Jesus Christ,a Man for Others and With Others

This article focuses on an important aspect of the Son of God and redeeemer of humanity,who became man in the incarnation.The study delves into the human dimension of Jesus Christ as a man for others and with others.His closeness to fellow men and women is striking.This closeness is accomplished through his pedagogical method by means of the stories(parables)he vividly narrated,as well as through the miracles he astonishingly carried out to help or heal others.Both parables and miracles lie at the basis of his proclamation of the Kingdom of God.Jesus was particularly close to those who were at the fringes of society.Jesus’social behaviour is also highlighted,with special reference to his especially unique style of table fellowship,going counter to the strict norms of his people.The climax of his being for others and with others is reached in his paschal mystery,namely his total self-offering in his passion,death and resurrection from the dead.

Narrative Empathy and Patriotism--An Analysis of the Chinese“Main-Melody”Film My People,My Country

Narrative empathy is a relatively new theory and it can guide researchers in the studies of main-melody films so as to promote the communication of the core values of the society.The rhetorical mechanism of narrative empathy can be illustrated from five rhetorical elements,including rhetor,rhetorical goal,rhetorical situation,rhetorical strategy and audience.The theory of narrative empathy can be applied to the case study of the film My People,My Country.In the production of this film,the directors are the rhetors.The rhetors uphold the tenet of closeness,choose the right rhetorical situation as the 70th birthday of the People’s Republic of China,and use appropriate rhetorical strategies in order to realize the rhetorical goals of evoking empathy and inspiring patriotic feelings in the audience’s minds.An exploration and application of narrative empathy can be conducive to the empathic communication of Chinese main-melody films in order to achieve better communication effect.

Are parental rearing patterns and learning burnout correlated with empathy amongst undergraduate nursing students?

Objective:Empathy can help establish harmonious nurse-patient relationships.We aimed to assess the status of empathy,and explore the relationship between learning burnout,parental rearing patterns and empathy amongst nursing students.Method:A questionnaire survey that employed the Learning Burnout Scale,the Short-Form Egna Minnenav Barndoms Uppfostran(s-EMBU)and the Jefferson Scale of Empathy was conducted amongst 562 nursing students.The data were analysed on the basis of descriptive statistic and correlation analysis was used.Results:Empathy is negatively correlated with learning burnout,parental rejection and overprotection and showed no positive correlation with parental emotional warmth.Conclusions:Educators should pay attention to nursing students'feelings and learning burnout status and take positive measures to improve the empathy level of the students.Positive parental rearing patterns also help cultivate empathy.

Assessing Empathy in Anesthesia Residents with the Chinese Version of the Consultation and Relational Empathy: A Pilot Standardized Patient Program

Objectives To validate the reliability of the Chinese version of the Consultation and Relational Empathy(CARE)in physician-standardized patient(SP)encounter.We also tried to examine the agreement between video-based ratings and in-room ratings,as well as the agreement between the faculty ratings and SP ratings.Methods The CARE was translated into Chinese.Forty-eight anesthesia residents were recruited to make preoperative interview in SP-counter.Performance of each resident was graded by in-room raters,video raters and SP raters.Consistency between different raters was examined.Results The Chinese-CARE measure demonstrated high scale reliability with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.95 and high consistency in the in-room ratings in intraclass correlation(coefficient=0.888,P<0.001).Despite a good consistency in intraclass correlation,video ratings were significantly higher than in-room ratings(39.6±7.1 vs.24.0±10.0,P<0.001),and Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that the pass/fail rate was significantly higher based on video ratings than based on in-room ratings(45/48 vs.22/48,P<0.001).SP ratings had a moderate consistency with in-room faculty ratings(coefficient=0..568,P<0.001),and there was no significant difference between the pass/fail rates based on the in-room ratings and SP ratings(22/48vs.28/48,P=0.12).Conclusions The Chinese-CARE measure is reliable in the assessment of empathy during preoperative anesthesia interview.In-room and video ratings are not equivalent,while SP may provide a feasible alternative for the faculty rater in the assessment of communication skills with an appropriate measure.

How consultation-relational empathy and demographics influence satisfaction with primary antenatal health care:evidence from rural Nigeria

Objectives:This study aims to explore the role of consultation and relational empathy(CARE)and socio-demographic profile as predictors of patients'satisfaction among pregnant women attending antenatal care(ANC)in selected public primary health facilities in rural sub-districts of Saki,Oyo State,Nigeria.Methods:This cross-sectional study recruited a total of 582 pregnant women in four primary health centers.Expectant mothers responded to a questionnaire covering demographic characteristics,clinic visitation,CARE,and patients'satisfaction.All data was analyzed using descriptive,univariate and multivariate statistical tools.P<0.05 level was considered statistically significance.Results:Findings revealed that the participants had a mean age of 23.15±5.23 years.The pattern of patients'satisfaction revealed that 13.40%(78/582)were highly satisfied with the health care received compared to 86.60%(504/582)with moderate to low satisfaction ratings with ANC.Highly satisfied patients placed higher value on technical quality,interpersonal relation,communication,financial aspects,time spent and accessibility convenience(P=0.001).Multiple linear regression model indicated that relational empathy(β=0.28,P<0.001),2nd trimester of pregnancy(β=0.13,P=0.01),age categories of 30-<40 years(β=-0.12,P=0.02),and 40-<50 years(β=-0.11,P=0.04),religious affiliation(β=0.10,P=0.03)predicted satisfaction with ANC.Conclusion:Low patients'satisfaction with antenatal healthcare services resulting from hostile attitudes from health workers has implication for the delivery and acceptability of services offered to eradicate maternal mor-tality globally.Thus,regular training and re-training of health care personnel in frequent contact and interaction with patients will go a long way in reducing untoward work attitude and maternal mortality in rural ANC centers globally.

Investigating the customer trust in artificial intelligence: The role of anthropomorphism, empathy response, and interaction

Artificial intelligence(AI)applications are observed in different industries including the services,where the impressive changing pace is boosted by the technological advances in AI.The use of AI in the daily work of individuals and in shaping the relationship between firms and customers has resulted in increased efficiency and a higher degree of fascination in interaction.There are,however,customers'fears related to the use of AI.Therefore,understanding how AI affects customer trust is worth investigating.This study focuses on the AI applications and their impact on communication quality and customer trust.The features of AI applications investigated in this study include anthropomorphism,empathy response and interaction.A model was first empirically validated through Confirmatory Factor Analysis and tested using Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modelling.Data were then collected from a survey of 507 customers of two banks and two big telecommunication firms in Vietnam.Empirical results indicate that anthropomorphism and interaction do not play critical roles in generating customer trust in AI unless they create communication quality with customers.The ability of empathy response makes customers trust in various service situations.AI application seems to be a good solution for service firms to enhance their relationship with customers in difficult circumstances,including a pandemic crisis.This study delivers implications for enhancing AI adoption in the service firms that intend to innovate their future operations.

Spiritual health, empathy ability and their relationships with spiritual care perceptions among nursing students in China: A cross-sectional correlational study

Objective:To investigate the status quo of spiritual care perceptions and associated factors among nursing students in China,and explore the relationships among spiritual care perceptions,spiritual health and empathy ability,in order to provide reference for the construction of spiritual care education intervention program to improve the spiritual care perceptions and competence of nursing students in China.Methods:A cross-sectional and correlational design was undertaken and a convenience sample of 3615 nursing students selected from 11 universities and colleges in Hebei Shijiazhuang and Tianjin,China from January to July 2021.Participants provided data on sociodemographic by completing the sociodemographic characteristics questionnaire,the Chinese Version of the Spiritual Care-Giving Scale(C-SCGS),Spiritual Health Scale Short Form(SHS-SF)and Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy-Nursing Student(JSPE-NS).Results:The scores of spiritual care perceptions and spiritual health were 172.44±26.23 and 97.54±12.37,respectively,both in the middle level.The score of empathy ability was 102.92±19.65,lower than the average.Spiritual care perceptions of nursing students were positively correlated with spiritual health(r=0.635,P<0.01)and empathy ability(r=0.547,P<0.01).Conclusions:The level of spiritual care perceptions of nursing students in China needs to be improved.It is suggested that nurse managers and educators should pay attention to the spiritual care education of nursing students,by perfecting the spiritual care education system to improve their spiritual health level and empathy ability in multiple ways and levels,like clarifying and standardizing educational objectives,breaking through the traditional single evaluation system,and formulating scientific comprehensive evaluation standards and systems.,so as to improve their spiritual care perceptions and competence level.

Regulating Empathy: Exploring the Process through Agents and Strategies

Empathy is a complex emotional phenomenon that plays a crucial role in promoting cooperation and social cohesion within human society.However,there is ongoing debate regarding the mechanisms that underlie the generation of empathy.While the importance of biological emotional resonance in empathy is widely recognized,the influence of cognitive regulation on empathetic responses cannot be disregarded.This article seeks to review the agents and strategies involved in regulating empathy to construct a dynamic model depicting the process.The model highlights that the impact of specific goals on empathy regulation is not definitive;rather,it depends on an individual’s interpretation and pursuit of goals,which can either enhance or hinder empathy.To effectively regulate empathy,individuals employ various emotion regulation strategies,the effectiveness and frequency of which can vary depending on individual and contextual factors.This context provides a specific pathway for understanding the generation of empathy.Further research should be conducted to systematically investigate the regulatory mechanisms of empathy by integrating contextual factors and individual characteristics.Furthermore,it is incredibly important to enhance the impact of empathy on social interactions by utilizing its ability to be controlled for intervention and prediction purposes.

The Case for Pleasure Reading:Impact of Language,Knowledge,and Understanding of Others

Most people would agree that reading is helpful in acquiring language. I present here a much stronger position:Genuinely interesting and comprehensible reading is not only the main source of literacy and language, but alsoan important source of knowledge in a wide number of areas, and also contributes to our understanding of others,otherwise known as empathy.

Empathy译名的商榷

Empathy是心理卫生工作中的一个重要的概念,它有特殊的、来自美学领域的历史渊源。如何翻译这个术语,几十年来一直没有定论。表面上的翻译问题,背后是概念,特别是不同领域内概念内涵的变迁。本次讨论从empathy的翻译谈起,逐渐展开到心理治疗中的内涵介绍,不仅为了讨论译名问题,更重要的是希望有助于澄清这个基本、又容易混淆的概念。本次讨论由许又新教授的一篇文章发端,继而得到其他几位作者的积极回应,在此一并致谢。今后,我们希望不同专业背景的研究者针对心理(精神)卫生领域的不同主题,进行类似形式的讨论,以活跃学术空气,激发学术创新。

The Influence of Preschool Teachers’Social Skills on Job Burnout:A Moderated Mediation Model

Background:Teacher burnout is a serious issue in the field of education,particularly in early childhood education,where teachers face high levels of work stress and emotional labor,leading to emotional exhaustion and job burnout.However,past research has not sufficiently explored the mechanisms of social skills,empathy,and mindfulness in mitigating teacher burnout.Therefore,this study aims to investigate the relationship between preschool teachers’social skills,empathy,and mindfulness with job burnout,in order to provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for reducing teacher burnout.Methods:This research utilized a convenience sampling approach to target preschool teachers for a questionnaire survey.A total of 1109 questionnaires were collected.To ensure the quality of the data,we excluded questionnaires that were not carefully filled out in terms of lie scale questions,those with abnormal demographic variables,and outliers identified based on response time.Ultimately,901 valid questionnaires were obtained,achieving a valid response rate of 81.2%.Participants’levels of social skills,empathy,mindfulness,and job burnout were assessed using the Social Skills Scale(SKS),Empathy Scale(Measure of Empathy,ME),Mindful Attention Awareness Scale(MAAS),and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Educators Survey(MBI-ES),respectively.Data analysis was conducted using SPSS.Results:After controlling for gender,age,teaching experience,educational level,grade taught,and location of the kindergarten,the study found:(1)There is a negative correlation between preschool teachers’social skills and the level of job burnout(r=−0.238);(2)Empathy has a dual-track effect on job burnout,where cognitive empathy negatively affects job burnout(r=−0.245),while emotional empathy has a positive effect(r=0.045);(3)Cognitive empathy partially mediates the relationship between social skills and job burnout(β=−0.124);(4)Mindfulness significantly impacts social skills,cognitive empathy,and job burnout(r=0.278;r=0.286;r=−0.539),and plays a moderating role in the mediation model(β=0.003;β=−0.023).Conclusion:These findings provide theoretical support for the development of burnout prevention and intervention strategies targeted at preschool teachers.They also point out new directions for future research and potential intervention targets,suggesting that enhancing preschool teachers’social skills and cognitive empathy,as well as increasing their mindfulness level,can help them cope with work-related stress and emotional labor,thereby alleviating job burnout.

Factors associated with nursing students' willingness to care for older adults in Korea and the United States

Objective: Elderly health care needs increase and nurses' role for elderlies is vital.It is significant to identify nursing students' intention to care for elderlies.Thus,this study investigated nursing students' willingness to care for elderlies in Korea and the United States.Methods: The study was conducted with 437 undergraduate nursing students from Korea and the United States from May 25 to 31,2018.Participants completed a survey including frequency and quality of contact,anxiety about aging,empathy,attitude toward elderly,and willingness to care.Results: Study findings from the entire group showed that nursing students' willingness to care for the elderly was positively associated with contact quality (β =0.22,P<0.001) and empathy (β =0.12,P 0.009) but negatively associated with anxiety about aging (β =0.23,P < 0.001) and attitude toward the elderly (β =0.14,P =0.004).Contact quality (β=0.30,P < 0.001) was positively associated with the willingness to care in Korean students,whereas extended family living type (β =-0.15,P=0.012) and attitude toward the elderly (β =-0.18,P=0.005) negatively associated in US students.Conclusion: This study suggested that nursing educators reinforce contact quality and empathy but reduce anxiety about aging and attitude toward elderly to enhance future nurses' care quality.

Importance of communication in medical practice and medical education:An emphasis on empathy and attitudes and their possible influences

BACKGROUND Healthcare professionals need to be prepared to promote healthy lifestyles and care for patients.By focusing on what students should be able to perform one day as clinicians,we can bridge the gap between mere theoretical knowledge and its practical application.Gender aspects in clinical medicine also have to be considered when speaking of personalized medicine and learning curricula.AIM To determine sets of intellectual,personal,social,and emotional abilities that comprise core qualifications in medicine for performing well in anamnesis-taking,in order to identify training needs.METHODS An analysis of training clinicians’conceptions with respect to optimal medical history taking was performed.The chosen study design also aimed to assess gender effects.Structured interviews with supervising clinicians were carried out in a descriptive study at the Medical University of Vienna.Results were analyzed by conducting a qualitative computer-assisted content analysis of the interviews.Inductive category formation was applied.The main questions posed to the supervisors dealt with(1)Observed competencies of students in medical history taking;and(2)The supervisor’s own conceptions of"ideal medical history taking".RESULTS A total of 33 training clinicians(n=33),engaged in supervising medical students according to the MedUni Vienna’s curriculum standards,agreed to be enrolled in the study and met inclusion criteria.The qualitative content analysis revealed the following themes relevant to taking an anamnesis:(1)Knowledge;(2)Soft skills(relationship-building abilities,trust,and attitude);(3)Methodical skills(structuring,precision,and completeness of information gathering);and(4)Environmental/contextual factors(language barrier,time pressure,interruptions).Overall,health care professionals consider empathy and attitude as critical features concerning the quality of medical history taking.When looking at physicians’theoretical conceptions,more general practitioners and psychiatrists mentioned attitude and empathy in the context of"ideal medical history taking",with a higher percentage of females.With respect to observations of students’history taking,a positive impact from attitude and empathy was mainly described by male health care professionals,whereas no predominance of specialty was found.Representatives of general medicine and internal medicine,when observing medical students,more often emphasized a negative impact on history taking when students lacked attitude or showed non-empathetic behavior;no gender-specific difference was detected for this finding.CONCLUSION The analysis reveals that for clinicians engaged in medical student education,only a combination of skills,including adequate knowledge and methodical implementations,is supposed to guarantee acceptable performance.This study’s findings support the importance of concepts like relationship building,attitude,and empathy.However,there may be contextual factors in play as well,and transference of theoretical concepts into the clinical setting might prove challenging.

Is Facebook Linked to Selfishness? Investigating the Relationships among Social Media Use, Empathy, and Narcissism

The rise of social networking sites have led to changes in the nature of our social relationships, as well as how we present and perceive ourselves. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship among the following in adults: use of a highly popular social networking site—Facebook, empathy, and narcissism. The findings indicated that some Facebook activities, such as chatting, were linked to aspects of empathic concern, such as higher levels of Perspective Taking in males. The Photo feature in Facebook was also linked to better ability to place themselves in fictional situations. For only the females, viewing videos was associated with the extent to which they could identify with someone’s distress. The data also indicated that certain aspects of Facebook use, such as the photo feature, were linked to narcissism. However, the overall pattern of findings suggests that social media is primarily a tool for staying connected, than for self-promotion.

Self-Compassion and Empathy: Impact on Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress in Medical Training

Objective: To determine how self-compassion and empathy might influence the degree of burnout, secondary traumatic stress and compassion satisfaction among medical students and residents. Methods: Cross-sectional survey of medical students and select residency programs at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, Michigan. Respondents completed the Professional Quality of Life Scale (burnout, secondary traumatic stress and compassion satisfaction), Neff’s Self-Compassion Scale, and the empathic concern and personal distress subscales of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Results: The response rate was 28.6%. 23.9% and 27.3% of medical trainees reported high levels of burnout and secondary traumatic stress, respectively. Females reported greater empathy but lower self-compassion than males. Greater concern for others and oneself and lower personal distress predicted greater pleasure derived from professional work. Less concern for others and lower concern for oneself predicted greater burnout. Conclusions: Compassion for oneself and for others within their care appears to ameliorate burnout and can increase professional satisfaction. Initiatives to foster empathy and self-compassion may enhance individual well-being.

Pragmatic Empathy and Its Effect in Translation

In this paper,the author is going to discuss about the pragmatic empathy and its effect in translation.The concept of pragmatic empathy is to be presented;the principles of pragmatic empathy are to be discussed.They are equality principle,appropriateness principle,politeness principle and information principle.Examples are to be given to illustrate each principle and explain how pragmatic empathy plays its part in translation.

Empathy and Cognitive Schema:The Ways of Chinese Culture Going Global Reconsidered

In spite of its acknowledged achievements and contributions in recent years,it is still necessary to review the diplomacy of Chinese culture going global.Approached from the perspective of cognition and affection,the main reason leading to the low efficiency of Chinese official cross-cultural communication is that the collectivism implied in the governmental institutes is in conflict with the individualism schema in Western mainstream discourse,making it difficult to invoke empathy from Western audience.By contrast,some popular culture spread through the Internet is empathy-provoking only because it contains two schemata of nostalgia and individualism that have been embedded in many Western netizens’cognition.In other words,popular culture has little communicating power to transmit the essence of Chinese culture.Given the limitations of these two ways,China should at least make adjustments on four aspects to improve the effect of its culture going out:(1)integrate more mutually shared schemata into the selected Chinese culture;(2)modernize the cultural contents and transmission methods;(3)reduce the role of the government and insist on diversifying and individualizing communication subjects;(4)encourage the creation of fine culture.

Empathy Levels of Dental Students of Central America and the Caribbean

Objective: The aim of this study is to check whether there are differences in the distribution of empathy levels in dental students from nine faculties of dentistry Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica and Dominican Republic. Methods: The levels of empathy and matrices of empathy construct matrices are estimated dental students by using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy, the Spanish version for students (S version) culturally validated in Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica and Dominican Republic measured by arbitrator criteria. Cronbach α is estimated. Data of empathic orientation of the studied factors between faculties are analyzed and compared by ANOVA and Duncan test and matrices of empathy construct using discriminant analysis. Results: We find that there are differences in levels of empathy between universities, courses, gender and interaction between the Dental Faculty (University) and Course. The comparison between matrices shows unexplained variances and differences observed between the levels of empathy in student populations. Conclusions: Variability in empathy is observed in the studied factors and among student populations. The variability is an empirical finding, but is not possible in this work, to explain why.