, from which the results that the effects of unified management of water resources in the Heihe River basin between Gansu Province and Inner Mongolia on regional hydrology are significant with a decrease in water supply diverted from Heihe River and an increase in groundwater extracted. In addition, it was found that the groundwater level has been steadily decreasing due to over pumping and decrease in recharges. In present year （2003）, the volume of potential groundwater in the irrigation districts is far small because of the groundwater overdraft; even in the particular regions, there is no availability of groundwater resources for use. By 2003, water supply is not sufficient to meet the water demand in the different irrigation districts, the sustainable development and utilization of water resources are not secured, and the water supply crisis occurs in Pingchuan irrigation district. Achieving water security for the sustainable development of society, agriculture, economy, industry, and livelihoods while maintaining or improving the abilities of the management and planning of water resources, determining of the reasonable percentage between water supply and groundwater utilization and water saving in agricultural irrigation are taken into account. If this does not occur, it is feared that the present performance of water development and planning may further aggravate the problem of scarcities of water resources and further damage the fragile ecological system.

Applying Fuzzy Matter-Element Model Based on AHP to Evaluating Bids of Water Saving Irrigation Project

Owing to overcoming the characteristics that there are many economic and technical indexes which are fuzzy and incompatibility to each other in evaluating investment project,a new method is proposed.The method is based on the matter-element analysis and combined with the concepts of fuzzy mathematics,which is called the method of fuzzy matter-element analysis.It constructs the compound fuzzy matter element with the investment projects,evaluation factors and their fuzzy value.Through establishing the best subjection degree (fuzzy value),complex fuzzy matter element of relational coefficient and weight aggregation of fuzzy matter-element model,the writer achieves on optimum order of the investment projects according to the calculated relational degree and finds the best project.In this paper,the calculation of weight adopts the analytical hierarchy process method(AHP).Through the actual example,it shows that the model is simple and its calculation is reliable.It is very significant for the engineering evaluated bid and investment decision.

Demonstration of Center Pivot Uniformity Evaluation and Retrofit to Improve Water Use Efficiency

Agricultural irrigation is a primary user for freshwater withdrawal. Irrigation plays an important role in crop production, as it provides the benefit of reducing the effects of prolonged dryness and erratic precipitation. Center pivot irrigation system is the most common irrigation system in agriculture. As the center pivot irrigation system ages, the system could develop a leaking joint, clogged sprinklers, and physical damage. This can cause areas of non-uniformity that can lead to under- or over-irrigated in some areas of the land, resulting in excess energy use and cost, wasting resources, and environmental impacts. Thus, it is important to evaluate the performance of a center pivot irrigation system regularly to maximize return on investments and minimize wasting resources. This study focuses on evaluating the impacts and benefits of improved center pivot irrigation distribution uniformity by performing distribution uniformity evaluations pre- and post-retrofit. This study also focused on demonstrating an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to assess the performance of the center pivot irrigation system in two irrigated farmlands. The Coefficient of Uniformity (CU), Distribution Uniformity (DU), and Scheduling Coefficient (SC) were calculated based on the catch can test data. The values were utilized to evaluate water and energy savings from the improved coefficients. The team has found that replacing sprinkler packages increased the CU from 78 to 89 and the DU from 77 to 82, and reduced the SC from 1.3 to 1.2 in Field A. In Field B, replacing sprinkler packages increased the CU from 73 to 91 and the DU from 62 to 84 and reduced the SC from 1.6 to 1.2. The estimated water savings in Field A due to the reduced scheduling coefficient was approximately 151,000 liters/hectare/year, with consideration of the corn and soybean rotation field in Michigan. The estimated water savings in Field B was 608,000 liters/hectare/year. The data from this demonstration study showed the value of distribution uniformity evaluation and retrofit of irrigation systems. This information will encourage farmers and agricultural industries to consider performing more distribution uniformity evaluations, ultimately improving irrigation water use efficiency and supporting sustainable water management in agriculture.

The Application of PPE Model Based on RAGA in Benefit Evaluating of Rice Water Saving

Through applying PPE model based on RAGA to evaluate the benefit of rice water saving,the author turns multi-dimension data into low dimension space.So the optimum projection direction can stand for the best influence on the collectivity.Thus,the value of projection function can evaluate each item good or not.The PPE model can avoid jamming of weight matrix in the method of fuzzy synthesize judgement,and obtain better result.The author wants to provide a new method and thought for readers who are engaged in investment decision-making of water saving irrigation and other relative study.

南疆矮化密植高产优质香梨节水灌溉模式筛选

为探讨香梨节水灌溉模式,提高水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)和产量,于2021–2022年在新疆29团5年生香梨园开展灌溉方式和灌溉定额双因素完全随机试验,设置了3种微灌方式:地表滴灌(M1)、地下滴灌(M2)、根区渗灌(M3),3种灌溉定额:低水(I1)、中水(I2)、高水(I3),以传统漫灌(CK)为对照,研究不同灌溉方式和灌溉量对土壤电导率和脱盐率、香梨生长、产量、WUE、果实品质和净效益的影响。结果表明:M2的产量和WUE最高,且可以促进香梨生长,提高果实品质以及促进盐分淋洗。M3前期的投入成本最大,但获得的净利润仅次于M2。灌溉方式相同时,增加灌溉定额有利于香梨生长、提高产量和盐分淋洗。基于主成分分析、优劣解距离法和秩和比法3种综合评价方法从环境效益、果实品质和经济效益3个方面,选取15个评价指标进行综合评价,M2I3处理综合得分最高,M1I1处理综合得分最低。因此,对矮化密植初果期的香梨进行灌溉时,推荐地下滴灌模式且生育期灌溉定额为6 750 m^(3)/hm^(2)。研究可为南疆干旱区林果业节水控盐高效生产提供理论依据和技术支撑。

漳河水库灌区水效领跑者引领行动的实践与评价

开展灌区水效领跑者引领行动及评价,是强化、规范农业灌溉用水管理的重要措施。基于有关部门印发的《灌区水效领跑者引领行动实际细则》和漳河水库灌区实践情况,采用层次分析方法(AHP),建立了漳河水库灌区水效领跑者引领行动的评价指标体系和评价阈值,分析了节水技术评价、节水管理评价和鼓励性评价等敏感指标,并对其进行评价,结果表明漳河水库灌区水效领跑者引领行动综合评价值0.94与实际情况吻合。

基于基于TOPSIS法对和田地区温室番茄滴灌方案优选研究

为了确定和田地区日光温室越冬茬番茄适宜的灌溉指标,进而为该地区设施农业的科学灌溉提供理论依据,于2020年10月至次年4月,以番茄“粉保利”为材料,在新疆昆玉市现代农业科技示范园进行了灌溉试验。设置了4种土壤水分下限处理T1、T2、T3和CK(分别为田间持水率的45%、60%、70%及80%),利用TOPSIS法对滴灌方案进行综合评价优选。研究表明:T3水分下限处理与CK处理相比可提高番茄产量7.5%,T1处理番茄产量最低。随着番茄水分下限升高,灌水量增加,灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率显著降低。降低水分下限对番茄可溶性固形物(TSS)、可溶性糖、Vc、可滴定酸含量和果实硬度影响显著(P<0.05)。采用TOPSIS法,对番茄产量、水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率及品质综合评价,得出适宜本地区越冬茬番茄滴灌水分下限最优处理为T3(70%田持)处理。

神东矿区矿井水灌溉适宜性空间分布特征

神东矿区位于我国西北地区,气候干旱,水资源匮乏,大量矿井水被用于矿区生态灌溉。针对矿井水灌溉适宜性,通过矿区矿井水现场采样和水化学测试,分析了水质参数的空间分布规律及水化学类型,分别应用钠离子吸附比(SAR)、可溶性钠百分比(K_(Na))、凯利比率(KR)、渗透率指数(PI)、残余碳酸钠(RSC)、镁吸附比(K_(Mg))单指标法以及USSL图解法、Wilcox图解法进行了长期生态灌溉适宜性预测评价,同时结合矿区地下水位埋深、土壤质地类型以及气候条件,讨论了指标的适用性。研究结果表明,神东矿区矿井水中主要离子质量浓度排序,阳离子为Na^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、K^(+),阴离子为HCO_(3)^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)、Cl^(-)、NO_(3)^(-);矿井水整体上呈弱碱性,Cl^(-)、NO_(3)^(-)离子浓度在空间上变化较显著;Na^(+)、Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)、溶解性总固体(TDS)、电导率(γ)之间、Ca^(2+)与Mg^(2+)之间存在较强的正相关性,F^(-)与Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)之间具有一定的负相关性;矿井水主要水化学类型为NaHCO_(3)型,化学成分主要受到离子交换作用以及蒸发作用的影响;矿井水中Na^(+)、SO_(4)^(2-)、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)相对富集,且Cl^(-)、F^(-)、TDS和γ存在超标;矿区地下水和地表水渍涝共同影响下的盐分积累作用不明显,土壤板结问题不突出,PI法、USSL图解法不适宜本区灌溉水质评价;基于Wilcox图解法的评价结果,哈拉沟矿、石圪台矿及大柳塔井的矿井水适宜作为灌溉水,补连塔矿、上湾矿、布尔台矿、乌兰木伦矿及活鸡兔井的矿井水不宜长期直接用于灌溉。研究结果对于合理开发利用矿区矿井水资源具有理论与实际意义。

基于多目标综合评价的苹果水氮综合调控

【目的】探寻滴灌水氮综合调控对北方半干旱地区苹果树生长生理、水肥利用效率、产量和果实品质的综合影响,以确定最优水氮调控制度。【方法】试验设置灌水与施肥两个调控因素,灌水设3个调控水平,分别为田间持水量(θf)的75%—90%(W1)、60%—75%(W2)、45%—60%(W3);施肥设4个调控水平,施用的N-P2O5-K2O分别为:18-12-6 g/株(F1)、15-12-6 g/株(F2)、12-12-6 g/株(F3)、9-12-6 g/株(F4),分析不同水氮处理对苹果树的生长生理、水肥利用效率、干物质量、产量、果实品质等的影响,以节水节肥、高产高品质为目标,建立基于AHP-CRITIC组合赋权与TOPSIS耦合模型。【结果】水肥交互对植株生长量、叶绿素含量(SPAD)、灌溉水利用效率(IWUE)、肥料偏生产力(PFP)、单果重和产量产生了极显著影响,对基茎生长量产生了显著影响。在不同水肥耦合处理下,适度亏缺的灌水和施氮处理更有利于提高苹果树植株生长量、基茎生长量、叶面积、干物质量、产量、水分利用效率(WUE)、水分生产率(WP)、IWUE、FPP和单果重,其最大值均出现在F2W2处理,SPAD、净光合速率和蒸腾速率随灌水量和施氮量的增加呈增加趋势,但轻度亏缺的灌水和施氮处理对生理指标的影响并不大,F1W2和F2W1处理与F1W1相比,分别仅降低了3.5%、3.1%、7.7%和3.5%、3.1%、3.8%。采用AHP-CRITIC组合确定指标组合权重,其中产量的权重最大,为0.406,其次为维生素C;采用TOPSIS算法构建苹果多目标综合评价体系,评选出F2W2处理下的综合评分最高,为0.8974,F1W2和F2W1处理次之,而F4W3处理评分最低,仅为0.0177。由建立的苹果生长水肥耦合交互响应模型可得出,灌水量和施肥量对苹果生长综合评分的效应均为开口向下的抛物线,苹果生长综合评分随灌水量或施肥量的增加表现出了先增后减的趋势,符合报酬递减效应,即灌水量和施氮量超过一定的范围后再继续增加会导致综合评分下降,对苹果综合生长改善不明显;当施肥量编码值X1为0.681、灌水量编码值X2为0.488时,苹果综合评分最高,为0.923,即施肥量为34.56 g/株(N-P2O5-K2O:16.56-12-6 g/株)、灌水量控制在82.32%田间持水量,此灌水施肥处理对苹果生长最为理想。【结论】应用AHP-CRITIC-TOPSIS法构建的综合评价体系,可以有效确定苹果最佳水氮调控制度,为北方半干旱地区苹果园实际生产提供理论与实践依据。

不同水氮用量对复播玉米生长发育、产量及利用效率的影响和选优模型验证

【目的】基于层次分析法及模糊综合评价模型在验证大田作物水氮优选方案的实用性,为制定新疆南疆玉米高效高产种植水氮配施方案提供参考。【方法】设置3个灌水梯度,分别为300 mm(W_(1))、400 mm(W_(2))、500 mm(W_(3));3个施氮梯度,分别为0 kg/hm^(2)(F_(0))、250 kg/hm^(2)(F_(1))、350 kg/hm^(2)(F_(2)),共9个处理(W_(1)F_(0)、W_(1)F_(1)、W_(1)F_(2)、W_(2)F_(0)、W_(2)F_(1)、W_(2)F_(2)、W_(3)F_(0)、W_(3)F_(1)、W_(3)F_(2)),每个处理3次重复,测定并分析滴灌条件下不同水氮配施对玉米株高、叶面积指数、干物质积累、产量以及水氮利用效率的影响,结合常规分析与模糊综合评价法寻求最优水氮配施方案并验证模型。【结果】适宜灌水量和施氮量下,水氮之间表现出显著交互作用,可以提高玉米的株高、叶面积指数、干物质积累量、积累速率和产量,棉花产量随施氮量和灌水量的增加呈抛物线变化,增产效率降低,适当的灌水量和施氮量可以获得较高的增产效率和水氮利用效率,在W_(2)F_(1)处理下,株高、叶面积指数、干物质积累量等达到最大值,产量增长率和水分利用率均达到最大值,分别为24.35%、3.89 kg/m^(3),氮肥利用效率仅次于W_(3)F_(1)。【结论】新疆阿克苏地区玉米适宜的灌水量和施氮量为400 mm和250 kg/hm^(2)(W_(2)F_(1))。

不同灌溉定额下复合寡糖对青贮玉米养分、酶活性及产量品质的影响

为探究不同灌溉定额条件下复合寡糖对青贮玉米土壤养分、酶活性及产量品质的影响,采用两因素三水平完全随机设计试验。大田滴灌试验于2022年在宁夏吴忠市利通区高闸镇进行。设置3个灌水水平W1(2100 m^(3)/hm^(2))、W2(2700 m^(3)/hm^(2))、W3(3300 m^(3)/hm^(2))以及3个配施复合寡糖水平P1(42 g/hm^(2))、P2(63 g/hm^(2))、P3(84 g/hm^(2)),以当地生产无复合寡糖处理作为对照组(CK),共10个处理。结果表明:①全氮含量随着生育期的变化呈现先降低后增长的变化趋势,在抽雄期表现最差;②全生育期土壤脲酶活性表现出“增长-减小-增长”的变化趋势,吐丝期酶活性表现最差;③灌水定额和复合寡糖对青贮玉米产量影响显著(P<0.05),其中W3P3处理表现最优,较CK处理增产16%;④灌水、复合寡糖2者的交互作用对青贮玉米品质影响显著,W1P3处理表现最优,酸性洗涤纤维、粗灰分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白较CK分别增加15.1%、45.96%、27.54%、14.98%;应用TOPSIS模型综合评价表明,灌溉定额3300 m^(3)/hm^(2),复合寡糖施量84 g/hm^(2)可作为该地区最优灌水定额和复合寡糖施用策略。

基于TOPSIS模型的玉米水肥施用量决策

为探明渭河平原地区不同灌水量与施氮量对玉米生长发育、产量、品质和效率的影响,通过玉米盆栽试验,灌水量设置水分梯度2个(灌水上限为田间持水量的50%、80%,分别用W0、W1表示),氮肥梯度5个(0、0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7 g/kg,分别用N0、N1、N2、N3、N4表示),共10个处理。结果表明,水氮耦合对玉米各项指标存在不同程度影响,使用主观AHP层次分析法和客观熵权法相结合,利用博弈论组合赋权法确定15个指标的最终权重,其中单株产量权重最大,达到0.133,其次为粗蛋白质含量和氮素偏肥生产力,权重分别达到0.114和0.105。利用TOPSIS综合评价法对各处理综合评价,最终结果显示W1N2处理为最佳水氮施用方案。因此推荐土壤含水量为80%田间持水量、施氮量0.3 g/kg为该地区玉米最佳灌水施肥模式。

温室番茄水-沼液一体化的非充分灌溉模式评价

为探求温室番茄合理的水-沼液一体化非充分灌溉模式,于2021年3-7月和9-12月在甘肃省兰州市七里河区温室开展两季试验研究。应用水-沼液一体化穴灌技术在番茄3个生育期(苗期、开花坐果期和果实成熟期)设置高水低肥(充分灌溉)、中水中肥(轻度亏缺)、低水高肥(中度亏缺)3个水-沼液一体化非充分灌溉施肥水平,分析不同处理对番茄产量、灌溉水利用效率及品质的影响。构建了番茄综合品质递阶层次结构模型,并运用近似理想解(TOPSIS法)得到番茄综合品质评价值。同时,将番茄的产量、灌溉水利用效率、综合品质作为番茄综合效益的评价指标,应用组合评价法获得不同处理下番茄综合效益评价值。结果表明:T8处理(3个生育阶段均采用中水中肥)番茄单株产量最高为5.612 kg(2021年春)和5.032 kg(2021年秋);T9处理(3个生育阶段均采用低水高肥)番茄灌溉水利用效率最优为0.173 kg/L(2021年春)和0.171 kg/L(2021年秋);T8处理的番茄果形比、糖酸比、可溶性固形物、维生素C、可溶性蛋白质、果实含水率均为最高,番茄可溶性糖、可滴定酸和硬度最大值分别出现在T9、T4(苗期采用中水中肥,开花坐果期采用加低水高肥、果实成熟期采用高水低肥)和T3(苗期采用中水中肥、开花坐果期采用高水低肥、果实成熟期采用低水高肥)处理;两季试验中番茄综合品质评价和综合效益结果最好的均为T8处理。

新农村建设背景下的小型农田水利技术管理与维护措施研究

针对小型农田水利灌溉建设,以山西省洪洞县某小型农田灌区为例,分析微灌等3种水利建设技术的优缺点,经综合考量,选择微灌技术作为灌溉基础,设计最大净灌水定额等参数。同时,针对小型农田灌溉存在的问题与管理维护策略进行分析,并利用层次分析等方法,搭建综合指标体系。结果显示,水利建设前后两年的综合指标得分提升92.74%;优化水利建设后的两年内,得分提升5.3%。表明研究提出的微灌水利优化建设技术,具有较高的可靠性。