FUZZY COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF CONTAINER TRANSPORTATION MODES ALONG THE CHANGJIANG RIVER MAIN LINE AND ITS DELTA AREA

The Changjiang River (Yangtze) is one of the fastest growth areas of container transportation in China. Rail, road and water transportation have competed against each other for container transportation in the Chang-jiang River main line and its delta area. It is of significance to assess these different transportation modes scientifically in order to organize container transportation efficiently in this area and make decision for integral plan and construction of transportation system in this area. This paper outlines application of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation to appraise different modes of typical direction of containers. Twelve assessment indexes were decided. Membership functions were formulated. Evaluation results indicated that road transportation was optimal mode in the Changjiang River delta area, however water transportation was the primary way in the Changjiang River main line.

MAJOR PROBLEMS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ALONG THE BANK AREA OF THE CHANGJIANG RIVER

Developing the Changjiang(Yangtze) River and building a developed economic zone along the bank area of the Chanajiang River is a great strategic decision of the national macroeconomic development distribution. This decision has both given an impetus to fast development of the regional economy and exacerbated the contradiction among economy and resources and environment. In this paper, some major problems ekisting in economic sustainable development, such as scattered industrial structure, duplicated construction of the great projects, enlarging the development gap of the regional economy and deteriorated environment etc., have been studied. The results show that scattered structure and duplicated distribution of some key industries and projects, especially automobile, electronics and petrochemical industry and communication, power installations, is one of the reasons for low industrial economic benefit; the great development gap among upper, middle and lower reaches areas are enlarging since the 1990’ s; soil erosion, nood disaster and environmental pollution are still exacerliating due to unreasonable over-development. Based on the above analysis, this paper brings out some countermeasures and proposals for increasing the ability of regional sustainable development, including transregional reorganization of industrial structure linking by assets and speeding the process of regional economy integration; gradually controlling and reducing the development gap arnong upper, middle and lower reaches areas through regional cooperation on a mutually beneficial basis; as well as strengthening ecological construction and environmental protection and increasing environmental bearing capacity etc.

High resolution records of flood deposition in the mud area off the Changjiang River mouth during the past century

This paper presents a paleoflood study to determine the flood frequency of the Changjiang River, based on core cj0702, taken from the Changjiang River subaqueous delta. We identified flood deposits by means of high-resolution grain-size variation, sensitive population, geochemical indexes and magnetic susceptibility. The core covers a time span of 120 years by 21~pb dating and was sampled at 1-2 cm intervals. Grain size, geochemical elements, and physical parameters were analyzed. The results indicate that the sediment of the core is mainly composed of silt and clay, as well as groups of interbedded silt, clay silt, and clay. Vertically, the grain size pattern was controlled by seasonal variations in water discharge and by the sediment input in winter from the abandoned Huanghe River delta. River flooding caused extreme values in all our measured parameters. We identified more than 20 flood events that occurred since 1887 using the physical parameter analysis method. The environmentally sensitive component of sediment grain size （14.32-96.39 gm） contribution〉30%, Zr/Rb ratio〉l.5, and magnetic susceptibility〉16 were selected as the criteria for flood identification generally. We also found that floods that had taken place in the upstream, midstream, or downstream parts of the river were clearly identified by these indexes while the large-scale floods that covered the whole drainage area did not leave clear indications in the sediment record. This study for identification of flood events is of great significance for understanding hyperpycnal current sedimentation as well as for forecasting of floods.

Nitrogen budget in the Changjiang River drainage area

We established a budget model of nitrogen （N） inputs and outputs between watersheds and waterbodies to determine the sources of riverine N in the Changjiang （Yangtze） River drainage area. Nitrogen inputs in the budget included N from synthetic fertilizer, biological fixation by leguminous and other crops, wet/dry atmospheric deposition, excreta from humans and animals, and crop residues. The total N input was estimated to be 17.6 Tg, of which 20% or 3.5 Tg N was transported into waterbodies. Of the total N transported into waterbodies, the largest proportion was N from animal waste （26%）, followed by N from atmospheric wet/dry deposition （25%）, synthetic fertilizer N （17%）, N in sewage wastes （17%）, N in human waste from rural areas （6%） and industrial wastewater N （9%）. We studied the spatial patterns of N inputs and outputs by dividing the Changjiang River drainage area into four sub-basins, from upstream to downstream： the Tongtian River drainage area （TTD, the headwater drainage area, 138 000 l^n2, less disturbed by human activities）; the Jinsha River drainage area （JSD, 347 000 km2, less disturbed by human activities, approx. 3 500 km upstream of the Changjiang estuary）; the Pingshan-Yichang drainage area （PYD, 520 500 krn2, large-scale human disturbance, about 2 000 km upstream of the Changjiang estuary）; and the Yichang-Datong drainage area （YDD, 699 900 km^2, large-scale httman disturbance, approx. 620 km upstream of the Changjiang estuary）. The average N input into waterbodies was 2.3, 7.3, 24.1, and 28.2 kg N/ha in the TTD, JSD, PYD, and YDD sub-basins, respectively, suggesting an increase of N-components of more than 10 times from upstream to downstream areas.

The influence of the surface heat fluxes of the Kuroshio key-area on meiyu rainfall in the Changjiang River region

On the basis, of the surface heat fluxes of the Kuroshio key-area (26°-30°N, 125°-30°E)in March andApril, the climatologicai influence of the Kuroshio heat fluxes on meiyu rainfall in the Changjiang River (Yangtse River) region are studied. The results are concluded as follows;the surface heat fluxes of the Kuroshio key-area have certain influence on meiyu rainfall in the Changjiang River region during June and July. The correctness rates for the five stations in the Changjing River region (i. e. Wuhan, Jiujiang, Anqing,Nanjing and Shanghai)are in the range of 9/20-13/20. The surface heat fluxes influence mainly on the homogeneous rainfall pattern,the correctness rates come to 7/10-8/10 for the lower valley of the Changjiang River. The estimation expression of the meiyu rainfall for Shanghai consisting of the surface heat flux and the sea surface temperature anomaly of the Kuroshio key area agrees well with the actual meiyu rainfall condition.

Turning mechanism problems of the Changjiang River diluted water

Some main ideas about the turning of the Changjiang River diluted water (CDW) and their deficiencies are reviewed in this paper. According to a large number of observation data it is pointed out that the turning phenomena of the CDW are related not only to the discharge of the Changjiang River but also to the sea surface slope and wind stress curl in the southeast coast of China. Exsistence of the sea surface slope reflects essentially the effect of the Taiwan Warm Currc (TWC) on the turning of the CDW.

INVESTIGATION ON FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROCHEMISTRY IN HEAD AREA OF THE CANGJIANG RIVER

The results of water sample analyses and investigation in the head area of the Changjiang River reveal that the characteristics of hydrochemistry of the river vary with drainage basins. In the drainage basin of the Tuotuo River, the mineral concentration of water is generally high, ions of Cl and Na+ are obviously dominant. The water tends to be salty, and the type of hydrochemistry is rather complex. In the drainage basin of the Dam River, the mineral concentration is mainly in a low and middle level, ions of HCO3- and Ca2+ are higher than others, and the type of hydrochemistry is relatively simple. The ground water in deep layers plays an important role in recharging surface water, and the stable recharging results in little change in chemical composition of surface water.

THE BACKGROUND VALUES OF RARE EARTH AND RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS IN WATER SYSTEM OF SOURCE AREA OF THE CHANG JIANG RIVER

Using neutron activation analysis method we determined contents of rare-earth and radioactive elements (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Cs, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sr, Ba, U, Th) in source water system of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, which is mainly composed of the Tuotuo River, the Chumaer River, and the Buqu River. The contents of these elements in the unflltered water have a great variation and a close correlation with the water turbidity. The contents of these elements in filtered water only have a little variation and are lower than those in the unflltered water. The variations in contents of these elements in sediments are also very little. These elements in the unifiltered water are in geometric distribution, except Sc. Most of the elements in sediments are in arithmetic distribution, but Cs, Sb, Th, are in deviation distribution. The contents of most of these elements in the river source area correspond to the contents of fresh water of the earth. Most of these elements have a little variation in their

海温异常对长江流域夏季典型旱涝的影响研究

为研究长江流域夏季旱涝特征及其与海温异常之间的关联性,基于中国326个气象站降水量、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等,采用合成分析、EOF分解等方法,分析了长江流域夏季典型旱涝年的降水分布、同期大气环流及前期海温特征,并以2018年为例,初步揭示了2018年前期海温异常对大气环流的可能影响。结果表明:①长江流域夏季典型旱年,仅嘉陵江和岷沱江会表现出局部偏涝,全国为典型的Ⅰ类雨型,多雨区位于黄河流域及以北地区。前期冬季赤道太平洋表现出类拉尼娜的东冷西暖分布,同时黑潮区海温偏低,西风漂流区海温偏暖。受多海域协同作用,同期欧亚环流场上自西北向东南呈现出“+-+”三极型分布,东亚地区为自北向南“-+-”的EAP负位相。长江流域典型涝年,全国多为典型的Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类雨型,环流及海温呈现出相反特征。②2018年为典型的长江中下游偏旱年,仅在岷沱江降水偏多近3成,为历史第4多,与长江流域夏季降水的主模态正位相类似,解释方差达24%。③2018年前冬出现弱拉尼娜、春末夏初西风漂流区异常偏暖、NAT异常正位相,三者共同作用,使得东亚副热带西风急流偏北,东亚沿岸出现EAP负位相,大陆热低压明显偏强,东亚夏季风为1961年以来最强,同时副高脊线最北,造成夏季降水主雨带北推至华北、西北地区,岷沱江、嘉陵江异常多,而长江中下游异常少,为典型的Ⅰ类雨型。研究成果可为长江流域旱涝预测、水资源调度提供参考。

长江口及其邻近海域表层水中溶解Mn浓度的季节变化特征

锰(Mn)是海洋中的生命必需痕量元素。河口位于河流和海洋的交界区域,其对Mn的改造作用会影响陆源Mn向海输送的生物地球化学过程。本研究使用自动固相萃取−电感耦合等离子体联用技术对2019年9月(秋季)、2021年3月(春季)和2021年7月(夏季)长江口及其邻近水域的表层溶解Mn浓度进行了测定和分析。结果显示,溶解Mn的平均浓度和河口行为表现出了季节性差异:夏季的溶解Mn浓度最高,表现为先移除后添加的分布特征;秋季的溶解Mn浓度次之,表现为添加型分布;春季的溶解Mn浓度最低,表现为保守型分布。显著性分析结果表明,长江携带的溶解Mn仅在淡水端元浓度值较高的季节会显著影响长江口及其邻近水域溶解Mn的分布;当长江淡水端元浓度值较低时,长江口溶解Mn则受多种生物地球化学过程的共同主导。长江口的中低盐度海水中高悬浮颗粒物浓度是造成该区域溶解Mn移除的重要因素,而高盐度海水中溶解Mn的添加机制则有待进一步研究。

天然气管道穿越长江生态敏感区影响与应对措施

为全面加强长江水生生物保护,实现经济建设与长江大保护“相融共生”,以川气东送二线天然气管道工程隧道盾构穿越湖北长江新螺段白鱀豚国家级自然保护区为例,在分析天然气管道隧道盾构施工与工程运行对自然保护区生境及其主要保护对象所带来的不利环境影响基础上,提出了自然保护区生态环境保护措施,包括污染防治减缓措施、环境管理措施、保护区补偿措施、生态监测措施、科研管理措施等,以确保工程建设对自然保护区影响可控。研究成果可为穿越长江生态敏感区的建设项目提供参考。

长江1870年特大洪水防御推演与对策研究

1870年长江流域发生了特大洪水,枝城站洪峰流量重现期超1000 a一遇,造成极为严重的洪灾损失。为强化特大洪水风险防范,有效提升极端洪水灾害的应对能力,在分析1870年特大洪水雨水灾情特征、流域水文地理演变和防洪体系建设情况的基础上,对1870年特大洪水在现状防洪体系调度运用条件下的发生、发展、演进过程进行了推演模拟。结果表明:当前再遇1870年特大洪水,长江流域防洪体系可妥善应对并大幅减少洪灾损失,按调度规程发挥以三峡水库为主的水库群洪水拦蓄作用,并运用荆江分洪区等13处蓄滞洪区分洪、200多处洲滩民垸行洪后,长江防洪重点区域防洪安全总体可控,但洪水防御仍面临堤防长时间高水位运行存在安全隐患、蓄滞洪区与洲滩民垸行蓄洪运用困难、大量人员转移安置压力大等突出问题。根据1870年洪水推演成果,结合近年来长江流域防汛实践,从加强特大洪水风险机理研究、加快流域防洪工程体系建设、强化风险研判和优化调度、做好应急转移和救灾安置等方面提出了提升特大洪水防御能力的对策建议。

Optimization of Shanghai Marine Environmental Monitoring Sites in the Identification of Boundaries of Different Water Quality Grades

Water quality is critical to ensure that marine resources and the environment are utilized in a sustainable manner. The objective of this study is therefore to investigate the optimum placement of marine environmental monitoring sites to monitor water quality in Shanghai, China. To improve the mapping or estimation accuracy of the areas with different water quality grades, the monitoring sites were fixed in transition bands between areas of different grades rather than in other positions. Following bidirectional optimization method, first, 18 candidate sites were selected by filtering out specific site categories. Second, three of these were, in turn, eliminated because of the rule defined by the changes in the areas of water quality grades and by the standard deviation of the interpolation errors of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) and phosphate(PO_4-P). Furthermore, indicator kriging was employed to depict the transition bands between different water quality grades whenever new sampling sites were added. The four optimization projects of the newly added sites reveal that, all optimized sites were distributed in the transition bands of different water grades, and at the same time in the areas where the historical sites were sparsely distributed. New sites were also found in the overlap region of different transition bands. Additional sites were especially required in these regions to discriminate the boundaries of different water quality grades. Using the bidirectional optimization method of the monitoring sites, the boundaries of different water quality grades could be determined with a higher precision. As a result, the interpolation errors of DIN and PO_4-P could theoretically decrease.

长江口及邻近海域现代生物扰动构造定量表征及影响因素

生物扰动构造是表征海底环境状态的重要指标,是古沉积环境重建的主要依据,且它影响沉积物早期成岩作用以及物质的再分配,成为百年尺度沉积记录解读的干扰因素。本文基于长江口及其邻近海域的21个站位的沉积物岩心,利用高分辨X射线计算机断层扫描技术,通过matlab的数据处理,定性和定量表征了该区生物扰动构造,分析了影响生物扰动构造的主要因素。研究表明:长江口及邻近海域生物扰动构造较为发育,从功能上划分为生物扩散构造、运输构造、交换构造和廓道扩散构造4种类型,运输构造和廓道扩散构造常见;生物扰动构造在岩心中分布形式多样,包括指数衰减型、波动衰减型、均匀分布型、脉冲分布型等垂向分布形式;扰动深度深浅不一,多数在20cm以内,但也有超过40cm者;生物扰动构造空间上不均一,长江口及内陆架较发育,扰动构造体积在0~13972mm^(3)之间,而苏北沿岸、中陆架则较少,扰动构造体积在351~3212mm^(3)之间,从岸向外生物扰动构造有减少趋势。生物扰动构造发育程度主要受底质类型、沉积速率制约,黏土质粉砂以及适宜的沉积速率(0.52~1.34cm/a)有利于生物扰动构造发育和保存。

长江口及邻近海域沉积物中四醚脂类的来源及其对底层溶解氧指示作用探究

甘油二烷基甘油四醚(glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers,GDGTs)作为一种重要的膜脂化合物,广泛存在于海洋水体和沉积物中。基于GDGTs对温度的敏感性,TEX86(TetraEther indeX of tetraethers consisting of 86 carbons)指标被广泛用于海洋古温度重建。然而,研究表明GDGTs母源生物古菌也会受到环境中溶解氧(DO)变化的影响,进而影响其膜脂组成,但边缘海DO对GDGTs组成的影响仍不清楚。本文研究了夏季长江口及其邻近海域颗粒物与表层沉积物中GDGTs的含量与组成,探讨了表层沉积物中GDGTs的来源及其组成对底层DO的响应。结果表明,长江口及其邻近海域颗粒物GDGTs的含量随水深的增加而增加,同时表层沉积物中的GDGT-2/GDGT-3和GDGT-0/Cren比值均与底层颗粒物相近,表明沉积物中GDGTs主要来源于底层颗粒物的沉降输入。进一步对受陆源有机质输入影响较小的站位研究发现有机质来源BIT(Branched and Isoprenoid Tetractter)指标<0.2。研究发现,随着底层DO的降低,表层沉积物中GDGT-0/Cren比值与底层DO具有较好的正相关性(R2=0.57,P<0.01),提示GDGT-0/Cren具有指示夏季长江口及邻近海域底层DO变化的潜力。未来还需结合颗粒物与表层沉积物中古菌生物群落和完整极性GDGTs的分析,进一步阐明GDGTs指示DO的机制及适用性。

长江经济带城市降雨径流污染特征分析

为系统了解长江经济带城市面源污染状况,针对性解决长江经济带城市降雨径流引起的水环境污染问题,梳理了长江经济带各省(直辖市)的城市下垫面和功能区的雨水径流污染特征,对比分析长江经济带各省(市)不同下垫面和不同功能区降雨径流污染物指标,并采用线性混合模型分析污染物的降雨径流平均浓度与经济发展水平的相关性。结果表明:长江经济带下垫面降雨径流污染主要来自路面,且远高于屋面和绿地;城市功能区降雨径流污染浓度最高的是交通区,其次是商业区和工业区,居住区最低;降雨径流污染物浓度较高的是长江中下游地区,经济发展水平越高的省(市)降雨径流污染物浓度越高。研究成果全面分析了长江经济带城市面源污染状况,可为长江经济带城市降雨径流污染综合治理的规划与设计提供指导。

基于B-IBI的长江源生态健康评价

基于底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI)对长江源各个河段进行生态健康评价分析,可为长江源河流管理提供参考依据。根据2022年8月(丰水期)和10月(枯水期)对长江正源沱沱河和长江南源当曲7个典型断面的大型底栖无脊椎动物调查监测的结果,经判别能力分析和冗余度分析,选取了总分类单元数、摇蚊个体数百分比、优势类群个体数百分比和粘附者个体数百分比4个参数计算了B-IBI。基于该指数,构建了长江源生态健康的评价指标体系和标准,并对其进行了评价。结果显示:长江源总体处于健康状态,局部评分较低,尤其是波陇曲汇入口至唐古拉山镇河段受损较为严重。初步推断该段经过人口较为密集区域,污染物负荷较大导致。建议对受损河段重点关注,并有针对性地开展生态修复整治。

Distribution of chlorophyll-a off the Changjiang River and its dynamic cause interpretation

An interdisciplinary comprehensive survey was conducted in August 2000 with the modern measurement instruments off the Changjiang River. The analysis of the observation data shows that there exist two sources of phytoplankton blooms off the Changjiang River. The one with wider spatial extent and stronger intensity appears in the surface plume due to photosyn- thesis produced by the eutrophication brought by a huge amount of nutrient load via the Chang- jiang River and well light penetration because of lower turbidity seawater. Photosynthesis pro- duces chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), meanwhile releases oxygen and absorbs carbon dioxide, so the high Chl-a concentration distribution corresponds to the distribution of high dissolved oxygen and pH. The other with smaller spatial extent and weaker intensity exists in the thermocline in the Taiwan Warm Current (TWC), but the high Chl-a concentration does not correspond to the high dissolved oxygen and pH, which may be a result of long distance advection by the TWC. The eutrophica- tion associated with the huge amount of nutrient flowing into the sea via the Changjiang River is the main cause of the red tide bloom in the area off the Changjiang River, the red tide that oc- curred along the Fujian and Zhejiang coast can influence the area off the Changjiang River pos- sibly via the TWC. The distributions of current simulated by a three-dimension numerical model support the above conclusion.

黔中城市群水资源空间均衡状态分析

为揭示长江上游典型喀斯特地区城市群水资源空间均衡性变化特征,以黔中城市群为研究区,采用基尼系数法分析2011~2020年研究区水资源-人口、水资源-GDP、水资源-耕地的空间分布均衡性,并结合水资源负载指数对水资源的开发利用程度和潜力进行评价。结果显示:①研究区水资源-人口、水资源-GDP空间分布整体上呈现出不均衡的状态,其中中部区域为城市群核心区,由于水资源量较少,且承载了较多的人口和GDP,因此水资源、人口、GDP三者空间均衡状态较差;北部和南部区域,由于水资源量较为丰富,承载的人口和GDP较少,因此均衡状态优于中部区域。各区域均呈现出较好的水资源-耕地均衡状态。②研究区水资源负载指数在空间上呈现中部高、南北低的特点;在时间变化上,中部区域呈现出一定的降低趋势,北部区域则呈现出上升的趋势,南部区域略有提升但基本处于稳定状态。研究成果有助于长江上游喀斯特地区城市群制定社会经济发展和水资源开发利用政策。