Exploration of Market Mechanism on Controlling Air Pollution and Carbon Emissions in China

Based on increasingly grim situation of carbon emissions in China,air pollution control and carbon emission reduction are very important. Therefore,combining with China’s specific national conditions,we should explore the market mechanisms to control air pollution and reduce carbon emissions in China. The achievement of the carbon emission reduction purpose needs to establish the carbon trade market based on intensity emission reduction and suitable for China’s national conditions. By setting the cross-industry,cross-region and cross-time carbon trade scenarios in China,this paper tries to study the market mechanism of carbon intensity trade among industries and regions and based on carbon finance mechanism.

Exploration and Practice of Precision Emission Reduction Monitoring System in Air Pollution Prevention and Control in a District of Tianjin

At present,China’s atmospheric environmental protection work has achieved initial results,but environmental protection is facing increasing pressure,and the environmental situation is still not optimistic.In response to the call of the state,efforts have been intensified in environmental protection and ecological civilization construction,and supply-side structural reform has been actively promoted,and the Implementation Plan for Tianjin’s Comprehensive Discharge of Industrial Pollution Sources to Meet Standards has been promoted.When the total amount of pollutants discharged in key areas far exceeds the environmental capacity,regional heavy pollution weather will still occur once adverse meteorological conditions are encountered.In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution,when the deterioration of air quality to a certain extent,to protect public health,key gas related industries should carry out emergency emission reduction in accordance with the local emergency plan while the local government starts the emergency response of heavy pollution weather.Direct economic loss of emergency response to heavy pollution weather is enormous.On the basis of meeting the total amount of emissions required by the state,the project aims to achieve the effect of"emission reduction and production increase"by precise emission reduction according to local characteristics.

Emissions of SO2, NOx and PMs from Cement Plant in Vicinity of Khoms City in Northwestern Libya

Estimated emissions of gases and particulate matter from two Portland cement plants near Khoms city in northwestern Libya by computer simulation reveal that the SO2, NOx and dust emissions exceed selected international standard limits. The results highlight the need for improved operational procedures to minimize emissions and avoid any possible adverse environmental effects.

Energy Saving and Emission Reduction Estimations of Electrified Railways in China

Based on the annual production data collected by the Statistic Center of the Ministry of Railways of the People＇s Republic of China, we calculated the energy saving and direct emission reductions of CO2, soot, SO2, CO, NOx and CnHm of electrified railways, and analyzed their dynamic characteristics during the period of 1975 2007. The results show that during this period, the annual mean values of energy saving is 1.23×10^6 tce, and direct emission reduction of CO2, soot, SO2, CO, NOx and CnHm are 4.267×10^6 t, 20.5×10^3 t, 3.0×10^3 t, 9.6×10^3 t, 67.9×10^3 t, and 6.9×10^3 t per year, respectively. The annual average increasing rates of energy saving is 139×10^3 tce, and direct emission reduction of CO2, soot, SO2, CO, NOx and CnHm are 483×10^3 t, 2.3×10^3 t, 0.34×10^3 t, 1.1×10^3 t, 7.7 ×10^3 t and 0.78×10^3 t per year, respectively. The electrified railways have played an important role in decreasing the energy consumption and air pollutant emissions of China＇s railway system. The results of this study could provide some reference knowledge for future reductions of energy consumption and waste gas emission in China＇s railway transportation.

Exploring the Association between Climate Change and Human Development: A Visual Analytics Study

This study explores the complex relationship between climate change and human development. The aim is to understand how climate change affects human development across countries, regions, and the global population. Visual analytics were used to examine the impact of various climate change indicators on different aspects of human development. The study highlights the urgent need for climate change action and encourages policymakers to make decisive moves. Climate change adversely affects numerous aspects of daily life, leading to significant consequences that must be addressed through policy changes and global governance recommendations. Key findings include that regions with higher CO2 emissions experience a significantly higher incidence of life-threatening diseases compared to regions with lower emissions. Additionally, higher CO2 emissions correlate with consistent death rates. Increased pollution exposure is associated with a higher prevalence of life-threatening diseases and higher rates of malnutrition. Moreover, greater mineral depletion is linked to more frequent life-threatening diseases, suggesting that industrialization contributes to adverse health effects. These results provide valuable insights for policy and decision-making aimed at mitigating the impact of climate change on human development.

A decomposition model to analyze effect of SO_2 emission density of China

A decomposition model was applied to study the resource-saving and environment-friendly effects of air pollutant emissions(taking industrial SO2 emission as an example) in China.From the results,it is found that 38.93% and 61.07% are contributed to environment-friendly and resource-saving effects,respectively,by the dramatic decrease in industrial SO2 emission density(nearly 70% from 2001 to 2010).This indicates that China has achieved important progress during the 11th FYP(five-year plan) compared with the 10th FYP.A simultaneous equations model was also employed to analyze the influencing factors by using data from 30 provinces in China.The results imply that the influence of environmental regulation on environment-friendly effect is not obvious during the 10th FYP but obvious during the 11th FYP.Thus,the government should continue promoting the environment-friendly effect by further enhancing environmental regulation and strengthening the role of environmental management.

长三角工业减污降碳时空演变及其影响因素研究

工业领域是我国推行减污降碳协同增效的重点领域,探究工业领域减污降碳的时空特征及影响因素,对实现减污降碳协同增效总目标具有重要现实意义.本文以长三角地区41个设区市为研究对象,综合运用耦合协调度模型、空间自相关、时空地理加权回归、地理探测器等方法,对2010−2020年长三角地区工业减污降碳协同效应的时空演变特征及影响因素展开分析,因地制宜地提出工业减污降碳协同推进建议.结果表明:①2010−2020年,长三角地区41个设区市的工业大气污染物排放量平均值大幅下降,工业二氧化碳排放量缓慢增长,长三角地区工业减污降碳协同效应总体处于上升优化态势,工业减污降碳协同效应等级由失调衰退类提至过渡发展类.②2010−2020年,长三角地区工业减污降碳协同效应在空间格局上呈中部高、南北低以及东部高、西部低的分布格局,时空变动上工业减污降碳协同效应高值范围由上海、苏州等长江入海口地区向西转移至南京、无锡、苏州等长江下游地区,其空间集聚特征呈现出集聚−离散−集聚的变化趋势.③规模以上工业总产值、规模以上工业增加值占GDP比重、人均GDP、城镇化率等是影响长三角地区工业减污降碳协同效应的主要因素,对大部分区域产生显著的正向影响,其影响程度存在时空异质性,双因子交叉具有显著的增强作用.研究显示,长三角地区工业减污降碳协同效应存在显著的优化趋势和空间差异,受产业规模结构影响较大,亟需从统筹优化减污降碳协同目标、加强重点区域协同控制、加快工业行业绿色发展等方面协同推进.

数据驱动的重污染天气应急限产方案智能决策

对工业排放源企业限产是重污染天气应急响应的有效手段.现行限产模式并未考虑扩散条件对限产效果的影响及大气环境治理与经济发展的矛盾.面向特定重污染天气预警,开发数据驱动最优限产方案智能决策方法(DID),用极限学习机预测特定扩散条件下限产方案的减排效果,并将决策者的空气质量改善目标及经济效益目标作为约束对限产方案进行优化.真实数据集上的实验结果表明,在达到同样空气质量目标时,DID方案的经济效益和平均生产比例均高于现行预案;在实现相同经济产值时,DID方案的空气质量改善程度也显著高于现行预案.DID方法能够提高重污染天气应对的精准性及科学性,管理者可以根据当前工作重心设置不同的大气治理及经济发展目标,实现生态环境与区域经济的协调发展.研究结论可为各级政府提高重污染天气应急响应水平提供理论与方法支持,具有一定推广及应用价值.

碳中和视域下四川省能源消费CO_(2)与大气污染物协同减排研究

化石燃料的使用是CO_(2)和大气污染物的主要来源,两者具有同源性。在中国提出碳中和目标背景下,各省份均面临较严峻的减排形势。四川省是中国优质能源供应基地和西部经济高质量发展的重要增长极,减排责任尤为重大。基于2011—2020年的四川统计年鉴和中国能源统计年鉴相关数据,设计基准、低碳和强化低碳3个情景,通过Leap模型对四川省2022—2050年的能源消费量和CO_(2)、大气污染物排放量进行预测,并分析不同情景下CO_(2)和大气污染物的减排效果,最后基于分析结果提出相应建议。

京津冀地区柴油移动燃烧源污染减排潜力预测

包含柴油车辆和柴油机械的柴油移动燃烧源是现阶段中国进一步持续改善空气质量的重点源。为探究京津冀地区柴油移动燃烧源的污染排放以及减排潜力,在估算2018年京津冀地区柴油车辆和柴油机械污染排放现状的基础上,设置基准情景和5种政策情景,预测2019—2030年不同情景下柴油燃烧源的污染排放趋势,对比分析不同地区、不同源的污染物减排潜力和不同减排措施对不同类型柴油燃烧源的减排效果。结果表明,京津冀地区2018年柴油燃烧源的CO、HC、NO_(x)和PM排放量分别为51.25、22.89、106.52和5.42万t。综合情景下,2030年CO、HC、NO_(x)和PM污染物排放量可分别比基准年减少52.03%、38.58%、71.88%和52.07%。淘汰高排放情景在短时间内的减排效果较好,而长期效果不佳,提升排放标准情景和推广新能源情景的减排潜力会逐年增加,对污染物有较好的减排作用,运输公转铁情景的减排潜力也较好,2030年能有效减少35.13%~45.81%的污染排放。综合情景下柴油车辆和柴油机械的最大减排潜力分别为91.55%和44.69%。此外,CO和NO_(x)的减排潜力主要来源于柴油车辆,而柴油机械对HC和PM的减排效果明显。与其他2个地区相比,天津市的污染减排效果较好,最大减排潜力为80.80%。分类型来看,柴油货车对污染物的减排贡献较大,尤其是重型货车。与工程机械相比,农业机械的污染减排贡献更大,尤其是联合收割机、农用水泵以及三轮车的减排贡献突出。研究结果可为制定柴油移动源的污染控制政策提供科学支持。

钢铁行业大气污染治理科技发展分析与展望

钢铁行业是我国工业领域重要的大气污染排放源之一,钢铁行业的大气污染治理是降低重点行业污染排放、打好污染防治攻坚战的重中之重。近年来,我国在钢铁行业大气污染治理方面取得了显著成果。总结了我国“十一五”以来钢铁行业污染防治科技工作的部署,并梳理分析了钢铁行业大气污染治理技术发展的阶段。基于末端治理、源头减排和过程控制、全过程耦合控制三个方面技术发展现状,剖析了当前我国钢铁行业在多污染物协同深度减排和实现超低排放面临的形势和问题。最后,面向“十四五”时期,聚焦碳达峰碳中和目标,提出了相关建议,旨在深化大气污染防治科技工作,为建设“美丽中国”和实现“双碳”目标提供关键科技支撑。在未来的发展中,我们有理由相信,在全社会的共同努力下,钢铁行业将迎来更加清洁、高效和可持续的发展。

基于综合减污降碳策略的成渝地区中长期空气质量改善模拟

设计成渝地区3种中长期综合减污降碳情景,包括基准政策情景、动态优化情景和最大潜力情景.应用区域大气污染物及碳排放清单和空气质量模型,模拟预测不同情景下的空气质量改善程度,并优选中长期空气质量改善目标约束下的综合减污降碳情景及路径.结果显示,成渝地区要实现中长期空气质量改善和碳减排目标,与2017基准年相比,2025年和2035年的SO_(2)、NOx、PM2.5、VOCs和CO_(2)减排比例分别为29%、32%、19%、24%、3%和35%、49%、28%、39%、12%.从综合减污降碳措施减排贡献来看,近中期阶段,末端治理(尤其是重点行业超低排放改造)仍是大气污染物减排的重要驱动力,大气污染物减排贡献占比为20%~55%.中长期阶段,由“双碳”目标驱动的能源、产业和交通结构调整措施对污染减排具有关键作用,大气污染物减排贡献占比为65%~87%.此外,重点排放源减排贡献具有较大差异,移动源和溶剂使用源对NOx和VOCs减排贡献显著,固定燃烧源、工艺过程源和移动源对CO_(2)减排贡献均较为明显.

温室气体与空气污染物协同减排健康效应研究热点及趋势分析

运用CiteSpace对Web of Science和中国知网相关文献进行梳理,分析该领域的研究热点与进展.结果表明:国内外发文量都在不断增加.2013年后,发文量增长迅速,国外增速明显快于国内;国外文献作者和机构形成了以美国各大高校为中心的较强合作网络关系,核心研究作者发文量达39%.国内文献作者和机构联系较弱,呈多中心分散式结构,核心研究作者发文量仅占8%;关键词可视化表明国内外研究同步性较强,均以环境暴露的健康影响和疾病负担研究为基础,国外侧重具体影响机制与联系及风险评估研究,国内更关注影响因素及政策效益剖析;国外研究从环境暴露对健康终点影响发展到协同适应策略及复杂模型构建,目前全球负担和颗粒物质减排是研究热点.国内研究从气候变化和大气污染对健康的影响评估发展到协同治理对策及健康风险,当前减缓气候变化及减污降碳的健康协同效益研究是热点.将来针对气候变化和大气污染导致的健康问题及敏感区域、公共健康效应时空规律的识别和明晰是重点,健康风险评估模型构建与早期预警系统的开发应用也迫在眉睫.

菌藻共生系统污水处理及CO_(2)固定作用机制的研究进展

目前水生态环境污染严重,现有水处理工艺存在能耗高、温室气体排放等问题。菌藻共生技术是一种能同步处理污水和固定CO_(2)的绿色处理技术。文章综述了菌藻共生体系提高减污固碳效率的作用效能及作用机制,详细阐述了菌藻共生体系降解氮磷污染物及固定CO_(2)的作用机理:微藻通过同化作用实现对氮磷的吸收,并通过光合自养、异养、兼养3种固碳过程实现CO_(2)的固定;细菌通过硝化作用和反硝化作用脱氮,利用聚磷菌强化除磷,通过促进碳酸酐酶的产生来提高藻细胞的固碳效率。总结了菌藻共生体系实际应用中的现存问题,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望,为今后菌藻共生体系的进一步应用提供了理论支持。

Overlooked CO_(2)emissions induced by air pollution control devices in coal-fired power plants

China's efforts to mitigate air pollution from its large-scale coal-fired power plants(CFPPs)have involved the widespread use of air pollution control devices(APCDs).However,the operation of these devices relies on substantial electricity generated by CFPPs,resulting in indirect CO_(2) emissions.The extent of CO_(2)emissions caused by APCDs in China remains uncertain.Here,using a plant-level dataset,we quantified the CO_(2)emissions associated with electricity consumption by APCDs in China's CFPPs.Our findings reveal a significant rise in CO_(2)emissions attributed to APCDs,increasing from 1.48 Mt in 2000 to 51.7 Mt in 2020.Moreover,the contribution of APCDs to total CO_(2)emissions from coal-fired power generation escalated from 0.12%to 1.19%.Among the APCDs,desulfurization devices accounted for approximately 80%of the CO_(2)emissions,followed by dust removal and denitration devices.Scenario analysis indicates that the lifespan of CFPPs will profoundly impact future emissions,with Nei Mongol,Shanxi,and Shandong provinces projected to exhibit the highest emissions.Our study emphasizes the urgent need for a comprehensive assessment of environmental policies and provides valuable insights for the integrated management of air pollutants and carbon emissions in CFPPs.

微藻生物固定CO_(2)耦合污染物减排技术应用及展望

“碳达峰”与“碳中和”(“双碳”)是传统工业面临的巨大挑战,如何实现减污降碳协同增效愈加重要。微藻光合作用能固定CO_(2),还可利用废气及废水等作为营养源生长,减排污染物的同时实现生物质增值,是有望助力“双碳”战略目标的新型生物技术路线。基于微藻固碳减排技术的发展现状,探讨了微藻光合作用固定CO_(2)的机理;综述了影响微藻固碳效率的无机碳源、传质、光源、温度及pH值等关键因素及强化策略;深入分析NO_(x)、SO_(x)等在微藻培养体系中的溶解、传输、吸收利用及转化机理;系统探讨了微藻减排烟气污染物的方法和技术路线;进一步归纳了在污水处理以及重金属处理方面的作用机理和潜力;围绕微藻生物质的高价值转化以及产业化应用等方面开展了相关综述。最后讨论了微藻生物技术当前实践面临的挑战和未来前景,为“碳中和”探索协同减污降碳的技术方法、开发应用及工程实践提供参考。

2022年新冠疫情期间昆山市近地面臭氧特征及成因分析

为研究2022年新冠疫情期间管控措施对昆山市空气质量产生的影响,分析了疫情前期及管控期大气污染物(尤其是臭氧O_(3))浓度的变化特征,并对O_(3)的空间分布、成因及来源进行了解析。结果表明:疫情管控后,一次污染物浓度呈递进式降低,而O_(3)日最大8 h滑动平均质量浓度(O_(3)-8 h)显著上升,其中管控中期的污染最严重,明显超过历史同期水平。空间分布上O_(3)-8 h高值区主要集中在市区西部(高新区)及西北部区域,较2021年增幅显著。NO2浓度下降比与O_(3)-8 h上升比的空间分布呈现出良好的对应关系,NO2降幅高的区域O_(3)-8 h增幅也高,同时两者浓度变化呈非线性相关,当NO2浓度达到一个临界值时,O_(3)浓度随之出现下降。典型污染过程中O_(3)日变化仍为显著的“单峰型”,但振幅明显增大,O_(3)与气温、能见度、日照呈显著正相关,与相对湿度和气压呈显著负相关。结合风向及后向轨迹聚类分析来看,此次污染气团主要来自浙江、安徽等地,占总气团输入的64%左右。

减污降碳协同效应综合评估的研究综述与展望

温室气体与大气污染物减排是环境和气候治理的重要任务,推进减污降碳协同增效是促进经济社会发展全面绿色转型的重要抓手,可以助力美丽中国建设和“双碳”目标实现。该研究系统梳理了减污降碳协同效应的概念、类别及量化评估方法,详细比较了自顶向下、自底向上、混合协同效应综合评估模型的特点和适用情况,分析总结了协同效应在各国单一目标和协同控制政策中的应用,以期为中国减污降碳协同增效政策发挥协同治理效果提供经验指导。从技术视角结合污染物与温室气体的直接和间接联系,剖析了协同效应产生的根源;从行业视角探索电力、工业、交通等重点行业助力减污降碳目标的发力点;从管理科学的视角总结了协同效应综合评估中四个关键科学问题,并提出后续的突破方向。综合评估流程的规范化和各评估环节中的多学科交叉体现了综合评估的复杂性,需要剖析温室气体与污染物的产生和传播过程及二者之间的直接和间接联系、温室气体与污染物的健康影响机理等;综合评估中时间、空间和评估对象选择的多样性导致结果的不确定性,需要依托逐渐成熟的大数据收集存储技术,加强协同控制对排放水平、健康水平、减排成本、农业和生态系统影响的定量刻画。增强协同效应评估的可比性有利于不同结果的相互佐证和对比分析,需要合理计算协同控制在不同维度的综合收益;国家、区域、城市层面评估的侧重点差异较大,需要明晰减污降碳治理体系并加强评估的层次性,以促进各级管理部门更科学地开展减污降碳协同增效的政策实践。

Quantifying China's iron and steel industry's CO_(2) emissions and environmental health burdens:A pathway to sustainable transformation

Assessing the iron and steel industry's(ISI)impact on climate change and environmental health is vital,particularly in China,where this sector significantly influences air quality and CO_(2)emissions.There is a lack of comprehensive analyses that consider the environmental and health burdens of manufacturing processes for ISI enterprises.Here,we present an integrated emission inventory that encompasses air pollutants and CO_(2)emissions from 811 ISI enterprises and five key manufacturing processes in 2020.Our analysis shows that sintering is the primary source of air pollution in the ISI.It contributes 71%of SO_(2),73%of NO_(x),and 54%of PM_(2.5)emissions.On the other hand,81%of total CO_(2)emissions come from blast furnaces.Significantly,the contributions of ISI have resulted in an increase of 3.6 mg m^(-3)in national population-weighted PM_(2.5)concentration,causing approximately 59,035 premature deaths in 2020.Emissions from Hebei,Jiangsu,Shandong,Shanxi,and Inner Mongolia provinces contributed to 48%of PM_(2.5)-related deaths in China.Moreover,the transportation of air pollutants across provincial borders highlights a concerning trend of environmental health inequality.Based on the research findings,it is crucial for ISI manufacturers to prioritize the removal of outdated production capacities and adopt energy-efficient and advanced techniques,along with ultra-low emission technologies.This is particularly important for those manufacturers with substantial environmental footprints.These transformative actions are essential in mitigating the environmental and health impacts in the affected regions.

面向电力传输的大气污染物及CO_(2)减排效应研究

由于优化电力配置后不同地区污染负担被重新分配,政府开展了空气污染减排政策。为此,文章提出研究面向电力传输的大气污染物及CO_(2)减排效应。对全国全部监测站点的电力传输数据进行分析和统计,选择QIO模型模拟2022年的年均电力传输量,估算不同省份的大气污染物及CO_(2)排放量;按照获取数据结果选择对应减排措施,以工业发达城市作为减排模拟区域,分别对大气污染物及CO_(2)实行减排措施。综合减排模拟结果来看:对SO_(2)、NO_(x)、CO_(2)。减排量贡献最大的措施为“工业设施改燃”、对PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、PMTSP减排贡献最好的措施是“淘汰自备电站”。