Olfactory receptors（ORs）,the first dedicated molecules with which odorants physically interact to arouse an olfactory sensation,constitute the largest gene family in vertebrates.Dogs and wolves,like many other mamma...Olfactory receptors（ORs）,the first dedicated molecules with which odorants physically interact to arouse an olfactory sensation,constitute the largest gene family in vertebrates.Dogs and wolves,like many other mammals,have a highly developed capability to detect and identify odorant molecules,even at minimum concentrations.In this study,the olfactory receptor repertoire from domestic dog and its closest relative,the wolf,were sequenced to estimate the fraction of pseudogenes in each subspecies.The fraction of disrupted olfactory receptor genes in dog was 17.78%,whereas,that in wolf was 12.08%.As expected the dog was less dependent on olfaction than the wolf,and the dog had more olfactory receptor pseudogenes.However,the observed difference between the two subspecies was not at the significant level（χ2 = 1.388,p = 0.239 0.05）.The values indicated that although domestication might play a role in the reduction of OR genes,it could not be concluded that the living environment provided by domestication lead to a significant reduction of the functional olfactory receptor repertoire.Furthermore,the purpose of domestication may also have influence on the ratio of functional olfactory receptor genes reduction.展开更多
Primitive man have managed to survive in the rigorous climatic conditions of the arctic regions in northeast Asia owing to the hunting for mammoth, bison, wooly rhinoceros and other Pleistocene mammals with the assist...Primitive man have managed to survive in the rigorous climatic conditions of the arctic regions in northeast Asia owing to the hunting for mammoth, bison, wooly rhinoceros and other Pleistocene mammals with the assistance of the laika, a domesticated wolf. This is how the colonization of the Arctic began. The domestic dog appeared in this region about 25 - 30 thousand years ago as a result of the severe climatic conditions in which both hunting tribes and the ancestors of the domestic dog had to live. A wolf is a predator, an able hunter. Therefore, most likely wolves were originally trained to hunt with humans—the leaders of the hunting pack. Thus, in northeast Asia, there was a direct relationship between man’s colonization of the Arctic, the appearance of the hunting dog, and a decrease in the number of mammoth, bison, and other large animals in the region, as a result of hunting when whole herds were killed.展开更多
语音情感识别日益受到人们的关注,在社会生活中发挥着重要作用。为了提高语音情感的识别率,提出一种改进的灰狼算法(Grey Wolf Optimizer,GWO)优化支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)的分类模型(IGWO-SVM)。介绍了灰狼算法的基本理...语音情感识别日益受到人们的关注,在社会生活中发挥着重要作用。为了提高语音情感的识别率,提出一种改进的灰狼算法(Grey Wolf Optimizer,GWO)优化支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)的分类模型(IGWO-SVM)。介绍了灰狼算法的基本理论;嵌入选择算子和引入非线性收敛因子来提升IGWO的寻优性能;采用IGWO优化SVM参数,进而建立语音情感的分类模型。通过10个基准测试函数的仿真实验,验证了IGWO性能优于GWO。对于参比模型,IGWO-SVM模型能够有效提高语音情感的识别率。展开更多
The past decade has seen rapid progress in the field of canid behavioral genetics. The recent advances are summarized in this review. The identification of the genes responsible for tameness in silver foxes is the cul...The past decade has seen rapid progress in the field of canid behavioral genetics. The recent advances are summarized in this review. The identification of the genes responsible for tameness in silver foxes is the culmination of a half century of behavioral testing and,more recently, genomic investigation. There is agreement that domestic dogs evolved from wolves, but when and from which population remains controversial.The genetic differences between wolves and dogs identified include those for neurotransmitters and digestion.Breed differences in behavior are well known, but only recently have the genetics underlying these differences been investigated. The genes responsible for flank sucking in Doberman Pinschers and for several other obsessive compulsive problems in other breeds have been identified. Aggression is the least desirable canine trait, and several laboratories have detected differences in neurotransmitters and their receptors between aggressive and non-aggressive dogs. In English Cocker Spaniels, the genes linked to aggressive behavior code for dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate receptors. A dopamine transporter gene has been associated with impulsive behavior in Malinois.展开更多
基金supported by Program for New Century Excellent Talents (NCET-07-0507)National Natural Science Foundation of China (30370218)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Z2008D01)Project of Science and Technology Development Plan of Shandong Province (2007GG2009011)
文摘Olfactory receptors（ORs）,the first dedicated molecules with which odorants physically interact to arouse an olfactory sensation,constitute the largest gene family in vertebrates.Dogs and wolves,like many other mammals,have a highly developed capability to detect and identify odorant molecules,even at minimum concentrations.In this study,the olfactory receptor repertoire from domestic dog and its closest relative,the wolf,were sequenced to estimate the fraction of pseudogenes in each subspecies.The fraction of disrupted olfactory receptor genes in dog was 17.78%,whereas,that in wolf was 12.08%.As expected the dog was less dependent on olfaction than the wolf,and the dog had more olfactory receptor pseudogenes.However,the observed difference between the two subspecies was not at the significant level（χ2 = 1.388,p = 0.239 0.05）.The values indicated that although domestication might play a role in the reduction of OR genes,it could not be concluded that the living environment provided by domestication lead to a significant reduction of the functional olfactory receptor repertoire.Furthermore,the purpose of domestication may also have influence on the ratio of functional olfactory receptor genes reduction.
文摘Primitive man have managed to survive in the rigorous climatic conditions of the arctic regions in northeast Asia owing to the hunting for mammoth, bison, wooly rhinoceros and other Pleistocene mammals with the assistance of the laika, a domesticated wolf. This is how the colonization of the Arctic began. The domestic dog appeared in this region about 25 - 30 thousand years ago as a result of the severe climatic conditions in which both hunting tribes and the ancestors of the domestic dog had to live. A wolf is a predator, an able hunter. Therefore, most likely wolves were originally trained to hunt with humans—the leaders of the hunting pack. Thus, in northeast Asia, there was a direct relationship between man’s colonization of the Arctic, the appearance of the hunting dog, and a decrease in the number of mammoth, bison, and other large animals in the region, as a result of hunting when whole herds were killed.
文摘语音情感识别日益受到人们的关注,在社会生活中发挥着重要作用。为了提高语音情感的识别率,提出一种改进的灰狼算法(Grey Wolf Optimizer,GWO)优化支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)的分类模型(IGWO-SVM)。介绍了灰狼算法的基本理论;嵌入选择算子和引入非线性收敛因子来提升IGWO的寻优性能;采用IGWO优化SVM参数,进而建立语音情感的分类模型。通过10个基准测试函数的仿真实验,验证了IGWO性能优于GWO。对于参比模型,IGWO-SVM模型能够有效提高语音情感的识别率。
文摘The past decade has seen rapid progress in the field of canid behavioral genetics. The recent advances are summarized in this review. The identification of the genes responsible for tameness in silver foxes is the culmination of a half century of behavioral testing and,more recently, genomic investigation. There is agreement that domestic dogs evolved from wolves, but when and from which population remains controversial.The genetic differences between wolves and dogs identified include those for neurotransmitters and digestion.Breed differences in behavior are well known, but only recently have the genetics underlying these differences been investigated. The genes responsible for flank sucking in Doberman Pinschers and for several other obsessive compulsive problems in other breeds have been identified. Aggression is the least desirable canine trait, and several laboratories have detected differences in neurotransmitters and their receptors between aggressive and non-aggressive dogs. In English Cocker Spaniels, the genes linked to aggressive behavior code for dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate receptors. A dopamine transporter gene has been associated with impulsive behavior in Malinois.
