Poverty Alleviation through Employment Promotion in Extreme Poverty-stricken Areas in Western China: A Case Study of Targeted Poverty Alleviation through Employment Promotion in Awang Town,Dongchuan District

Poverty alleviation through employment promotion is to promote the poor households to get rid of poverty through promoting employment to increase income. It is the most effective and direct way out of poverty. Dongchuan District, located in the alpine valley area of northeastern Yunnan, is a typical extreme poverty-stricken county in China. Under its jurisdiction, Awang Town is a mountainous township with a wide area of poverty and an extreme poverty. The incidence of poverty in 2015 reached 35.39%. In recent years, through the implementation of various policies to combat poverty, combined with the advantages as a traditional "hometown of migrant labor", focusing on employment- promoting poverty alleviation work, Awang Town has made certain achievements in poverty alleviation work. By the end of 2018, the poverty rate in the town fell to 0.57%, marking a major victory in the town s fight against poverty. Through field investigations, this article summarizes the main practices of Awang Town to carry out employment-promoting targeted poverty alleviation, analyzes the poverty alleviation achievements and successful experience of the town s employment-promoting targeted poverty alleviation work and discusses the promotion and application of this model so as to provide reference Yunnan Province and other poverty-stricken areas to carry out employment-promoting poverty alleviation.

Analysis on Supported Employment of People with Disabilities in Southwest China's Minority Areas

Employment of people with disabilities in Southwest China’s ethnic minority areas is characterized by relatively high pressure, a poor environment and single form. Supported employment can solve the problems faced by people with disabilities in the ethnic minority areas of Southwest China. Therefore, it is of practical significance to promote such a new form of employment. But in promoting the development of supported employment, it is necessary to strengthen its local top-level design and to establish corresponding legal and policy systems so as to give full play to the positive role of the government and establish a strong support system.

Does labor off-farm employment inevitably lead to land rent out?Evidence from China

The focus of land economics is on how to decrease the misallocation of resources to achieve an optimal allocation of resources. Both the theories of new economics of labor migration(NELM) and the conclusions of empirical studies reveal that land resources will inevitably be reallocated(e.g., rented out) if the resources of family labor are reallocated(e.g., off-farm employment). However, this study reveals that off-farm employment does not inevitably lead to land rent out. More precisely, this study uses survey data on 8031 peasant households from 27 provinces in China and explores the relationship between off-farm employment and land rent out by describing spatial features and through empirical analysis(e.g., IV-Probit model and IV-Tobit model). The results show the following: 1) There is an indirect relationship between off-farm employment and land rent out regarding spatial area aggregation, i.e., regions with a higher ratio of off-farm employment also have a lower area of land rent out. 2) Off-farm employment is significantly positively correlated with the behavior of land rent out, but its square is significantly negatively correlated with the behavior, i.e., there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between off-farm employment and the behavior of land rent out, with the turning point being 55.55% offfarm employment. 3) Off-farm employment is significantly positively correlated with the area of land rent out, but its square is significantly negatively correlated with the area, i.e., there is an inverted Ushaped relationship between off-farm employment and the area of land rent out, with the turning point being 56.22% off-farm employment. This study helps explain why China has a high ratio of off-farm employment but a lower rate of land rent out.

Basic Research on the Burden of Dropping off and Picking up Children: Differences by Employment Type and Gender in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area

There is a need to reduce the burden of child drop-off and pick-up for child-rearing generations, but most studies on the actual situation in Japan are based on survey results. In this study, we analyzed differences in child drop-off and pick-up by employment type and gender, utilizing the “Metropolitan Area Person Trip Survey,” which is a statistical data set. The study targeted households in which both spouses were between 30 and 49 years old, had children under the age of 6, and included the following three groups. 1) Dual-income Group 1 (both spouses employed/on contract/temporary);2) Dual-income Group 2 (husband employed/on contract/temporary, wife part-time);3) Full-time housewife group (husband employed, wife unemployed). The analysis revealed that a) wives are almost always responsible for dropping off and picking up their children;b) husbands drop off and pick up their children less frequently in dual-income households;and c) households with children raising within 10 to 30 km of Tokyo Station have longer commuting times and need to reduce the burden of dropping off and picking up their children.

基于推拉理论的苏北大学生返乡就业意愿影响因素分析

切实发挥好人才在乡村振兴战略实施中的作用,是我国全面推进中国式现代化新实践的应然选择,如何更好地引导农村大学生返乡就业、投身三农已成为社会各界广泛热议的话题。以苏北地区大学生为研究对象,运用推拉理论对其返乡就业意愿及影响因素进行问卷调研与实证分析。研究结果显示,苏北地区对于乡村振兴的宣传力度不够,学校职业规划教育不足,家庭支持力度不大,个人就业择业观念尚未转变。政府加大政策宣传力度,学校加强对毕业生就业观的教育引导,家庭理性看待大学生返乡就业,以及学生自身合理规划职业生涯是促进大学生返乡就业、增强返乡就业意识的有效路径。

工商资本下乡能促进农户增收吗?

工商资本下乡对优化城乡资源要素配置,促进农民共同富裕具有重要意义。本文采用2020年中国乡村振兴综合调查(CRRS)和浙大卡特—企研中国涉农研究数据库(CCAD)数据,分析工商资本下乡对农户收入的影响及作用机制。研究发现:工商资本下乡有利于提高农户收入水平,该结论在经过一系列稳健性检验后依然成立;在收入结构上,工商资本下乡主要提高了农户非农经营性收入和工资性收入,但降低了农业经营性收入;工商资本下乡通过推动农户家庭劳动力从本地务农向本地非农就业转移,提高非农就业率,从而促进总收入增加;工商资本下乡的增收效应对于不同受教育水平和经济状况的农户没有显著差异,这在一定程度上体现了工商资本下乡对农村弱势群体的帮扶作用;涉农第一产业、第二产业和第三产业的工商资本均有利于提高农户收入水平,且增收作用逐渐增强。本研究为推进工商资本下乡、实现农民富裕提供了经验证据。

民族地区中高等院校学前教育专业人才培养模式对学生就业意向的影响——专业认同的中介作用

对新疆维吾尔自治区20所中高等院校学前教育专业的4124名学生进行调查,探求民族地区院校学前教育专业人才培养模式与学生就业意向的关系及专业认同在其中的中介作用机制。结果表明:人才培养模式和专业认同对学生就业意向具有正向预测作用;专业认同发挥部分中介作用且在院校层次和类型变量上存在差异,各维度发挥的中介效应有所不同。主要教育建议:明确就业定位与培养规格是民族地区院校学前教育专业提升人才培养质量的核心路径,增强专业适切性与情感性是民族地区院校学前教育专业开展专业认同教育的关键抓手,健全社会保障与培养体系是激发民族地区院校学前教育专业学生就业意愿的有力支撑。

乡村振兴背景下黄河滩区搬迁后居民满意度调研——以黄河入鲁第一县东明县为例

该调查报告以山东省菏泽市东明县14个黄河滩区新村居民为调查对象,研究东明黄河滩区搬迁后居民对各项民生福祉的满意度。通过实地走访、问卷调查收集数据,共发出800份问卷,收回有效问卷720份。研究发现,黄河滩区搬迁后对居民的总体生活质量有着显著的提升,黄河滩区居民对搬迁政策、居住条件、生活条件、卫生环境、教育水平、医疗服务、交通出行与文化休闲总满意度均在95%以上,但在就业方面居民的不满意度略高,为10%。为巩固脱贫攻坚成果,助力乡村振兴,基于以上分析报告对黄河滩区进一步的发展提出了关于就业、医疗等方面的建议。

归乡与扎根:知识型青年返乡就业的困境与政策支持——基于社会资本视角

在乡村振兴战略背景下,青年返乡就业创业对复苏革命老区经济发展的具有重要现实意义。以12名大别山区返乡知识型青年为研究对象,基于社会资本理论的视角发现,“关系闭合”和“制度缺位”是知识型青年返乡就业遇到的主要障碍,导致青年返乡就业陷入能就业却难扎根的现实困境。因此,从关系维度看,乡村社会要积极营造融合性的新时代乡村文化,破除职业代际影响的文化壁垒,激发返乡青年主动嵌入乡村社会网络的自主性;从制度维度看,乡村社会要健全人才管理体系,完善多元激励机制,畅通人才晋升渠道,强化校地人才合作,为大别山区知识青年扎根于乡村建设提供保障。

新时代民族地区城市更新行动中灵活就业人员心理调适问题探究

新时代民族地区城市更新行动正在有序推进,城市灵活就业已成为少数民族群众就业的重要形式,灵活就业人员的心理状态及其调适问题继而引发社会各界高度关注。揭示新时代民族地区城市更新中灵活就业人员的心理现状,深度剖析这一群体在择业机会、就业技能、文化适应等方面遭遇到的竞争压力,并从价值认知、就业服务、文化传承等维度提出心理调适策略。

政府社会保障和就业支出对城乡收入差距的影响:机制与证据

城乡二元结构是制约城乡一体化发展的一大障碍,而政府社会保障和就业支出是促进城乡融合发展、畅通城乡要素流动和缩小城乡差距的重要政策工具。文章基于2003—2018年中国地级市面板数据,系统分析社会保障和就业支出对城乡居民收入分配的影响及作用机制。研究结果表明:社会保障和就业支出的增加有利于促进城乡劳动力流动,提高城镇化水平,进而缩小城乡居民收入差距。今后应进一步优化社会保障和就业支出结构以及相关政策,增强城乡居民参保意识,健全农业转移人口市民化长效机制,提升社会保障和就业支出的有效性、及时性,更好地推动城乡融合发展。

农村残疾人电商平台就业问题研究现状

农村残疾人就业一直是中国社会关注的焦点之一。随着电子商务的兴起,农村残疾人电商平台成为解决他们就业问题的新途径。该文通过文献综述的方式,系统性地探讨当前农村残疾人电商平台就业的研究现状。国外学者对于新兴技术对农村残疾人就业的影响研究起步较早,其系统性地研究结果为我国的研究者提供有益借鉴。虽然我国的研究起步较晚,但得益于我国互联网产业的高速发展和数字基础设施的高速普及,国内学者也已开始积极探索农村残疾人电商平台就业问题,针对国内农村残疾人就业现状对现有研究的不足之处提出建设性的改善方案。

乡村振兴战略下高校毕业生农村就业的困境及对策研究

乡村振兴背景下,农村为高校毕业生创造广阔的就业空间,在一定程度上缓解就业压力,优化高校毕业生人才资源配置,同时为乡村振兴战略的实施提供人才保障,推动农村现代化建设发展。但是,在社会、政府、高校和高校毕业生自身因素的影响下,高校毕业生农村就业并非一帆风顺,而是面临着现实困境,需要采取有效手段进行解决。鉴于此,该文从分析高校毕业生农村就业的现实困境入手,提出针对性现实对策,以期促进高校毕业生农村就业,真正为乡村振兴作贡献。

粤港澳大湾区城市产业结构与就业结构协调发展研究

粤港澳大湾区是我国区域经济发展协调合作发展的示范地区,也是我国经济最活跃的区域之一。人口结构与产业结构协调发展是经济高质量发展的重要基础,该区域产业结构与人口结构总体保持较高水平协调,但域内城市间在就业弹性、产业结构偏离度、就业产业相关关系以及就业产业协调度等方面存在较为明显的梯度差异。从就业产业协调发展水平看,港澳最高,内地城市中广州深圳发展较好,珠海、东莞、佛山、惠州等城市次之,肇庆、江门协调水平相对在后面。打破行政割裂、加大城市间政策规划协调、提高产业质量、增强劳动力素质等是提升粤港澳大湾区就业结构与产业结构协调发展的重要手段。

Impact of livelihood diversification of rural households on their ecological footprint in agro-pastoral areas of northern China

Human-environment relationship is a focus of academic researches and an understanding of the rela- tionship is important for making effective policies and decisions. In this study, based on rural household survey data of Taibus Banner, Duolun county and Zhengxiangbai Banner in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region of China, we identified the impact of livelihood diversification on ecosystems in these agro-pastoral areas by using the ecological footprint theory and methodology together with the one-way analysis of variance （ANOVA） and correlation analysis methods. In 2011, the total ecological footprint of consumption （EFC） was 0.665 g hm2, and the total ecological footprint of production （EFP） was 2.045 g hm2, which was more than three times the EFC. The ecological footprint of arable land consumption （EFAC） accounted for a large proportion of the EFC, and the ecological footprint of grassland production （EFGP） occupied a large proportion of the EFP. Both the ecological footprint of grassland consumption （EFGC） and EFGP had a significant positive correlation with the income, indicating that income was mainly depended on livestock production and the households with higher incomes consumed more livestock prod- ucts. The full-time farming households （FTFHs） had the highest EFP, ecological footprint of arable land production （EFAP）, EFGP and EFGC, followed by the part-time farming households （PTFHs） and non-farming households （NFHs）, which indicated that part-time farming and non-farming employment reduced the occupancy and con- sumption of rural households on local ecosystems and natural resources to some extent. When farming households engaged in livestock rearing, both the EFAP and EFAC became smaller, while the EFP, EFC, EFGC and EFGP increased significantly. The differences in ecological footprints among different household groups should be taken into account when making ecosystem conservation policies. Encouraging the laborers who have the advantages of participating in non-farming employment to move out of the rural areas and increasing the diversification of liveli- hoods of rural households are important in reducing the environmental pressures and improving the welfare of households in the study area. Moreover, grassland should be utilized more effectively in the future.

Evolution of Jobs-housing Spatial Relationship in Beijing Metropolitan Area:A Job Accessibility Perspective

With the urban expansion and economic restructuring, the jobs-housing relationship has become an important issue in studies on urban spatial structure. This paper employed a job accessibility model, which is an evaluation instrument to measure the jobs-housing relationship in Beijing Metropolitan Area from a job accessibility perspective. The results indicate that the population in the central city is declining, whereas the population in the suburbs is consistently growing and forming new population centers. However, the distribution pattern of employment is still highly centralized. Job accessibility varies in different locations, but the inner-city areas(within the Third Ring road) have seen improved job accessibility over time while job accessibility in the suburbs(especially outside the Fourth Ring road) has decreased, and this has led it to become a primary area of residential and employment mismatch. At the same time, the new towns in the outer suburbs have not yet demonstrated great potential to attract more jobs. In addition we find that, to some extent, urban planning changes the jobs-housing relationship, but a polycentric urban spatial structure is not yet evident. The floating population and related housing policy also affect the jobs-housing relationship. We propose some measures to resolve the spatial mismatch as well as some future research directions.

Impact of the Small Town Construction on Original Inhabitants in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area——A Case Study in Lishu Village, Changling Town, Chongqing Municipality, China

Based on the five-year long dynamic tracking and investigation of the peasant households of the Lishu village, the influences by small town construction on the economy and employment of the original peasant households are discussed. On the one hand, small town construction plays a positive role in adjustment of the industrial structure of the original peasant households and in the transfer of their employment towards non-agricultural industries. On the other hand the economic growth of the original peasant households is not so well sustainable, and is so fluctuating. Moreover, the unbalance of income distribution of the said households has been furthered, and small town construction has made the existing labor surplus of the original peasant households more serious, particularly the women labor surplus.

Problems in the Labor Export of Western Rural Areas——A Case Study of Three Gorges Reservoir Area

The thesis gives a brief account of the status of the labor economy in Three Gorges Reservoir area,which indicates that the labor economy in this area has made certain development and is characterized by fragile ecology,backward economic development and weak capacity to absorb employment,the Three Gorges Reservoir area is densely populated and has lots of rural surplus labors which need to be transferred.Then the thesis analyzes the problems in the labor export of this region,which can be manifested in the following aspects:the exported labors are with low quality and single skill;they are narrow-minded and have strong intention for their employment regions;they have low income but high risk to get employed;the government does not provide strong supporting services for exported labors.In order to solve these problems,the thesis proposes the suggestions and measures to develop the labor economy in Three Gorges Reservoir area,say,to perfect and ameliorate the training mechanism and improve the quality and skills of labors;to build the platform of employment network and solve the problems of the asymmetric employment information;to actively develop the intermediary organizations and promote the a proper movement of labor forces;to fully exert the function of government in logistic services and resolve the difficulties of the exported workers.

政策工具视角下重点生态功能区促进农村劳动力就业政策的文本量化研究

如何在实现重点生态功能区的生态保护和绿色发展的同时,促进当地农村劳动力的充分就业,是多年来我国公共政策制定中所关注的核心问题之一。基于政策工具视角,选取2000-2022年89份有关重点生态功能区促进农村劳动力就业的政策文本作为样本,采用“政策演进阶段-政策工具-政策目标群体”的三维分析框架,对其进行文本编码与频数统计,以多维度的量化分析深入剖析了政策的变迁特征及现存问题。研究发现,目前有关重点生态功能区的就业促进政策多散布于扶贫政策、生态补偿政策、生态移民政策中,尚缺乏针对该区域农村劳动力就业特殊困境系统的精准施策。同时,已有的政策工具结构不均衡,聚焦于就业能力提升和就业环境改善的供给型和环境型政策相对不足。在“十四五”期间有必要强化针对重点生态功能区农村劳动力的就业挑战的精准施策,并将政策工具的着力点放在供给型政策和环境型政策,以促进该区域农村劳动力实现更充分、更高质量的就业。

雄安新区城市形成独特路径下就业问题研究

雄安新区是新中国成立以来第一个由外来的总部企业、金融机构、科研院所、大专院校等整体搬迁而迅速形成的大城市。这种崭新的城市形成路径,无疑会带来一系列的社会经济问题,特别是作为非首都功能疏解的集中承载地和全国创新发展示范区,未来将对从业人员受教育年限的要求非常高。而目前当地劳动者的受教育年限仅8.92年,与这座未来创新之城的要求相去甚远,而新科技革命将在未来淘汰大量现有工作岗位。这双重叠加的就业困难,将是雄安新区面对的最大难题、最大风险。提前谋划,有针对性地开展各种教育与培训是有效破解这一难题、使雄安新区迈向创新之城的最佳路径,也是事关雄安新区长治久安的根本大计。