Pollution of Environmental Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals(EDCs) in Water and Its Adverse Reproductive Effect on Fish

Environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals （EDCs）, commonly found in the environment, come from industry and agriculture, including pesticides, fungicides, insecticides, herbicides, and other chemicals. Nowadays, more and more EDCs were released into the environment. EDCs go into water body via atmosphere sedi-mentation, surface runoff, soil eluviation, etc., so water body becomes the main place for existing. In order to attract scientific and public attention worldwide and to prevent EDCs pol ution, in this study we reviewed the classification of EDCs and their concentrations in natural water bodies, drinking water sources and water plants, and the reproductive toxicity of EDCs to fish were reviewed. EDCs could disturb the endocrine system and make reproductive organs and reproduction abnor-mal, resulting in fertility descending, reproduction function damage, community quan-tity decrease and even species extinction. In addition, EDCs could disrupt the homeostasis maintained by hormones, which would result in defects of neural de-velopment and abnormalities of the endocrine and reproductive systems. The exact molecular mechanisms have not been completely reported, but researches have suggested that multiple mechanisms were involved in the action of EDCs. Although there have been researches on the biohazard of EDCs, there stil exist problems of weakness in fundamental researches, difficulties in recognizing and identifying EDCs and high cost, which restraint the knowledge on them.

Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Possible Genesis of Ovarian Tumors

Background: Prolonged exposure to environmental toxicants like endocrine-disrupting chemicals has been linked to several ovarian pathologies. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals may start at any time of life from the fetal stage to adulthood resulting in various health complications The purpose of our study is to compare the concentration levels and association of benzopyrene, bisphenol A and genistein in patients with ovarian tumors and normal control group. We also sort to evaluate the predictive performance of benzopyrene, bisphenol A and genistein in patients with ovarian tumors. Methods: A case-control study was conducted for randomly selected participants involving 30 patients and 30 controls. 30 patients with radiologically diagnosed and histopathological confirmed ovarian tumors were included in the study between January 2022 and December 2022. Urine samples from each group were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Descriptive analysis for normally distributed continuous variables was done accordingly. Concentration levels of endocrine-disrupting chemicals were assessed using the Mann-Whitney test. The association of endocrine-disrupting chemicals with pathological ovarian tumors was analyzed using binary logistic regression. Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of endocrine-disrupting chemicals was analyzed using the ROC curve. Results: Overall, patients were significantly (P = 0.000) older than the healthy controls. Mean years (SD) were 36.7 (7.90) and 28.8 years (4.89) for patients and normal women respectively. Endometriomas had the highest incidence of 50%. The level of benzopyrene and bisphenol A in patients was significantly higher than those in the control group, while the level of genistein was significantly higher in normal controls. Benzopyrene and bisphenol A were significantly associated with ovarian cysts, and the incidence of pathological ovarian cysts was positively correlated to these EDCs, with OR value 64.79 (P = 0.005) for benzopyrene and 9.609 (P = 0.001) for bisphenol A. Genistein was significantly negatively correlated with the incidence of pathological ovarian tumors, with OR value of 0.153 (P = 0.007). Diagnostic performance on the AUC for benzopyrene, bisphenol A and genistein&l.

Research Development of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals(EDCs) in Water in China

More and more importance has been attached to the problem of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) since 1960s. This article elaborates the recent research progress of EDCs in water and the trends in the near future in China.

Endocrine disrupting chemicals in mixture and obesity,diabetes and related metabolic disorders

Obesity and associated metabolic disorders represent a major societal challenge in health and quality of life with large psychological consequences in addition to physical disabilities. They are also one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Although, different etiologic factors including excessive food intake and reduced physical activity have been well identified, they cannot explain the kinetics of epidemic evolution of obesity and diabetes with prevalence rates reaching pandemic proportions. Interestingly, convincing data have shown that environmental pollutants, specifically those endowed with endocrine disrupting activities, could contribute to the etiology of these multifactorial metabolic disorders. Within this review, we will recapitulate characteristics of endocrine disruption. We will demonstrate that metabolic disorders could originate from endocrine disruption with a particular focus on convincing data from the literature. Eventually, we will present how handling an original mouse model of chronic exposition to a mixture of pollutants allowed demonstrating that a mixture of pollutants each at doses beyond their active dose could induce substantial deleterious effects on several metabolic end-points. This proof-of-concept study, as well as other studies on mixtures of pollutants, stresses the needs for revisiting the current threshold model used in risk assessment which does not take into account potential effects of mixtures containing pollutants at environmental doses, e.g., the real life exposure. Certainly, more studies are necessary to better determine the nature of the chemicals to which humans are exposed and at which level, and their health impact. As well, research studies on substitute products are essential to identify harmless molecules.

A Toxicological Assessment of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Found in the BMW (Border, Midland and Western) Region of Ireland

A battery of tests was established to determine the oestrogenic, mutagenic and genotoxic potential of two categories of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), phthalates and alkylphenols. Diisononylphthalate (DINP), diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP), dibutylphthalate (DBP), diisododecylphthalate (DIDP) and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) were oestrogenic in the yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay and potently oestrogenic in the MVLN and E-SCREEN assays at environmentally relevant concentrations. DINP and 4-NP were mutagenic in the Ames assay and also induced significant levels of unscheduled DNA synthesis and DNA strand breakage. Significant induction in the percentage of cells containing micronuclei was observed after treatment with DINP, DEHP and 4-NP. In addition, sewage effluents from sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the Border, Midlands and Western (BMW) region of Ireland were significantly oestrogenic in the YES assay. Moreover, analysis of levels of phthalates and alkylphenol identified in Irish rivers receiving treated effluent showed potent oestrogenicity in the YES assay. The proliferative and genotoxic ability of the phthalates and alkylphenol, and the oestrogenicity of the treated effluents reported here, is significant as these EDCs and EDCs within the effluent may play a role in the etiology of human abnormalities.

Screening for Genotoxicity and Oestrogenicity of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals <i>in Vitro</i>

A diverse range of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) was examined, using an in vitro test system, for critical events required for the onset of carcinogenesis in vivo. The initiation stage of carcinogenesis is a genotoxic process. 4-Octylphenol (alkylphenol), bisphenol A (plasticiser), coumestrol and genistein (phytoestrogens), 2,4-dichlorophe- noxyacetic acid and toxaphene (pesticides) and ethinylestradiol (synthetic hormone) were investigated for potential mutagencicity, DNA strand breakage, clastogenicity and DNA repair. Significant induction in the percentage of cells containing micronuclei was observed for all the EDCs. Toxaphene and coumestrol were mutagenic in the Ames assay. They also induced significant levels of unscheduled DNA synthesis and DNA strand breakage. Bisphenol A induced low level DNA strand breakage in HepG2 cells in the comet assay. The EDCs, with the exception of toxaphene, induced transcriptional activation in the yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay. They were potently oestrogenic in the mammalian based MVLN (transactivation) and E-SCREEN (proliferation) assays. This report on the transactivational, proliferative and genotoxic ability of the EDCs suggests that these chemicals may play a role in the etiology of male and female reproductive cancers.

Apoptosis-inducing activity of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in cultured PC12 cells

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are known to exert estrogen-like effects that are similar to those made by naturally produced hormones or by inhibition of the receptors in the cell receiving the hormones. Recently, several reports have indicated that EDCs can affect the developing central nervous system. In our current study, we report that some EDCs induce apoptosis in cultured PC12 cells and can be classified into three groups. Bisphenol A (BPA), p-nonylphenol (NP) and tributyltin chloride (TBT) were found to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated apoptosis and activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) system, whereas benomyl (beno) induced non-ER stress-associated apoptosis. The half-maximal apoptosis-inducing concentrations (IC50) of these EDCs were 160 μM for BPA, 25.6 μM for NP, 640 nM for TBT and 48 μM for beno. Although these concentrations are higher than those found in the environment, some EDCs may have apoptotic effects on various cells in the body, including neurons, through their accumulation in the body over time or condensation through the food chain. On the other hand, benzopyrene, fenvalerate, styrene monomer and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate did not induce apoptosis in PC12 cells. We analyzed also whether apoptosis-inducing EDCs had an estrogen-like effect on cultured PC12 cells transfected with a luciferase reporter plasmid, the activity of which is dependent on estrogen receptor α. We found that BPA had an estrogen-like effect (EC50 = 5.9 μM) but that NP, TBT and beno did not in transfected PC12 cells. These results suggest that BPA may predomi-nantly exert estrogenic effects, but others may pre-dominantly have apoptosis-inducing effects on cells in the body exposed to a polluted environment.

Removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals from water through urethane functionalization of microfiltration membranes via electron beam irradiation

Polyethersulphone(PES)membranes modified with urethane functional groups were prepared through an interfacial reaction using electron beam irradiation.The removal of eight endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDCs)was studied using both pristine and functionalized PES membranes.The prepared membranes underwent characterization using several techniques,including attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared(ATR-FTIR)spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy,contact angle analysis,and measurements of pure water flux.Furthermore,dynamic adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the adsorption mechanism of the prepared membrane toward the eight EDCs.The urethane functionalized membranes were hydrophilic(52°contact angle)and maintained a high permeate flux(26000 L/h m^(2) bar)throughout the filtration process.Dynamic adsorption results demonstrated that the introduction of urethane functional groups on the membranes significantly enhanced the removal efficiency of 17β-estradiol,estriol,bisphenol A,estrone,ethinylestradiol,and equilin.The adsorption loading of 17β-estradiol on the functionalized PES membrane was 6.7±0.7 mg/m^(2),exhibiting a 5-fold increase compared to the unmodified PES membrane.The membranes were successfully regenerated and reused for three adsorption cycles without experiencing any loss of adsorption capacity.

Analysis of Environmental Endocrine Disrupting Activities in Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents Using Recombinant Yeast Assays Incorporated with Exogenous Metabolic Activation System

Objective To measure the endocrine disrupting chemicals （EDCs） in wastewater and evaluate the EDCs removal efficiencies in the municipal wastewater treatment plants （WWTP）. Methods A battery of in vitro recombinant yeast bioassays incorporated with exogenous metabolic activation system （rat liver preparation, S9 mix） was conducted to assess the estrogen receptor （ER）, androgen receptor （AR）, progesterone receptor （PR）, and thyroid receptor （TR） ant/agonistic activities of effluents collected from Datansha WWTP. Results The indirect estrogenic, anti‐androgenic, anti‐progesteronic, and anti‐thyroidic activities were observed in the influent. The removal efficiencies of EDCs were above 74%, suggesting that the present wastewater treatment processes were good enough to remove most of these indirect endocrine disrupting chemicals. Conclusion The incorporation of exogenous metabolic capacity into the test system was valid for the study of indirect effects on ER, AR, PR, and TR.

水体中环境内分泌干扰物(EDCs)污染现状及其对鱼类的生殖危害

越来越多的环境内分泌干扰物(EDCs)不断释放到环境,并通过大气沉降、地表径流、土壤淋溶和直接排放等方式进入水体,从而使水体成为EDCs存在的主要场所之一。为引起社会对水体EDCs污染的广泛关注,并积极采取EDCs危害防治措施,保护鱼类资源和水生态系统,本文介绍了EDCs的分类,详述了自然水体、饮用水源水以及自来水中EDCs污染情况,阐明了EDCs对鱼类的生殖危害。资料分析显示,EDCs能够扰乱生物体内分泌功能,导致生殖器官、生殖机能和生殖行为异常,引起生育力下降,甚至生物繁殖机能损害,并最终导致种群数量下降,以至物种灭绝。虽然国内外已经开展了一些关于EDCs对生物危害等方面的研究,但大都处于起步阶段,存在着基础研究薄弱、识别和鉴定困难或代价太大等问题,有关工作亟需全面、深入开展。

青鳉鱼ERRα的克隆、序列分析、组织表达及其对不同EDCs暴露的响应

内分泌干扰物质（EDCs）可以通过多种通道影响鱼类的生长、发育和繁殖,而雌激素相关受体（ERR）是一类目前没有引起足够重视的潜在致毒信号通道.本研究克隆了青鳉鱼（Oryzias latipes）ERRαmRNA全序列,并通过实时定量RT-PCR方法对其在不同组织中的表达和不同EDCs暴露下的响应进行了分析.发现青鳉鱼ERRα与其它脊椎动物ERRα氨基酸序列有较高的同源性,特别是DNA结合结构域（DBD）在从鱼类到哺乳类动物的进化过程中高度保守,配体结合结构域（LBD）序列与哺乳动物的LBD有66.4%-67.0%的序列相同.青鳉鱼ERRα与青鳉鱼雌激素受体ERα、ERβ和雄激素受体ARα、ARβ的DBD氨基酸数相同,且有较高序列相似性,但LBD的长度和序列差异较大.青鳉鱼ERRα基因有5个外显子组成,位于第14号染色体.青鳉鱼ERRα基因在各组织中广泛表达,其中在性腺、脑、脾脏、眼和肠中表达较高,且在雌雄性腺中差异表达,表明其在雌雄性别分化和性腺发育中发挥调控作用.暴露200 ng/L炔雌醇（EE2）、200 ng/L雌酮（E1）、200 ng/L己烯雌酚（DES）、100μg/L阿特拉津（AT）和200 ng/L雌二醇（E2）后,青鳉鱼精巢中ERRαmRNA水平分别显著下降至对照组的0.54、0.56、0.61、0.63和0.65倍（p〈0.05）,但暴露1μg/L三丁基锡和1μg/L三苯基锡后上升至对照组的1.34和1.35倍（p〉0.05）,表明ERRα可能参与外源EDCs影响鱼类性别分化和性腺发育的过程.此外,在青鳉鱼ERRα基因上游没有发现类似哺乳动物ERRα基因上游的类固醇激素反应元件半位点,说明鱼类ERRα基因的调控模式与哺乳类存在差异.

核受体活性筛选在内分泌干扰物检测中的应用

内分泌干扰物是备受国内外关注的一类污染物,其种类繁多、分布范围广,在各类介质如水体、土壤、大气、生物体乃至人体中均有检出,对生态环境和人类健康具有潜在威胁。核受体途径是内分泌干扰物发挥作用的重要机制之一,一些内分泌干扰物可通过核受体介导途径调节靶基因的转录,从而产生内分泌干扰活性。常见的核受体响应的生物筛选方法采用离体细胞或无细胞测试,具有操作简便、速度快的特点。这些方法可用于化学纯品的内分泌干扰活性筛查,也可应用于实际复杂介质中内分泌干扰物的识别。该文综述了国内外内分泌干扰物筛选的标准方法及现状、基于核受体响应的内分泌干扰活性筛选方法以及核受体活性筛选在不同复杂介质内分泌干扰物检测中的应用,并对基于核受体活性筛选的内分泌干扰物检测的未来研究重点以及我国内分泌干扰物筛选方法的建立进行了展望,以期为我国新污染物筛查提供数据和技术参考。

滇池环湖污水处理厂中酚类EDCs的存在、去除及归趋

研究了滇池环湖8座污水处理厂（Wastewater Treatment Plants,WWTPs）中酚类内分泌干扰物（Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals,EDCs）的存在、去除及归趋,阐明了该类物质的浓度水平、分布特征及环境归趋,明确了处理工艺及运行参数对酚类EDCs去除效果的影响,评估了出水和污泥外排对环境的污染负荷。结果表明：污水处理厂进水、出水和污泥中普遍检出了酚类EDCs,NP2EO、NP1EO和BPA是主要的酚类EDCs;8座污水处理厂进水中∑EDCs的质量浓度为2039～5 066 ng/L,出水中为420～1 536 ng/L,污泥中质量比为1 210～9 465 ng/g dw（dry weight,干重）,总去除率为32%～89%;不同污水处理工艺对酚类EDCs的去除效率存在较大差异,3AMBR和A2/O工艺的去除效果较氧化沟和ICEAS工艺有明显的优势;不同的工艺参数对酚类EDCs去除的影响存在一定差异,深度处理、污泥龄和辛醇-水分配系数对酚类EDCs去除效果的影响较大;降解是污水处理厂中酚类EDCs的主要去除方式;三污、五污和六污污泥对酚类EDCs的吸附作用较强;昆明市每天进入污水处理厂的酚类EDCs总量约为3771 g,经处理后,出水外排27%。研究表明,滇池环湖污水处理厂出水及其剩余污泥具有一定的环境风险。

典型EDCs在A^2/O-MBR组合工艺中的迁移行为

以环境水体中21种典型内分泌干扰物(EDCs)为目标物,对其在某城市污水处理厂厌氧-缺氧-好氧与MBR的组合工艺(A^2/O-MBR)中的迁移和归趋进行了长期研究。结果表明,该工艺对21种EDCs有很强的去除能力。EDCs在A^2/O-MBR工艺中泥水两相的迁移行为用泥水分配系数(Kd)来表示,得到的较高的泥水分配系数表明污泥对EDCs有一定的吸附作用,水相中大部分EDCs是通过污泥吸附来去除。

基于金属有机骨架多孔碳材料的分散固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水中4种酚类内分泌干扰物

酚类内分泌干扰物是一种干扰内分泌系统的外源性物质,其进入生物体后会干扰细胞的正常功能,引起生殖发育毒性,因此亟需开发一种快速、灵敏的分析方法,用于环境水体中酚类内分泌干扰物的检测。本研究采用溶剂热法合成了一种由金属有机骨架衍生的多孔碳材料(UiO-66-C),并将其作为萃取吸附剂来富集水中的4种酚类内分泌干扰物(双酚A、4-叔辛基苯酚、4-壬基酚、壬基酚)。建立了一种分散固相萃取(DSPE)结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)测定水中酚类内分泌干扰物的分析方法。通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射及傅里叶变换红外光谱等测试方法对UiO-66-C进行表征,证明了该材料的成功制备。对DSPE条件进行优化,包括UiO-66-C用量、水样pH、吸附时间、洗脱液种类及体积、洗脱时间和离子强度。在最佳实验条件下,4种酚类内分泌干扰物在0.5~100μg/L范围内线性关系良好,方法检出限和定量限分别为0.01~0.13μg/L和0.03~0.42μg/L,日内和日间精密度分别为1.5%~10.6%和6.1%~13.2%。将该方法应用于自来水和地表水的检测,4种酚类内分泌干扰物的加标回收率为77.1%~116.6%;在自来水样品中未检测到4种酚类内分泌干扰物,而在地表水中检测到微量的4-壬基酚和壬基酚,检出水平分别为1.38μg/L和0.26μg/L。该方法具有良好的准确度和精密度,为环境水体中酚类内分泌干扰物的检测提供了一种快速、高效、灵敏的新途径。

雄激素与糖皮质激素在沉积物中的协同与竞争吸附研究

雄激素与糖皮质激素在环境中广泛存在,对人体和生态健康造成风险,然而人们对它们在沉积物中的吸附行为仍知之甚少。该文研究2种雄激素和2种糖皮质激素在沉积物中单独和两两共存时的吸附规律。结果表明:4种激素的吸附更符合准二级动力学,初始浓度升高可使平衡吸附量增加、除DEX外吸附速率常数变小。吸附等温线更符合Langmuir模型,雄激素的吸附容量比糖皮质激素小,最小为雄烯二酮70.04 mg/kg,最大为可的松322.3 mg/kg。在双吸附质体系中,雄烯二酮分别与甲睾酮、地塞米松共存时表现为协同效应,地塞米松分别与可的松、甲睾酮共存时表现为竞争吸附。该研究有助于完善对类固醇激素环境行为的认知,为准确评估其生态风险提供理论依据。

内分泌干扰物对男性生殖功能损伤的研究进展

内分泌干扰物(EDCs)是一类外源性干扰人体内分泌激素作用的化合物,广泛存在于在环境中,且不易降解,人们无法避免地持续暴露于其中。许多研究表明在子宫内暴露于抗雄激素EDCs,特别是在胎儿睾丸发育的敏感时期,将会扰乱睾丸的发育并影响其功能,而成年男性暴露于各种环境EDCs也会造成生殖功能障碍,这与近年来男性生殖能力的下降有一定的关联。本文将针对几种常见EDCs对男性生殖系统的损伤及其相关机制进行总结概述。

析因设计DLLME-SFO同时萃取水中EDCs的应用

采用全析因设计对分散液液微萃取-上浮溶剂固化（DLLME-SFO）同时萃取水中五种环境内分泌干扰物包括雌酮（E1）、雌三醇（E3）、双酚A（BPA）、己烯雌酚（DES）和壬基酚（NP）的条件进行优化,建立了预测回归方程,并分析了因素对DLLME-SFO萃取回收率的影响。利用SAS软件分析得到的最优条件为盐浓度（m/v）15%、水样体积3 mL、分散剂（甲醇）体积0.5 mL以及萃取剂（十二醇）体积120μL。在优化萃取条件下,E1、E3、BPA、DES和NP萃取回收率的预测值分别为46.17%、74.38%、79.20%、69.62%和73.05%,实验验证值分别为44.15%、87.76%、77.83%、77.68%和70.01%,实验值与预测值的相对偏差小于10%。将建立的DLLME-SFO方法用于测定实际水样中的目标化合物,结果显示实际水样中E3、BPA、DES、E1和NP同时萃取回收率分别为64.81%~76.18%,88.09%~83.15%,68.38%~70.08%,66.37%~68.72%,68.35%~72.80%,相对标准偏差（n=3）在1.47%~8.09%之间。

大理白族自治州甸南镇部分小学生环境内分泌干扰物KAP调查分析

目的:探讨大理白族自治州甸南镇四至六年级小学生性成熟状况及环境内分泌干扰物(EDCs)相关知识、态度和行为。方法:采用分层随机抽样法,在大理白族自治州甸南镇选取2所小学四至六年级学生进行问卷调查。结果:不同年级、年龄学生及女生是否出现第二性征、月经初潮在EDCs相关知识态度得分上的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),四年级、六年级学生的EDCs相关知识态度均较五年级学生好;10岁学生的EDCs相关知识态度较11岁学生好;没有出现第二性征、月经初潮的女生EDCs相关知识态度比出现第二性征、月经初潮的女生好。女生出现月经初潮年龄在饮食行为习惯得分上的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),12岁、13岁出现月经初潮的女生的饮食行为习惯均比11岁出现月经初潮的女生好。结论:11岁出现月经初潮的女生饮食行为习惯较差,五年级学生、11岁学生、出现第二性征和月经初潮的女生EDCs相关知识态度较差,接触EDCs较多。应制定有效的防治方案,培养学生良好的日常生活习惯,加强EDCs相关知识的教育。

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定环境水体中23种内分泌干扰物的含量

提出了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UHPLC-MS/MS)测定环境水体中23种内分泌干扰物(EDCs)含量的方法。用6 mol·L^(-1)盐酸溶液调节水样p H约为2.0,取100 mL水样置于250 mL分液漏斗中,加入3 g氯化钠,振荡,加入30 mL体积比1∶1的乙酸乙酯-二氯甲烷混合溶液,振荡5 min,静置,下层有机相经无水硫酸钠除水,旋转蒸发近干后,加入乙腈0.2 mL,再加入2.0 mg·L^(-1)混合内标使用液10μL,用水定容至1 mL,过0.22μm再生纤维素滤膜后采用UHPLC-MS/MS测定滤液中23种EDCs的含量。以BEN C_(18)色谱柱为固定相,以不同体积比的0.05%(体积分数)氨水溶液-乙腈混合液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,质谱分析采用电喷雾离子(ESI)源,在负离子(ESI^(-))扫描模式下采用多反应监测(MRM)模式检测。结果表明,23种EDCs的质量浓度在一定范围内与对应的峰面积与内标峰面积比呈线性关系,检出限(3.143s)为0.60~1.75 ng·L^(-1);按照标准加入法进行回收试验,回收率为72.6%~107%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于14%;方法用于测定实际环境水体中23种EDCs的含量,结果显示在地表水中双酚AF的质量浓度最高,为27.9 ng·L^(-1),在污水及废水中普遍检出4-正壬基酚和4-特辛基酚,检出量分别为838~2 353 ng·L^(-1)和87.8~16 733 ng·L^(-1)。