Effect of Cumulative Nanosecond Laser Pulses on the Plasma Emission Intensity and Surface Morphology of Pt-and Ag-Ion Deposited Silicon

In this work, the laser induced plasma plume characteristics and surface morphology of Pt- and Ag-ion deposited silicon were studied. The deposited silicon was exposed to cumulative laser pulses. The plasma plume images produced by each laser shot were captured through a computer controlled image capturing system and analyzed with image-J software. The integrated optical emission intensity of both samples showed an increasing trend with increasing pulses. Agion deposited silicon showed higher optical emission intensity as compared to Pt-ion deposited silicon, suggesting that more damage occurred to the silicon by Ag ions, which was confirmed by SRIM/TRIM simulations. The surface morphologies of both samples were examined by optical microscope showing thermal, exfoliational and hydrodynamical sputtering processes along with the re-deposition of the material, debris and heat affected zones＇ formation. The crater of Ption deposited silicon was deeper but had less lateral damage than Agion deposited silicon. The novel results clearly indicated that the ion deposited silicon surface produced incubation centers, which led to more absorption of incident light resulting into a higher emission intensity from the plasma plume and deeper crater formation as compared to pure silicon. The approach can be effectively utilized in the laser induced breakdown spectroscopy technique, which endures poor limits of detection.

Inter-provincial carbon emission intensity factor analysis and carbon intensity projection calculation in China

The extended “STIRPAT” model and the GM(1,1) model are used to predict the factors influencing inter-provincial carbon emission intensity and carbon intensity in China respectively. In this paper, based on the collation of inter-provincial carbon emission data, the extended “STIRPAT” model is formulated for carbon dioxide emissions and carbon intensity emissions, and the Hausman test is used to determine the influence form of the models. The main influencing factors of carbon intensity were identified: economic development level, energy intensity, and energy consumption structure. The paper constructs GM(1,1) model for carbon emission intensity from 2010-2019 using the gray prediction method,and calculates the carbon emission intensity of China’s inter-provincial 2022 by residual test, correlation test, variance, and small error probability test, and then predicts the carbon demand of each province and city in 2022 according to the expected average annual growth rate, and finally concludes that using carbon emission intensity as the carbon emission reduction target of each region, and it cannot fundamentally solve the problem of carbon pollution in China. Compared to the regional carbon emission reduction target, there is a greater degree of regional imbalance in carbon intensity between provinces in China, and the target of reducing carbon emission intensity somehow avoids the fact that the carbon emission reduction intensity target can be achieved without reducing the absolute amount of carbon emissions that continue to increase. The focus of achieving the “double carbon” target lies in the reduction of total carbon emissions, and the target of reducing carbon intensity will eventually be transformed into a binding target of total carbon emissions in the process of implementation, so attention should be shifted from recessiontype carbon reduction and efficiency-type carbon reduction to innovative carbon reduction. It is necessary to increase investment in renewable energy, and gradually expand the scope of application of photovoltaic, and wind power to ensure the reduction of total carbon emissions.

Emission Intensity in the Hydrogen Atom Calculated from a Non-Probabilistic Approach to the Electron Transitions

Quantum aspects of the Joule-Lenz law for the transmission of energy allowed us to calculate the time rate of energy transitions between the quantum states of the hydrogen atom in a fully non-probabilistic way. The calculation has been extended to all transitions between p and s states having main quantum numbers not exceeding 6. An evident similarity between the intensity pattern obtained from the Joule-Lenz law and the corresponding quantum-mechanical transition pro-babilities has been shown.

Semiclassical and Quantum-Mechanical Formalism Applied in Calculating the Emission Intensity of the Atomic Hydrogen

The energy spectrum of the hydrogen atom has been applied in calculating the time rate of energy transitions between the quantum states of the atom. The formal basis of the approach has been provided by the quantum properties of energy and time deduced from the Joule-Lenz law. The rates of the energy transitions obtained in this way were compared with the quantum-mechanical probabilities of transitions calculated earlier by Bethe and Condon and Shortley for the same pairs of the quantum states.

A Distributed Computing Algorithm for Electricity Carbon Emission Flow and Carbon Emission Intensity

The calculation of the indirect carbon emis-sion is essential for power system policy making,carbon market development,and power grid planning.The em-bedded carbon emissions of the electricity system are commonly calculated by carbon emission flow theory.However,the calculation procedure is time-consuming,especially for a country with 500-1000 thousand nodes,making it challenging to obtain nationwide carbon emis-sions intensity precisely.Additionally,the calculation procedure requires to gather all the grid data with high classified levels from different power grid companies,which can prevent data sharing and cooperation among different companies.This paper proposes a distributed computing algorithm for indirect carbon emission that can reduce the time consumption and provide privacy protection.The core idea is to utilize the sparsity of the nodes’flow matrix of the nationwide grid to partition the computing procedure into parallel sub-procedures exe-cuted in multiple terminals.The flow and structure data of the regional grid are transformed irreversibly for pri-vacy protection,when transmitted between terminals.A 1-master-and-N-slave layout is adopted to verify the method.This algorithm is suitable for large grid compa-nies with headquarter and branches in provinces,such as the State Grid Corporation of China.

Industrial Carbon Emission Distribution and Regional Joint Emission Reduction:A Case Study of Cities in the Pearl River Basin,China

China’s low-carbon development path will make significant contributions to achieving global sustainable development goals.Due to the diverse natural and economic conditions across different regions in China,there exists an imbalance in the distribution of car-bon emissions.Therefore,regional cooperation serves as an effective means to attain low-carbon development.This study examined the pattern of carbon emissions and proposed a potential joint emission reduction strategy by utilizing the industrial carbon emission intens-ity(ICEI)as a crucial factor.We utilized social network analysis and Local Indicators of Spatial Association(LISA)space-time trans-ition matrix to investigate the spatiotemporal connections and discrepancies of ICEI in the cities of the Pearl River Basin(PRB),China from 2010 to 2020.The primary drivers of the ICEI were determined through geographical detectors and multi-scale geographically weighted regression.The results were as follows:1)the overall ICEI in the Pearl River Basin is showing a downward trend,and there is a significant spatial imbalance.2)There are numerous network connections between cities regarding the ICEI,but the network structure is relatively fragile and unstable.3)Economically developed cities such as Guangzhou,Foshan,and Dongguan are in the center of the network while playing an intermediary role.4)Energy consumption,industrialization,per capita GDP,urbanization,science and techno-logy,and productivity are found to be the most influential variables in the spatial differentiation of ICEI,and their combination in-creased the explanatory power of the geographic variation of ICEI.Finally,through the analysis of differences and connections in urban carbon emissions under different economic levels and ICEI,the study suggests joint carbon reduction strategies,which are centered on carbon transfer,financial support,and technological assistance among cities.

Spatial Spillover Effects of the Impact of Agricultural Mechanization on Carbon Emission Intensity in Agriculture:An Empirical Study Based on the Panel Data of 282 Cities

The extreme weather caused by the global warming effect has triggered huge losses to agricultural production.A hot issue for governments and scholars is how to effectively reduce carbon emission intensity in agriculture.The agricultural farming practices that are high pollution and high energy cosuming have exacerbated the vulnerability of regional agroecosystems.The sustainable development of agriculture is faced with the two dilemmas of a low utilization rate of green resources and the serious pollution of farmland.Further,environmental and ecological carrying capacities have reached theirlimits,seriouslyhinderingtthe high-quality development of low-carbon agriculture in China.Thus,based on the panel data of 282 cities,the Spatial Dubin Model(SDM)is employed to examine the impact of agricultural mechanization on carbon emission intensity in agriculture.It is found that from 1999 to 2019 carbon emission intensity in agriculture showed an overall downward trend;as of 2019,the agricultural field had completed the target of carbon emission reduction,,oneyear aheadof schedule.From a local perspective,approximately 14.89%6of fagricultural industries in prefecture-level city have still not achieved carbon emission reduction targets,and agricultural carbon emission reduction tasks were better completed in major grain-producing areas than in nonmajor grain-producing areas.Agricultural mechanization has significantly reduced carbonemission intensityyinlocal agriculture production.The impact of agricultural mechanizationoncarbon emission intensity in agriculture has not only a significant negative spatial spillover effect but also a significant effect on spatial carbon emission reduction.Compared with non-major ggrain-producingareas,agricultural mechanization plays a greater role in reducing spatial carbon emissions in major grain-producing areas.Further studies find that agricultural mechanization is conducive to overcome difficulties,such as instability of property rights and land fragmentation,and to achieve large-scale agricultural production,thereby reducing agricultural carbon emissions in nearby regions.However,the transfer of rurallabor,adjustments to the structure of agricultural cultivation,and the centralized use of rural land restrict the development of the crossregional service market for agricultural machinery,which in turn weaken its contribution to spatial carbon emission reduction.At the end of this paper,it is suggested that Chinese governments at all levels should introduce subsidy policies for the cross-regional operation of agricultural machinery to solve the problem of their service market failure.Efforts should be made to stimulate the market to develop more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly agricultural machinery products while strictly controlling changes in the use of arableland in non-grain-producing areas,which aims to serve further agricultural mechanization and boost the high-quality development of low-carbon agriculture.

Does the Belt and Road Initiative Increase the Carbon Emission Intensity of Paticipating Countries?

The impact that the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)has had on carbon emissions is a hotly debated issue.Using a panel dataset of 178 countries from 2002 to 2017,and applying the quantile difference-in-difference method in different industries,this study finds that,first,the BRI overall tends to reduce the carbon emission intensity of BRI countries.Second,the impact of BRI on reducing the carbon emission intensity is significant for BRI countries at higher(0.8 and 0.9)and lower(0.2 and 0.3)carbon emission intensity quantiles but it is insignificant for those at medium levels.Third,the BRI has significant impacts on reducing carbon emission intensity in the energy-intensive industries,and this effect is the highest at the quantile level of 0.9 for all three industries considered here:transportation,electric and heating,and manufacturing and construction.These results indicate that establishing BRI cooperation with China will improve the environment and enhance the sustainable development ability of BRI countries.

Impact of Greenization on the Marginal Utility of Intensity of Carbon Emissions and Factors Affecting it in China

The impact of greenization on the marginal utility of the intensity of carbon emissions in China and factors influ-encing this relationship are explored in this study.China’s level of greenization is evaluated by using an index system developed based on the comprehensive index method.The intensity of carbon emissions is determined by using the standards for the coefficients of conversion of coal equivalent and coefficients of carbon emission.The impact of greenization on the marginal utility of the intensity of carbon emissions is then evaluated by using an elastic formula and factors affecting this relationship are verified by regression analysis.The results are as fol-lows:(1)China’s level of greenization has exhibited a trend of constant increase.The intensity of carbon emissions has followed a continual downward trend while the impact of greenization on the marginal utility of the intensity of these emissions has been declining.(2)Urbanization as well as scientific and technological developments have slowed the reduction in the marginal utility of the intensity of carbon emissions,whereas the structure of energy consumption has expedited it under the diminishing impact of greenization.The standard of living of the popu-lation,intensity of environmental regulation,and environmental quality have had different influences under dif-ferent conditions.

Impact of the Construction of Ecological Civilization Demonstration Areas on Carbon Emission Intensity

The development path from attaching importance to environmental protection to the theory of ecological conservation,then to piloting ecological civilization demonstration areas,marks that China’s ecological conservation has gradually moved from theoretical construction to practical exploration,based on the new idea that“lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets.”It is still an ordeal for China’s ecological conservation in the context of global warming how to reduce carbon emission intensity while maintaining sustained economic growth.Under the dual constraints of peaking carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060(“dual carbon”goals),this paper employs the five national ecological civilization pilot demonstration areas(ECDAs)established in 2014 as quasi-natural experiments based on the panel data of 30 Chinese provincial regions from 2003 to 2019.Based on the analysis of the policy implementation background and the theoretical mechanism of its impact on carbon emission intensity,the synthetic control method and difference in differences method are adopted to test the impact of the construction of ECDAs on carbon emission intensity and examine the spatial spillover effect of the pilot policies.The study shows that the construction of ECDAs has significantly reduced carbon emission intensity as a whole,especially in Fujian,Guizhou,and Yunnan Provinces.Moreover,the conclusions successfully pass the robustness test.The mechanism analysis results demonstrate that the construction of ECDAs can lower carbon emission intensity through the positive incentives from boosting technological progress and developing green finance,and the reversal pressure mechanism of optimizing the energy structure and improving the market segmentation.The analysis results of the spatial spillover effect indicate that the construction of ECDAs plays a significant role in reducing carbon emission intensity in the region and its adjacent areas.Therefore,China should introduce ECDAs and the experience gained to more regions.Meanwhile,China should spare no effort to seek multi-dimensional paths to reduce carbon emissions in view of regional differences in green development,and strengthen cross-regional communications and cooperation to realize the goals of carbon emission reduction.

A hefty target of reducing the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions

At the end of January, China formally handed over the report on pollution reduction targets to the United Nations.

Spatial and temporal variation of energy carbon emissions in Yantai from 2001 to 2011

In order to understand the characteristics of spatial and temporal variation,as well as provide effective ideas on carbon emissions and regulatory policy in Yantai,this article analyzed spatial and temporal variation of carbon emissions in Yantai based on energy consumption statistics for a variety of energy sorts together with industrial sectors from 2001 to 2011.The results were as following:First of all,Yantai's carbon emissions grew by an average of 5.5%per year during the last 10 years,and there was a peak of 10.48 million carbon in the year of 2011.Second,compared with the gross domestic product(GDP) growth rate,the figures for energy carbon emissions growth rate were smaller;however the problem of carbon emissions were still more obvious.Furthermore,carbon emissions in Yantai increased rapidly before 2008;while after 2008,it increased more slowly and gradually become stable.Third,the energy consumption was different among regions in Yantai.For instance,the energy consumption in Longkou city was the largest,which occupied 50%of the total carbon emissions in Yantai;and the energy consumption in Chang Island was generally less than 1%of the Longkou consumption.Finally,there were relative close relationships among the spatial difference of carbon emissions,regional resources endowment,economic development,industrial structure,and energy efficiency.

The Structure and Emission Properties of SiO_2 Nanometer Film Containing Ag

Colloidal silver particles are formed on float glass by heat treatment with coated silica film containing Ag by sol-gel process . The Sn2+ on surface of float glass influences the formation of colloidal Ag particles . The microstructure of the film and the granularity of silver particles were studied by TEM and HEED. The emission property of the samples was measured. The results show that aggregation of metal particles degrades emission intensity , and that content of Ag, withdrawing speed and heat treatment temperature of samples has a greater effect on photoluminescence.

Effect of China's industrial structure adjustment on carbon emissions

Confronting the contradiction between the rapid development of economy and the effective protection of environment, and developing low carbon economy by optimizing the industrial structure have become one of the effective way to attract more attention. In the paper, we made a research on the correlation between china's three main industries and carbon emission intensity to find out the main factors which affect the intensity of carbon emission in China by measuring the gross emission in china's 28 main provinces in 2003-2013 and using Grey correlation analysis based on the change tendency. The results indicate that the second industry has the largest correlation with carbon emission intensity; the tertiary industry helps reduce the intensity of carbon emission, but it is not very obvious; the first industry has the least impact on carbon emission intensity. In the last part, according to the characteristics of industrial structure and carbon emission, we put forward the suggestions and strategies on the adjustment of china's industrial structure in future with the results analysis.

Electrodynamics of the Joule-Lenz Law Applied to the Energy Emission Done by a Free Electron or Harmonically-Oscillating Microparticle

We demonstrate that the intensity of the energy emission obtained from the Joule-Lenz law applied to the case of a single free-electron particle or a harmonic oscillator does not depend on the change of size of the corresponding energy interval () and time interval () because the ratio of??to??representing the emission rate remains constant. For a free electron, this property holds on condition the calculations of??and??refer to the states having a sufficiently large quantum index n.

Analysis on Carbon Emissions from Energy Consumption in Agriculture and Reduction Measures in Guangdong Province

[Objective] The aim was to study CO2 emissions from energy consumption in agricultural production in Guangdong Province and put forward feasible reduction measures.[Method] Based on the data from China Energy Statistical Yearbook and Guangdong Statistical Yearbook,CO2 emissions from agricultural energy use in Guangdong Province from 2000 to 2009 was estimated by using the formula of carbon emissions recommended by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),and corresponding reduction measures were put forward.[Result] With the rapid increase of agricultural output and energy consumption,CO2 emissions from energy consumption in agricultural production in Guangdong Province showed increasing trend from 2000 to 2009,that is to say,increasing from 423.63×104 t C million tons in 2000 to 605.99×104 t C in 2009,with annual growth rate of 4.1%.Meanwhile,carbon emissions intensity during energy consumption in agriculture went down in recent ten years,in other words,decreasing from 0.424 t C/×104 yuan in 2000 to 0.301 t C/×104 yuan in 2009,and its annual decreasing rate was 3.7%.The variation of CO2 emissions from energy consumption in agriculture mainly resulted from the increase of agricultural output,improvement of energy utilization efficiency,high carbonization in agricultural energy consumption structure and so forth.Therefore,in order to reduce CO2 emissions from energy consumption in agriculture,it is necessary to vigorously develop rural renewable energy,develop and popularize advanced technology for energy utilization,advance the energy conservation of agricultural machines,establish and improve the macroeconomic control mechanism for carbon emissions from the energy consumption in agricultural production in the further.[Conclusion] The study could provide references for the establishment of policy about reducing carbon emissions from agricultural energy consumption in Guangdong Province.

Research on Regional Differences and Influencing Factors of China's Carbon Emissions

This paper studies the regional differences,dynamic evolution and influencing factors of regional carbon emission intensity(CEI)in 262 cities and 5 regional urban agglomerations(UAs)in China.The Dagum Gini coefficient is used to analyze the intra-regional and inter-regional differences in carbon emissions,and the temporal evolution of the absolute differences of CEI among regions is analyzed by means of kernel density estimation(KDE).The paper provides an in-depth study on the spatial difference and temporal evolution of CEI in Chinese cities and major strategic regions.Through Moran index and LISA’s test,the spatial correlation of carbon emission in prefecture-level cities is tested,and its spatial agglomeration characteristics are described.It is found that China’s CEI is decreasing year by year,presenting a spatial pattern of“low in the south but high in the north”.Based on the calculation of carbon emission intensity at the urban level,this paper conducts LDMI factor decomposition research on carbon emission intensity at the national and key regions,and analyzes the impact of the impact factors on carbon emission intensity.The research results provide a path for China’s green development at the city level and urban agglomeration level,and a theoretical support for different regions and cities to introduce emission and carbon reduction policies.

Origins of black carbon from anthropogenic emissions and open biomass burning transported to Xishuangbanna, Southwest China

Black carbon(BC) has importance regarding aerosol composition, radiative balance, and human exposure. This study adopted a backward-trajectory approach to quantify the origins of BC from anthropogenic emissions(BCAn) and open biomass burning(BCBB) transported to Xishuangbanna in 2017. Haze months, between haze and clean months, and clean months in Xishuangbanna were defined according to daily PM_(2.5)concentrations of >75, 35–75, and<35 μg/m^(3), respectively. Results showed that the transport efficiency density(TED) of BC transported to Xishuangbanna was controlled by the prevailing winds in different seasons.The yearly contributions to the effective emission intensity of BCAnand BCBBtransported to Xishuangbanna were 52% and 48%, respectively. However, when haze occurred in Xishuangbanna, the average BCAnand BCBBcontributions were 23% and 77%, respectively. This suggests that open biomass burning(BB) becomes the dominant source in haze months. Myanmar, India, and Laos were the dominant source regions of BC transported to Xishuangbanna during haze months, accounting for 59%, 18%, and 13% of the total, respectively. Furthermore, India was identified as the most important source regions of BCAntransported to Xishuangbanna in haze months, accounting for 14%. The two countries making the greatest contributions to BCBBtransported to Xishuangbanna were Myanmar and Laos in haze months, accounting for 55% and 13%, respectively. BC emissions from Xishuangbanna had minimal effects on the results of the present study. It is suggested that open BB in Myanmar and Laos, and anthropogenic emissions in India were responsible for poor air quality in Xishuangbanna.

Effects of Doping Trace Sm^(3+) and Gd^(3+) on Luminescent Character of Y_2O_2S∶Eu^(3+)

After trace Sm^3＋ ions and Gd^3＋ ions doping, the emission intensity of red phosphors Y2O2S： Eu^3 ＋ was enhanced and the voltage character （relation between emission intensity and excitation voltage） was improved while the other properties of physics and chemistry were not changed. The origins of enhancement and improvement are discussed. Probably the distortion and the defect of crystals are decreased by the substitution of Gd^3＋ for Y^3＋ instead of Eu^3＋ for Y^3＋ , and thus the Eu^3＋ crystal field is improved, and radiationless process and energy loss resulted from crystal defect are weakened, which leads to increased luminescence intensity and voltage character improvement. The overlapping fluorescent spectra of Y2O2S： Sm^3＋ emission and Y2O2S：Eu^3＋ excitation as well as Eu^3 ＋ excitation spectra transitions spectra lead to energy transfer from Sm^3 ＋ sensitization of Sm^3＋ ions fectively. containing Sm^3＋ excitation the possibility of resonance ions to Eu^3＋ ions, and the to Eu^3＋ ions is achieved effectively.

Effect of parameters on Si plasma emission in collinear double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Collinear dual-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy was carried out on Si crystal by using a pair of nanosecond Nd：YAG laser sources emitting at 1064 nm. The spectral intensities and signal- to-noise ratios of selected Si atomic and ionic lines were used to evaluate the optical emission. The optical emission intensity was recorded while varying the interpulse delay time and energy ratio of the two pulsed lasers. The effects of the data acquisition delay time on the line intensity and signal-to-noise ratio have been investigated as well. Based on the results, the optimal interpulse delay time, energy ratio of the two pulsed lasers, and data acquisition delay time for achieving the maximum atomic and ionic line intensities were found for generation of Si plasma with the collinear dual-pulse laser approach. The dominant mechanism for the observed line intensity variation was also discussed. In addition, the plasma temperature and electron number density at different gate delay times and different interpulse delay times were derived. A significant influence of plasma shielding on the electron temperature and electron number density at shorter interpulse delay times was observed.