Assessing anthropogenic pressure and threats on Paeonia emodi Wall.ex Royle habitats in Garhwal Himalaya

The Garhwal Himalaya is among the major repositories of immensely valuable wild edible plants and provides food security to the local population.Among the valuable plant species that grow in this region,Paeonia emodi(family Paeoniaceae)is an important wild edible species that found in temperate regions with an altitude range between 1800 and 2800 m.The species is facing a severe threat to its sustainability due to overharvesting,habitat disturbances,and a lack of effort regarding conservation.For the first time,this study investigated anthropogenic pressure,population decline perceptions in the natural habitat,and vulnerability assessment of P.emodi under selected study sites(n=23 villages).A semi structured questionnaire was used to interview approximately 45%of the local inhabitants,including herbal practitioners(Vaidhyas or Dais)of each village.On the basis of demographic characteristics,the perceptions and responses of 464 local people were documented regarding potential causes of deterioration and feasible options for sustainable utilization.Using the weight survey method,we estimated the actual amount of collection based on personal interaction and direct observation.In order to determine the threats status,a rapid vulnerability assessment(RVA)was performed and were used based on the current exploitation and usage.The present study revealed that leaf(100%)was the most frequently harvested part,followed by stem(95.65%),seed(26.09%),root(21.74%)and flower(13.04%).The village Triyuginarayan and Pothivasa recorded the highest collection scores while the purpose of the collection was mostly edible(100%),medicinal(100%),and least commercial(8.70%).According to the literature review and the present survey,the RVA(total=21)is categorized as category II(intermediate side of the RVA index),indicating a degree of vulnerability.The study revealed that P.emodi faces extinction in the Garhwal Himalayas.Growing this species through agro-production techniques may alleviate the pressure on the existing population as a result of the availability of raw materials for commercial and household uses.These findings will provide an effective framework for conservation and management decisions and plans.

Identification and quantitative estimation of Emodin in Rhei Emodi Wall.Rhizome and the relevant polyherbal ayurvedic formulation

The present study explored quality control of plant drug and polyherbal formulation using HPTLC and HPLC fingerprinting.The study combined qualitative analysis of Emodin and Rhein biomarker compound in Rhei Emodi Wall.rhizome extract and polyherbal formulation extract by HPTLC method with quantitative estimation of Emodin by HPLC method,aiming to help in accurate identification of Emodin and Rhein in plant materials,polyherbal formulations.This study also checked adulteration,with the purpose of improving bio-efficacy of ayurvedic formulation.All the samples showed characteristic peaks of Emodin at same retention time as that of standard Emodin.According to the HPTLC fingerprinting results,the Rf values of Rhein reference standard at 0.42 and Emodin at 0.62 were observed in test solution of Rhei emodi Wall.rhizome extract and polyherbal formulation extract and both were found comparable.The quantitative evaluation of Emodin present in the polyherbal formulation and Rhei emodi Wall.rhizome extracts were 0.0177% and 0.3106% respectively.

Antimicrobial activity of Sapindus mukorossi and Rheum emodi extracts against H pylori: In vitro and in vivo studies

AIM: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Sapindus mukorossi (S. mukorossi) and Rheum emodi (R. emodi). METHODS: Powders of S. mukorossi and R. emodi were extracted successively with petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform and ethanol and were concentrated in vacuum. The disk diffusion method was used for in vitro studies and in vivo studies were performed on male Wister rats. Thirty resistant clinical isolates of H pylori, as determined by their antibiotic sensitivity patterns by E-test, along with two Gram +ve (S. aureus, B. subtilis) and two Gram -ve (E. coli, P. vugaris) organisms were screened for their susceptibility patterns against these extracts. RESULTS: In our screening, all 30 resistant isolates and the other four organisms (two Gram +ve S. aureus, B. subtilis and two Gram -ve, E. coli, P. vugaris) were sensitive to the test compounds. It was found that ethanol and chloroform extracts of S. mukorossi and ethanol and benzene extracts of R. emodi inhibited H pylori at very low concentrations. In the in vitro study, the isolates showed a considerable zone of inhibition at very low concentrations (10 μg/mL) for both the extracts. In the in vivo study, the H pylori infection was cleared with minimal doses of extracts of S. mukorossi (2.5 mg/mL) and R. emodi (3.0 mg/mL) given orally for seven days. CONCLUSION: We can conclude from this study that the extracts of S. mukorossi and R. emodi inhibited the growth of pylori in vitro and, in in vivo studies, the H pylori infection cleared within seven days at very low concentrations. We also found that H pylori did not acquire resistance against these herbal extracts even after 10 consecutive passages.

Hepatoprotective activity of Sapindus mukorossi and Rheum emodi extracts: In vitro and in vivo studies

AIM: To study the hepatoprotective capacity of Sapindus mukorossi (S. mukorossi) and Rheum emodi (R. emodi) extracts in CCl4 treated male rats. METHODS: The dried powder of S. mukorossi and R. emodi was extracted successively with petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, and ethanol and concentrated in vacuum. Primary rat hepatocyte monolayer cultures were used for in vitro studies. In vivo, the hepatoprotective capacity of the extract of the fruit pericarp of S. mukorossi and the rhizomes of R. emodi was analyzed in liver injured CCl4-treated male rats. RESULTS: In vitro: primary hepatocytes monolayer cultures were treated with CCl4 and extracts of S. mukorossi & R. emodi. A protective activity could be demonstrated in the CCl4 damaged primary monolayer culture. In vivo : extracts of the fruit pericarp of S. mukorossi (2.5 mg/mL) and rhizomes of R. emodi (3.0 mg/mL) were found to have protective properties in rats with CCl4 induced liver damage as judged from serum marker enzyme activities. CONCLUSION: The extracts of S. mukorossi and R. emodi do have a protective capacity both in vitro on primary hepatocytes cultures and in in vivo in a rat model of CCl4 mediated liver injury.

Lignan glucoside from Sinopodophyllum emodi and its cytotoxic activity

新 lignan glycoside 从根的 n-butanol 摘录和 Sinopodophyllum emodi 的根茎被孤立。根据光谱证据，它的结构作为 4,5-didemethylpodophyllotoxin 被证实并且称为 7-O--d-glucopyranoside。这混合物在 vitro 对四根人的癌症房间线(Hela， K562， SH-SY5Y 和 CNE ) 显示出 cytotoxicity。

多花芍药种子破眠技术研究

本研究通过15℃层积、浓硫酸、不同浓度次氯酸钠和赤霉素处理,探究多花芍药种子最适生根技术;通过不同时长的低温层积处理、不同浓度的赤霉素处理、二者结合及无菌胚播种结合低温和赤霉素处理,探究最适的解除上胚轴休眠的技术。结果表明,(1)15℃层积方式生根效果较好,适宜浓度的次氯酸钠和赤霉素溶液处理一定程度上可促进生根;(2)4℃层积110 d、4℃层积90 d结合300~500 mg/L赤霉素处理可解除上胚轴休眠,获得小苗;(3)去除种皮和胚乳后,经过低温和赤霉素处理后也可解除上胚轴休眠,且种子生根和成苗时间缩短,但成苗质量不如播种繁殖。研究表明,沙藏层积方式是多花芍药通过种子繁殖实现异地引种的有效方式。

藏药小叶莲的化学成分研究

目的 :对藏药小叶莲的化学成分进行研究。方法 :采用硅胶色谱柱进行分离 ,通过物理、化学和光谱学方法鉴定各化合物的结构。结果 :分离并鉴定了 6个化合物 ,分别为去氧鬼臼毒素 (deoxypodophyllotoxin)、鬼臼毒素(podophyllotoxin)、4′-去甲去氧鬼臼毒素 (4′- demethdeoxypodophyllotoxin)、8-异戊烯基山柰酚 (8- prenylkeamf-erol)、柠檬酚 (citrusinol)和β-谷甾醇。结论 :各化合物均为首次从小叶莲中分得 ,其中 8- prenylkeamferol和

桃儿七的研究进展

主要综述了国内外对桃儿七的研究进展。介绍了桃儿七的地理分布、系统发育、化学成分、生物学特性、资源现状及解决办法 ,特别介绍了利用植物组织培养、细胞培养、生物反应器、毛状根培养等生物技术方法来生产鬼臼毒素的研究新进展。

鬼臼多糖对小鼠免疫功能和抗氧化能力的影响

分离提取鬼臼多糖(PEP),进行理化性质检测、纸层析和红外光谱分析;体外培养小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞,测定了不同浓度PEP对淋巴细胞增殖的影响;观察了PEP(200 mg/kg体重)对小鼠脾脏指数、胸腺指数和溶菌酶含量的影响;选择地塞米松诱导的免疫功能低下模型小鼠,腹腔注射PEP(200 mg/kg体重)后测定T-SOD、MDA、T-AOC活力、O2.-活力和H2O2水平,观察了PEP对活性氧水平的影响。结果表明,PEP提取获得率为6.38%,不含淀粉、氨基酸和蛋白质,由葡萄糖、果糖、甘露糖和阿拉伯糖组成,红外光谱扫描呈现多糖类物质的特征吸收峰。药理试验表明,PEP对淋巴细胞体外增殖有促进作用(P<0.05);PEP可显著提高脾脏指数(P<0.05),可极显著对抗由地塞米松所致的T-SOD活力下降(P<0.01),能极显著降低血浆中MDA含量(P<0.01),极显著提高血浆中T-AOC能力(P<0.01),极显著提高脾脏抗超氧阴离子活力(P<0.01),降低H2O2含量(P<0.01)。

响应面法优选桃儿七中的鬼臼毒素的超声提取工艺

以桃儿七为原料,采用超声提取的方法提取鬼臼毒素,考察了超声提取时间、乙醇体积分数、料液比和超声功率等因素对提取工艺的影响,并通过响应面法进行工艺优化,得到提取过程优化的工艺条件:乙醇体积分数为55.43%、料液比为1∶9.97、超声时间和功率分别为49.87min和206.71W。最佳条件下的验证实验表明:桃儿七鬼臼毒素提取率13.36%,浸膏纯度为2.78%。拟合得到的模型较好的符合实际。

桃儿七中黄酮类成分的分离与鉴定

目的对桃儿七的95%(φ)乙醇提取物的化学成分进行研究。方法利用反复硅胶、SephadexLH-20、开放ODS柱色谱等方法进行分离纯化;根据理化性质及波谱分析对分离得到的化合物进行结构鉴定。结果分离得到8个黄酮类化合物,分别鉴定为山柰酚(kaempferol,1)、槲皮素(querce-tin,2)、杨梅素-3',4'-二甲醚(myricetin-3',4'-dimethyl ether,3)、3-O-甲基-槲皮素(3-O-methyl-quercetin,4)、山柰酚-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,5)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,6)、芦丁(rutin,7)、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷(kaempfer-ol-3-O-rutinoside,8)。结论化合物3、4、8为首次从该属植物中分离得到。

桃儿七内生菌及产鬼臼类物质菌株的筛选

目的寻找扩大获得鬼臼类物质资源的新途径。方法采用常规无菌方法从桃儿七植株中分离纯化内生菌;利用细菌和真菌的常规鉴定方法对所分离的菌进行鉴定;用薄层层析(TLC)法检测发酵产物。结果分离得到6株细菌,20株真菌,其中4株真菌(Tc,Td,Te,Mi)可产鬼臼毒素类物质,2株真菌(Mh,Id)可产鬼臼毒素单糖甙。结论桃儿七部分内生真菌具有产生与其宿主相同或相似生理活性成分的能力。

毒性中药鬼臼质量标准研究

目的:建立毒性中药鬼臼的质量标准。方法:采用显微、液质联用方法进行定性鉴别,以液相色谱法进行含量测定。结果:各方法可用于鬼臼的质量鉴定。结论:建立的显微、LC-MS等方法可对其进行定性定量分析。

桃儿七化学成分研究

目的:对药材桃儿七的化学成分进行研究。方法:利用大孔吸附树脂柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱、ODS柱色谱、硅胶柱色谱进行分离纯化,通过理化常数和波谱分析技术进行结构鉴定。结果:从桃儿七中分离得到9个化合物,分别鉴定为:异苦去氧鬼臼毒素(Ⅰ)、3β-羟基-7α-甲氧基-24β-乙基-胆甾-5-烯(Ⅱ)、5α,8α-过氧-(22E,24R)-麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇(Ⅲ)、7β-羟基-谷甾醇(Ⅳ)、β-谷甾醇(Ⅴ)、胡萝卜苷(Ⅵ)、α-棕榈酸甘油酯(Ⅶ)、α-D-葡萄糖(Ⅷ)、5-羟甲基糠醛(Ⅸ)。结论:化合物Ⅰ～Ⅳ、Ⅶ～Ⅸ为首次从该属植物中分离得到。

植物桃耳七中鬼臼毒素的提取及HPLC分析

采取化学提取及层析分离，从植物桃耳七中分离出高纯度鬼臼毒素，并利用ＨＰＬＣ对其进行分析，测定结果证明产品中鬼臼毒素的含量不低于９８％ ，有关物质含量不超过２％ 。

HPLC测定藏边大黄中的藏黄苷A

目的测定不同来源藏边大黄中的藏黄苷A。方法采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Kromasil C18、Shim-pack C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),检测波长为320nm,流动相为乙腈-水(15:85),流速为1.0ml·min-1,柱温为30℃。结果藏黄苷A0.17～17.00μg与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999,n=6),平均加样回收率为100.30%,RSD=1.0%(n=6);5份藏边大黄中藏黄苷A的含量均大于7.5%。结论所建方法简单、稳定,藏黄苷A的含量可作为藏边大黄的品质评价依据。

基质固相分散提取桃儿七根中鬼臼毒苷和异鬼臼苦酮

利用基质固相分散法(MSPO)提取桃儿七根中的鬼臼毒苷和异鬼臼苦酮,并采用高效液相色谱法对提取结果进行了分析.结果表明,对于鬼臼毒苷,以硅胶作为分散剂,以甲醇或乙醇作为洗脱剂时其提取率最高;对于异鬼臼苦酮,以硅藻土作为分散剂,以甲醇或乙醇作为洗脱剂时其提取率最高.本方法对鬼臼毒苷和异鬼臼苦酮的提取率分别为18.40和0.60 mg/g,高于传统的甲醇回流提取(分别为17.55和0.38 mg/g),尤其对异鬼臼苦酮的提取率明显高于甲醇回流提取.

响应面分析法在优化桃儿七鬼臼毒素CO_2超临界萃取工艺中的应用

在单因素试验基础上,以萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间为影响因素,鬼臼毒素提取率为响应值,根据中心组合试验设计原理采用3因素3水平的响应面分析法,对桃儿七中鬼臼毒素的二氧化碳超临界萃取(CO2-SFE)条件进行优化.结果表明:CO2-SFE萃取桃儿七中鬼臼毒素的最佳工艺条件为:萃取压力38MPa,萃取温度50℃,萃取时间52min,在此条件下鬼臼毒素的提取率可达11.38%.

微波技术提取大黄蒽醌类物质的最佳工艺研究

目的优选微波技术提取大黄游离蒽醌的工艺。方法先采用单因素考察,然后采用正交试验法考察微波输出功率、乙醇浓度、浸出时间、料液比4个因素对提取率的影响,优选大黄游离蒽醌的最佳浸出方案。结果采用70%乙醇溶液在微波输出功率中高火,用70%乙醇,料液比为1∶8,提取5min,提取2次,大黄游离蒽醌提取率为1.31%,相对提取率达到88.52%。结论用微波浸提法提取大黄中的蒽醌类成分效率高、操作简便、省时。

藏边大黄的化学成分研究

目的研究蓼科波叶组藏边大黄的化学成分。方法采用硅胶、聚酰胺和ODS柱层析法。结果分离得到11个化合物,经化学方法和波谱学鉴定,确定结构分别为:大黄酚(Ⅰ)、大黄素甲醚(Ⅱ)、大黄素(Ⅲ)、β-谷甾醇(Ⅳ)、trans-3,5,3,′4′-四羟基芪(Ⅴ)、d-儿茶素(Ⅵ)、胡萝卜苷(Ⅶ)、trans-3,5,3,′4′-四羟基芪-4-′O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅷ)、trans-3,5,3,′4′-四羟基芪-4′-O-β-D-(6′′-O-没食子酰)-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅸ)、大黄素-8-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅹ)和大黄酚-8-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅺ)。结论其中Ⅸ系首次从该植物中分得。