Consensus Control With a Constant Gain for Discrete-time Binary-valued Multi-agent Systems Based on a Projected Empirical Measure Method

This paper studies the consensus control of multiagent systems with binary-valued observations.An algorithm alternating estimation and control is proposed.Each agent estimates the states of its neighbors based on a projected empirical measure method for a holding time.Based on the estimates,each agent designs the consensus control with a constant gain at some skipping time.The states of the system are updated by the designed control,and the estimation and control design will be repeated.For the estimation,the projected empirical measure method is proposed for the binary-valued observations.The algorithm can ensure the uniform boundedness of the estimates and the mean square error of the estimation is proved to be at the order of the reciprocal of the holding time(the same order as that in the case of accurate outputs).For the consensus control,a constant gain is designed instead of the stochastic approximation based gain in the existing literature for binary-valued observations.And,there is no need to make modification for control since the uniform boundedness of the estimates ensures the uniform boundedness of the agents’states.Finally,the systems updated by the designed control are proved to achieve consensus and the consensus speed is faster than that in the existing literature.Simulations are given to demonstrate the theoretical results.

Analyzing Factors Affecting Erosion and Sedimentary Deposits Using the Empirical Method of PSIAC

PSIAC empirical method is considered as one of the methods calculating and estimating the amount of erodibility and sedimentation of sedimentary deposits in sedimentary basins and dams’ reservoirs. This method is based on analyzing nine influential factors including: surface geology, solid, weather, runoff, unpaved area, limited plant coverage, land usage, high lands erosion, river erosion and sediment transportation. These factors are rated according to their level of importance. The case study of this research is Lali Water Catchment, Khuzestan, Iran. The amount and intensity of adorability will be ranked as low, moderate and high. This research is based on field work, laboratorial studies and analyzing results obtained from statistics. Results indicated that the unpaved area and high land erosion are identified as the most effective factors, respectively. In contrast, runoff and surface geology are considered as the lowest rate. Other factors reflect moderate effects. Since any significant studies have not been done in this regard, the current research can present a new method to scrutinize the empirical effects of these factors. It is noteworthy to highlight that different methods are compared with each other in order to scrutinize the amount of erodibility in most studies, but the present study has analyzed the influential factors of the sub-methods of one major method. This essay focuses on the affectability of each one of the nine factors, independently. In conclusion, the outcomes of this research can contribute to identify and determine suitable alternatives to stabilize sedimentary basins and increase the life span of dams and watershed management projects and also reduce the destructive effects of floods. Additionally, it contributes civil projects in such lands.

QSAR Study of Nitrobenzenes’ Toxicity to Tetrahymena Pyriformis Using Semi-empirical Quantum Chemical Methods

The molecular geometries and electronic structures of 30 nitrobenzenes have been calculated by using semi-empirical MO AM1 and PM3 methods. EHOMO, ELUMO, ENHOMO, ENLUMO, AE, QNO2, Qc and V were selected as the structural descriptors. The acute toxicity （-log/C50） of nitrobenzenes to tetrahymena pyriformis along with the above eight structural parameters was used to establish the quantitative structure-activity relationships （QSARs）. The results indicate that the established model based on AM I method is superior to that on PM3 method not only for the stability but also for the predictive powers of the model. Based on AM1 parameters, a further classifying discussion was presented for the study of nitrobenzene toxic mechanism. The results show that the substituents, nitro group and halogen substituents on the aromatic ring are crucial to the chemicals＇ toxicity. For nitrobenzenes without halogen or other substituent, the reduction of nitro group is the main route. However, for those with halogen substituents, their next lowest unoccupied molecular orbital may take part in the toxic action betweeen the chemicals and macromolecules, and ENLUMO has the most important effect on these chemicals＇ toxicity.

An Empirical Method for Estimating Background Stratospheric Aerosol Extinction Profiles over China

The current paper introduces an empirical method for estimating the vertical distribution of background stratospheric aerosol extinction profiles covering the latitude bands of 50±5°N,40±5°N,30±5°N,and 20±5°N and the longitude range of 75 135°E based on Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II aerosol extinction measurements at wavelengths of 1020 nm,525 nm,452 nm,and 386 nm for the volcanically calm years between 1998 2004.With this method,the vertical distribution of stratospheric aerosol extinction coefficients can be estimated according to latitude and wavelength.Comparisons of the empirically calculated aerosol extinction profiles and the SAGE II aerosol measurements show that the empirically calculated aerosol extinction coefficients are consistent with SAGE II values,with relative differences within 10% from 2 km above the tropopause to 33 km,and within 22% from 33 km to 35 km.The empirically calculated aerosol stratospheric optical depths (vertically integrated aerosol extinction coefficient) at the four wavelengths are also consistent with the corresponding SAGE II optical depth measurements,with differences within 2.2% in the altitude range from 2 km above the tropopause to 35 km.

3-D numerical modelling of Domino failure of hard rock pillars in Fetr6 Chromite Mine, Iran, and comparison with empirical methods

Fetr6 is an underground mine using the stope-and-pillar mining method. As there was some evidence regarding pillar failure in this mine, improving works such as roof support and replacing existing pillars with concrete pillars (CP) were carried out. During the construction of the second CP, in the space between the remaining pillars, one of the pillars failed leading to the progressive failure of other pillars until 4 000 m 2 of mine had collapsed within a few minutes. In this work, this phenomenon is described by applying both numerical and empirical methods and the respective results are compared. The results of numerical modelling are found to be closer to the actual condition than those of the empirical method. Also, a width-to-height (W/H) ratio less than 1, an inadequate support system and the absence of a detailed program for pillar recovery are shown to be the most important causes of the Domino failure in this mine.

Physical Properties of the Function and Number of Empirical Macrohardness of the Material: Universal Physical Unit of Measurement of Macro Hardness (Part 2)

Results of analytical studies of the physical properties of the function and number of empirical macrohardness based on the standard experimental force diagram of kinetic macroindentation by a sphere.An analytical comparison method and a criterion for the similarity of the physical and empirical macrohardness of a material are proposed.The physical properties of the hardness measurement process using the Calvert-Johnson method are shown.The physical reasons for the size effect when measuring macrohardness are considered.The universal physical unit and standard of macrohardness of kinetic macroindentation by a sphere is substantiated.

Robust Variance Components Estimation in the PERG Mixed Distributions of Empirical Variances—PEROBVC Method

A mixed distribution of empirical variances, composed of two distributions the basic and contaminating ones, and referred to as PERG mixed distribution of empirical variances, is considered. In the paper a robust inverse problem solution is given, namely a (new) robust method for estimation of variances of both distributions—PEROBVC Method, as well as the estimates for the numbers of observations for both distributions and, in this way also the estimate of contamination degree.

Refined empirical line method to calibrate IKONOS imagery

To extract quantitative biophysical parameters such as leaf biomass and leaf chlorophyll concentration from the remotely sensed imagery, the effect of atmospheric attenuation must be removed. The refined empirical line (REL) method was used to calibrate the IKONOS multispectral imagery. The IKONOS digital numbers (DN) were converted to the at-satellite re- flectance, then the linear relation between at-satellite reflectance and surface spectral reflectance (ρλ) was derived from six bright targets of known reflectance in the image, and modelled estimates of the image reflectance at ρλ=0. Validation targets were used to test the feasibility of REL method. The mean relative errors between ρλ retrieved from IKONOS image using REL method and ground-measured ρλ were 11%, 13%, 3% and 5% in the IKONOS blue, green, red and near-infrared (NIR) respectively. When dark targets are unavailable or measurement of dark target is inconvenient, the REL method was most crucial for retrieving surface spectral reflectance. The REL offers a simple approach for quantitative retrieval of biophysical parameters from IKONOS im- agery.

Is the Two-Color Method Superior to Empirical Equations in Refractive Index Compensation?

The Edlén empirical equations and the two-color method are the commonly used approaches to converting a length measured in air to the corresponding length in vacuum to eliminate the influence of the refractive index of air. However, it is not well known whether the two-color method is superior to empirical equations in refractive index compensation. We investigated the uncertainties of these approaches via numerical calculations of their sensitivity coefficients of environmental parameters. On the basis of a comparison of their uncertainties, we found that in a 0% humidity environment, the two-color method had potential to provide greater measurement accuracy than the empirical equations.

Empirical Line Method Using Spectrally Stable Targets to Calibrate IKONOS Imagery

由使用幽灵似地稳定的目标，实验的线(EL ) 方法被测试改正多光谱在 Putuo 山上获得的 IKONOS 形象，浙江，中国。一系列刻度目标，随着时间的过去幽灵似地稳定，被选择建立线性预言的方程。随后，一系列幽灵似地稳定的确认目标被选择估计方程的精确性。并且，确认目标，随着时间的过去幽灵似地不稳定，被用来测试使用 EL 方法校准档案的遥远地察觉到的数据的可行性。为每个目标的地面反射大小用一个 ASD FieldSpec 分光辐射函数被做。Trimble GeoXT？与亚米精确性联合起来的 GPS 被用来精确地估计目标位置。为四个 IKONOS 乐队的线性回归方程被导出。为蓝、绿、红的乐队的决心的系数都比 0.9800 大，它为近红外线的乐队是 0.9697。合理结果能被使用幽灵似地稳定的目标获得，这被结束。

政府科技资助能够提高企业的R&D投入吗?——读Empirical Development Economics

科技创新是一个国家提高生产力和综合国力的重要支撑。中国在创新型国家建设的道路上,如何不断提高企业R&D投入是一个极为重要的问题。是否能够利用政府科技资助提高企业R&D投入?关于这个问题的解答,对于今后中国调整安排政府科技资助的方向、结构、模式都具有重要的意义。学术界广泛利用各种层面的数据(截面数据、时序数据、面板数据)进行研究,获得了丰富的成果。但是目前还没有得到一致的研究结论。随着可资利用的中国宏观高频数据和企业微观数据的日益增多,进一步从时频的角度分析政府科技资助对企业R&D投入的影响是一个具有潜力的研究方向。另外学术界还应该广泛利用微观计量分析工具对政府科技资助与企业R&D投入的因果影响特征进行稳健、有效的检验。

Pyrolysis Empirical Modeling of Polyester Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics Using Sestak-Berggren Model Method

Polyester Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic(Polyester GFRP),a thermosetting plastic comprised of glass fiber and polyester polymer compounds,is extensively utilized in high-speed trains.Unraveling its pyrolysis mechanism is crucial as it significantly influences the combustion characteristics and fire safety aspects.Currently,kinetic research on polyester GFRP primarily focuses on employing the Coats-Redfern method to derive a theoretical kinetic model.However,the pyrolysis process of polyester GFRP is complex and the aforementioned theoretical model fails to accurately describe the pyrolysis mechanism.Therefore,this study seeks to utilize the Sestak and Berggren(SB) model as a methodological approach to reveal the complex reaction mechanism during the pyrolysis process.Based on thermogravimetric analysis,the entire pyrolysis process of polyester GFRP is divided into two primary stages.Furthermore,model-free methods are employed to ascertain the activation energy and pre-exponential factor.The results show that the fitted empirical models of the two main pyrolysis stages are f(α)=(1-α)^(1.47)[-ln(1-α)]^(1.50) and f(α)=(1-α)^(1.77)[-ln(1-α)]^(1.72),respectively.The predicted results are in good agreement with experimental data under different heating rates,which indicates that the empirical model can sufficiently describe the pyrolysis process of polyester GFRP.

Empirical Wavelet Transform Based Method for Identification and Analysis of Sub-synchronous Oscillation Modes Using PMU Data

This paper proposes an empirical wavelet transform(EWT)based method for identification and analysis of sub-synchronous oscillation(SSO)modes in the power system using phasor measurement unit(PMU)data.The phasors from PMUs are preprocessed to check for the presence of oscillations.If the presence is established,the signal is decomposed using EWT and the parameters of the mono-components are estimated through Yoshida algorithm.The superiority of the proposed method is tested using test signals with known parameters and simulated using actual SSO signals from the Hami Power Grid in Northwest China.Results show the effectiveness of the proposed EWT-Yoshida method in detecting the SSO and estimating its parameters.

Initial estimation of hydrate formation temperature of sweet natural gases based on new empirical correlation

Production,processing and transportation of natural gases can be significantly affected by clathrate hydrates.Knowing the gas analysis is crucial to predict the right conditions for hydrate formation.Nevertheless,Katz gas gravity method can be used for initial estimation of hydrate formation temperature （HFT） under the circumstances of indeterminate gas composition.So far several correlations have been proposed for gas gravity method,in which the most accurate and reliable one has belonged to Bahadori and Vuthaluru.The main objective of this study is to present a simple and yet accurate correlation for fast prediction of sweet natural gases HFT based on the fit to Katz gravity chart.By reviewing the error analysis results,one can discover that the new proposed correlation has the best estimation capability among the widely accepted existing correlations within the investigated range.

“Refractivity-from-clutter” based on local empirical refractivity model

Constructing sophisticated refractivity models is one of the key problems for the RFC(refractivity from clutter)technology. If prior knowledge of the local refractivity environment is available, more accurate parameterized model can be constructed from the statistical information, which in turn can be used to improve the quality of the local refractivity retrievals. The validity of this proposal was demonstrated by range-dependent refractivity profile inversions using the adjoint parabolic equation method to the Wallops’ 98 experimental data.

Feature Layer Fusion of Linear Features and Empirical Mode Decomposition of Human EMG Signal

To explore the influence of the fusion of different features on recognition,this paper took the electromyography(EMG)signals of rectus femoris under different motions(walk,step,ramp,squat,and sitting)as samples,linear features(time-domain features(variance(VAR)and root mean square(RMS)),frequency-domain features(mean frequency(MF)and mean power frequency(MPF)),and nonlinear features(empirical mode decomposition(EMD))of the samples were extracted.Two feature fusion algorithms,the series splicing method and complex vector method,were designed,which were verified by a double hidden layer(BP)error back propagation neural network.Results show that with the increase of the types and complexity of feature fusions,the recognition rate of the EMG signal to actions is gradually improved.When the EMG signal is used in the series splicing method,the recognition rate of time-domain+frequency-domain+empirical mode decomposition(TD+FD+EMD)splicing is the highest,and the average recognition rate is 92.32%.And this rate is raised to 96.1%by using the complex vector method,and the variance of the BP system is also reduced.

The Impact of Earnouts in M&A Agreement: An Overview of Empirical Findings

From a theoretical perspective,the use of earnouts should mitigate valuation risk of the acquirer involved in mergers and acquisitions(M&A)transaction.Earnouts contracts should reduce information asymmetries and moral hazard issues.By contrast,the definition of the terms of such contracts can be difficult and they provide several implementation issues to be faced.Based on these premises,this study aims to examine if the inclusion of earnouts is convenient and who benefits from their use.To this aim,I scrutinize academic literature examining the impact of earnouts.I perform a systematic review of studies in both accounting and financial domains that provide empirical evidence of main consequences due to the use of earnouts in M&A.Findings generally highlight a positive impact on the stock market performance of the acquirer in earnout-financed deals.Nevertheless,the positive reaction of acquirers’investors is influenced by specific features to be managed.Several issues are still uncovered and need further examination.

L1/2 Regularization Based on Bayesian Empirical Likelihood

Bayesian empirical likelihood is a semiparametric method that combines parametric priors and nonparametric likelihoods, that is, replacing the parametric likelihood function in Bayes theorem with a nonparametric empirical likelihood function, which can be used without assuming the distribution of the data. It can effectively avoid the problems caused by the wrong setting of the model. In the variable selection based on Bayesian empirical likelihood, the penalty term is introduced into the model in the form of parameter prior. In this paper, we propose a novel variable selection method, L1/2 regularization based on Bayesian empirical likelihood. The L1/2 penalty is introduced into the model through a scale mixture of uniform representation of generalized Gaussian prior, and the posterior distribution is then sampled using MCMC method. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed method can have better predictive ability when the error violates the zero-mean normality assumption of the standard parameter model, and can perform variable selection.

家庭养老能力评价指标体系构建与实证分析

家庭养老能力事关社会养老服务需求与发展,亟需构建科学有效的家庭养老能力评价指标体系。文章利用CHARLS2018年调查数据,构建出由自我养老能力、配偶养老能力和子女养老能力组成的3个准则指标,共有9个子准则指标和17个观测指标构成的家庭养老能力综合评价指标体系。采用熵权法和复相关系数法确定指标权重,并运用U检验、H检验和空间相关性分析家庭养老能力及其分维度的分布特征。结果显示:子女养老能力、自我养老能力和配偶养老能力权重系数分别为0.555、0.288和0.157。家庭养老能力的得分为0.433±0.091,子女养老能力、自我养老能力和配偶养老能力分维度得分分别为0.121±0.056、0.066±0.019和0.245±0.069,均呈现右偏分布,子女养老能力维度失分最多,自我养老能力维度差异性最大。女性、农村和西部地区老人的家庭养老能力显著弱于男性、城市和东部地区老人。低龄老人自我养老能力和配偶养老能力显著较高,但子女养老能力也显著低于高龄老人。中国家庭养老能力居前三位的是上海市、北京市和新疆维吾尔自治区,云南省、甘肃省和安徽省居后三位。研究发现中国家庭养老能力总体得分不高,自我养老能力与子女养老能力之间呈现“互补”态势。家庭养老能力分布呈现性别、城乡和区域差异性。养老服务体系需基于当前家庭养老能力及其分维度的地区差异性,因地制宜发展。

太原盆地交城断裂带北段工程避让范围研究

在系统分析和整理交城断裂带北段探测成果的基础上,采用地质探槽剖面法、经验统计法及数值模拟法,预测评估交城断裂带北段在发生最大潜在震级M_(S)7.2地震时的同震地表破裂带宽度,探讨不同方法结果的精度和可靠性,并提出采用综合加权方法确定交城断裂带北段地表破裂带宽度。在此基础上综合考虑探测方法精度、断层上下盘效应等影响因素,确定交城断裂带北段工程避让区为F_(1)^(1)迹线西侧外延15.0m至F_(1)^(2)迹线东侧外延86.9m范围。该结果对交城断裂带沿线的国土规划利用、建(构)筑抗震设计具有一定的指导意义,该方法可为同类研究提供借鉴。