The Impact of Soil Freezing/Thawing Processes on Water and Energy Balances

A frozen soil parameterization coupling of thermal and hydrological processes is used to investigate how frozen soil processes affect water and energy balances in seasonal frozen soil. Simulation results of soil liquid water content and temperature using soil model with and without the inclusion of freezing and thawing processes are evaluated against observations at the Rosemount field station. By comparing the simulated water and heat fluxes of the two cases, the role of phase change processes in the water and energy balances is analyzed. Soil freezing induces upward water flow towards the freezing front and increases soil water content in the upper soil layer. In particular, soil ice obviously prevents and delays the infiltration during rain at Rosemount. In addition, soil freezingthawing processes alter the partitioning of surface energy fluxes and lead the soil to release more sensible heat into the atmosphere during freezing periods.

Impacts of Systematic Precipitation Bias on Simulations of Water and Energy Balances in Northwest America

At high latitudes and in mountainous areas, evaluation and validation of water and energy flux simu-lations are greatly affected by systematic precipitation errors. These errors mainly come from topographic effects and undercatch of precipitation gauges. In this study, the Land Dynamics （LAD） land surface model is used to investigate impacts of systematic precipitation bias from topography and wind-blowing on water and energy flux simulation in Northwest America. The results show that topographic and wind adjustment reduced bias of streamflow simulations when compared with observed streamflow at 14 basins. These systematic biases resulted in a -50%-100% bias for runoff simulations, a -20%-20% bias for evapotranspiration, and a -40%-40% bias for sensible heat flux, subject to different locations and adjustments, when compared with the control run. Uncertain gauge adjustment leads to a 25% uncertainty for precipitation, a 20% 100% uncertainty for runoff simulation, a less-than-10% uncertainty for evapotranspiration, and a less-than-20% uncertainty for sensible heat flux.

Unveiling evapotranspiration patterns and energy balance in a subalpine forest of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:observations and analysis from an eddy covariance system

Evapotranspiration is an important parameter used to characterize the water cycle of ecosystems.To under-stand the properties of the evapotranspiration and energy balance of a subalpine forest in the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,an open-path eddy covariance system was set up to monitor the forest from November 2020 to October 2021 in a core area of the Three Parallel Rivers in the Qing-hai-Tibet Plateau.The results show that the evapotranspira-tion peaked daily,the maximum occurring between 11:00 and 15:00.Environmental factors had significant effects on evapotranspiration,among them,net radiation the greatest(R^(2)=0.487),and relative humidity the least(R^(2)=0.001).The energy flux varied considerably in different seasons and sensible heat flux accounted for the main part of turbulent energy.The energy balance ratio in the dormant season was less than that in the growing season,and there is an energy imbalance at the site on an annual time scale.

Theoretical study of particle and energy balance equations in locally bounded plasmas

In this study,new particle and energy balance equations have been developed to predict the electron temperature and density in locally bounded plasmas.Classical particle and energy balance equations assume that all plasma within a reactor is completely confined only by the reactor walls.However,in industrial plasma reactors for semiconductor manufacturing,the plasma is partially confined by internal reactor structures.We predict the effect of the open boundary area(A′_(L,eff))and ion escape velocity(u_(i))on electron temperature and density by developing new particle and energy balance equations.Theoretically,we found a low ion escape velocity(u_(i)/u_(B)≈0.2)and high open boundary area(A′_(L,eff)/A_(T,eff)≈0.6)to result in an approximately 38%increase in electron density and an 8%decrease in electron temperature compared to values in a fully bounded reactor.Additionally,we suggest that the velocity of ions passing through the open boundary should exceedω_(pi)λ_(De)under the condition E^(2)_(0)?(Φ/λ_(De))^(2).

Natural Environment and Landscape Energy of Western Georgia

The particularly great practical importance of modern physical geography and, in particular, landscape science, is first of all manifested in the detection and study of the resource potential of landscapes, as well as in the optimization of the environment. The resource potential, on the other hand, greatly depends on the balance of substance and energy exchange in the natural resources, i.e. the energy of the landscape. In this case, one of the important things is to study the functioning of natural-territorial complexes (NTC). Through it, it is possible and relatively easy to explain, model and, most importantly, predict many complex processes taking place in NTC, including the role of landscape energy balance in increasing the productivity and yield of agro-landscapes, which was the first attempt to research this problem in Georgia.

Attribution of Biases of Interhemispheric Temperature Contrast in CMIP6 Models

One of the basic characteristics of Earth's modern climate is that the Northern Hemisphere(NH) is climatologically warmer than the Southern Hemisphere(SH). Here, model performances of this basic state are examined using simulation results from 26 CMIP6 models. Results show that the CMIP6 models underestimate the contrast in interhemispheric surface temperatures on average(0.8 K for CMIP6 mean versus 1.4 K for reanalysis data mean), and that there is a large intermodel spread, ranging from -0.7 K to 2.3 K. A box model energy budget analysis shows that the contrast in interhemispheric shortwave absorption at the top of the atmosphere, the contrast in interhemispheric greenhouse trapping, and the crossequatorial northward ocean heat transport, are all underestimated in the multimodel mean. By examining the intermodel spread, we find intermodel biases can be tracked back to biases in midlatitude shortwave cloud forcing in AGCMs. Models with a weaker interhemispheric temperature contrast underestimate the shortwave cloud reflection in the SH but overestimate the shortwave cloud reflection in the NH, which are respectively due to underestimation of the cloud fraction over the SH extratropical ocean and overestimation of the cloud liquid water content over the NH extratropical continents.Models that underestimate the interhemispheric temperature contrast exhibit larger double ITCZ biases, characterized by excessive precipitation in the SH tropics. Although this intermodel spread does not account for the multimodel ensemble mean biases, it highlights that improving cloud simulation in AGCMs is essential for simulating the climate realistically in coupled models.

Water, CO_2 and Energy Exchange at Vegetation-air Interface

[Objective] The aim was to analyze water and heat fluxes, CO2 fluxes and energy balance in wheat ecosystem in Luancheng County of Hebei Province. [Method] Based on data of water and heat flux, and CO2 fluxes, routine meteorological and biomass data in Luancheng in 2008, water and heat fluxes, CO2 fluxes and energy balance in wheat ecosystem were explored. [Result] The results showed that latent and sensible heat and CO2 fluxes were of obvious daily and seasonal changes; latent and sensible heat fluxes shaped an inverted U in daily change, and CO2 fluxes were of a U-shape; daily flux peak differed significantly. Furthermore, the change of latent heat, sensible heat and CO2 fluxes were closely related to environ- mental factors. Detailedly, the three were sensitive to light intensity and net radiation, and correlation coefficients were 0.92, 0.66, 0.65 and 0.90, 0.69, 0.74, respectively. Besides, the fluxes, sensitive to temperature, proved better in sunny day, especially for latent flux which is more sensitive to water in soils after precipitation. In addition, closure degree of energy balance in wheat fields was 0.91 and non-closure, caused by measurement error and neglection of heat storage, was observed, too. What＇s more. closure degree differed in months and time periods within a day. [Conclusion] The research concluded water and heat fluxes, CO2 fluxes, transport mechanisms and concerning factors, providing scientific reference for revealing mechanism of evapo- ration and heat dissipation of canopy, relationship between photosynthesis and water use efficiencyand energy distribution mechanism.

Application of Energy Balance Snowmelt Model on Sunny Slope in Western Tianshan Mountains

[Objective] The study aimed to apply energy balance snowmelt model for estimating the snowmelt runoff generated by seasonal snow in Tianshan Mountains. [Method] Three snow water collecting sites were set on a sunny slope in western Tianshan Mountains to measure the snowmelt rates at hourly interval. The positive sensible heat and negative latent heat fluxes were calculated by the energy balance snowmelt model; the snowmelt rate was also estimated by the model. Finally, the ac- curacy for the model was investigated in detail. [Result] The results indicated that sensible heat fluxes and latent heat fluxes accounted for 13.4% of total energy input and 15.1% of energy output, respectively. A good agreement between observed and estimated SWE was proved by low volume difference and the high Nash-Sutcliff coef- ficients（R2） which were 0.86, 0.92 and 0.91, respectively. [Conclusion] The energy balance snowmelt model has been proved to be a powerful tool for snowmelt estimation.

Study on the Micrometeorological Characteristics and Energy Balance of Winter Wheat Canopy

[Objective] The micrometeorology features and energy balance of winter wheat canopy were studied.[Method] By means of micrometeorological data of winter wheat canopy at booting stage,heading and flowering stage,filling stage and mature stage and the data from local meteorological station,the temporal and spatial variation law of micrometeorology features of winter wheat canopy were researched,and the daily and seasonal variation of energy balance were further analyzed.[Result] The daily variation of winter wheat canopy temperature and air temperature showed sinusoidal trend,and air temperature changed with height,while temperature was highest at heading and flowering stage.The daily variation of humidity also showed sinusoidal trend,and humidity was highest and saturation deficit was lowest in the middle of canopy,while the maximum humidity appeared at heading and flowering stage.In addition,the daily variation of wind speed in the upper canopy showed single peak trend.There was obvious daily variation and seasonal variation of energy balance in winter wheat field,and the daily variation of net radiation also showed single peak trend,while sensible heat flux was highest at filling stage and lowest at heading and flowering stage,and latent heat flux was highest at heading and flowering stage and lowest at booting stage.[Conclusion] Our study could provide scientific evidence for the study of disaster prevention and mitigation and the improvement of yield and quality of winter wheat.

Energy Balance-Based SWAT Model to Simulate the Mountain Snowmelt and Runoff——Taking the Application in Juntanghu Watershed(China) as an Example

In order to predict long-term flooding under extreme weather conditions in central Asia, an energy balance-based distributed snowmelt runoff model was developed and coupled with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) model. The model was tested at the Juntanghu watershed on the northern slope of the Tian Shan Mountains, Xinjiang,China. We compared the performances of temperature-index method and energy balanced method in SWAT model by taking Juntanghu river basin as an application example(as the simulation experiment was conducted in Juntanghu River, we call the energy balanced method as SWAT-JTH). The results suggest that the SWAT snowmelt model had overall Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE) coefficients ranging from 0.61 to 0.85 while the physical based approach had NSE coefficients ranging from 0.58 to0.69. Overall, on monthly scale, the SWAT model provides better results than that from the SWAT-JTH model. However, results generated from both methods seem to be fairly close at a daily scale. Thestructure of the temperature-index method is simple and produces reasonable simulation results if the parameters are well within empirical ranges. Although the data requirement for the energy balance method in current observation is difficult to meet and the existence of uncertainty is associated with the experimental approaches of physical processes, the SWAT-JTH model still produced a reasonably high NSE. We conclude that using temperature-index methods to simulate the snowmelt process is sufficient, but the energy balance-based model is still a good choice to simulate extreme weather conditions especially when the required data input for the model is acquired.

Contrasting Characteristics of the Surface Energy Balance between the Urban and Rural Areas of Beijing

A direct comparison of urban and rural surface energy balances, as well as a variety of other variables including incoming shortwave/longwave radiation and aerosol optical depth, is conducted for the Beijing metropolitan area. The results indicate that, overall, the urban area receives a smaller amount of incoming shortwave radiation but a larger amount of incoming longwave radiation. However, comparisons in the aerosol optical depth and cloud fraction at the two locations suggest that neither aerosol optical depth nor cloud fraction alone can explain the difference in the incoming shortwave radiation. The urban–rural differences in the incoming longwave radiation are unlikely to be caused by the presence of more abundant greenhouse gases over the urban area, as suggested by some previous studies, given that water vapor is the most dominant greenhouse gas and precipitable water is found to be less in urban areas. The higher incoming longwave radiation observed over the urban area is mostly likely due to the higher temperatures of the ambient air. The urban area is also found to always produce higher sensible heat fluxes and lower latent heat fluxes in the growing season. Furthermore, the urban area is associated with a larger amount of available energy（the sum of sensible and latent heat fluxes） than the rural area, except in May and October when evapotranspiration in the rural area significantly exceeds that in the urban area. This study provides observational evidence of urban–rural contrasts in relevant energy-balance components that plausibly arise from urban–rural differences in atmospheric and land-surface conditions.

Two energy balance closure approaches： applications and comparisons over an oasis-desert ecotone

Studies of energy balance that rely on eddy covariance（EC） are always challenged by energy balance closure, which is mainly caused by the underestimations of latent heat flux（LE） and sensible heat flux（Hs）. The Bowen ratio（BR） and energy balance residual（ER） approaches are two widely-used methods to correct the LE. A comprehensive comparison of those two approaches in different land-use types is essential to accurately correcting the LE and thus improving the EC experiments. In this study, two energy balance approaches（i.e., BR and ER） were compared to correct the LE measured at six EC sites（i.e., three vegetated, one mixed and two non-vegetated sites） in an oasis-desert ecotone of the Heihe River Basin, China. The influences of meteorological factors on those two approaches were also quantitatively assessed. Our results demonstrated that the average energy closure ratio（（LE＋Hs）/（Rn–Gs）; where Rn is the surface net radiation and Gs is the surface soil heat flux） was approximately close to 1.0 at wetland, maize and village sites, but far from 1.0 at orchard, Gobi and desert sites, indicating a significant energy imbalance at those three latter sites. After the corrections of BR and ER approaches that took into account of soil heat storage, the corrected LE was considerably larger than the EC-measured LE at five of six EC sites with an exception at Gobi site. The BR and ER approaches yielded approximately similar corrected LE at vegetated and mixed sites, but they generated dissimilar results at non-vegetated sites, especially at non-vegetated sites with low relative humidity, strong wind, and large surface-air temperature difference. Our findings provide insight into the applicability of BR and ER approaches to correcting EC-based LE measurements in different land-use types. We recommend that the BR-corrected and ER-corrected LE could be seriously reconsidered as validation references in dry and windy areas.

An Assessment of Storage Terms in the Surface Energy Balance of a Subalpine Meadow in Northwest China

The heat storage terms in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere system may play an important role in the surface energy budget.In this paper,we evaluate the heat storage terms of a subalpine meadow based on a ficld experiment conducted in the complex terrain of the eastern Qilian Mountains of Northwest China and their impact on the closure of the surface energy balance under such non-ideal conditions.During the night, the average sum of the storage terms was -5.5 W m,which corresponded to 10.4%of net radiation.The sum of the terms became positive at 0730 LST and negative again at about 1500 LST,with a maximum value of 19 W mobserved at approximately 0830 LST.During the day,the average of the sum of the storage terms was 6.5 W m,which corresponded to 4.0%of net radiation.According to the slopes obtained when linear regression of the net radiation and partitioned fluxes was forced through the origin,there is an imbalance of 14.0%in the subalpine meadow when the storage terms are not considered in the surface energy balance.This imbalance was improved by 3.4%by calculating the sum of the storage terms.The soil heat storage flux gave the highest contribution(1.59%),while the vegetation enthalpy change and the rest of the storage terms were responsible for improvements of 1.04%and 0.77%,respectively.

Isoflurane preserves energy balance in isolated hepatocytes during in vitro anoxia/reoxygenation

AIM: To investigate the protective effect of isoflurane on energy balance in isolated hepatocytes during in vitro anoxia/reoxygenation, and to compare isoflurane with halothane. METHODS: Hepatocytes freshly isolated from fed rats were suspended in Krebs-Henseleit buffer, and incubated in sealed flasks under O2/CO2 or N2/CO2 (95%/5%, V/V) for 30 or 60 min, followed by 5 or 10 min of reoxygenation, with an added volatile anesthetic or not. ATP, ADP, and adenosine monophosphate in hepatocytes were determined by high performance liquid chromatography, and energy charge was calculated. RESULTS: During 30 min of anoxia, the energy charge and total adenine nudeotide steadily increased with the isoflurane dose from 0 to 2 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC), then decreased from 2 to 3 MAC. In short incubations (30-35 min) at 1 MAC isoflurane, energy charge modestly decreased during anoxia, which was partially prevented by isoflurane and completely reversed by reoxygenation, and total adenine nudeotide did not decrease. In long incubations (60-70 min), both energy charge and total adenine nudeotide greatly decreased during anoxia, with partial and no reversal by reoxygenation, respectively. Isoflurane partly prevented decreases in both energy charge and total adenine nudeotide during anoxia and reoxygenation. In addition, 1 MAC isoflurane obviously increased ATP/ADP, which could not be changed by 1 MAC halothane. CONCLUSION: Isoflurane partially protects isolated hepatocytes against decreases in both energy charge and total adenine nudeotide during short (reversible) or long (irreversible) anoxia.

Reduced protein diet with near ideal amino acid profile improves energy efficiency and mitigate heat production associated with lactation in sows

Background:The study objective was to test the hypothesis that 1)lowering dietary crude protein(CP)increases dietary energetic efficiency and reduces metabolic heat associated with lactation,and 2)excessive dietary leucine(Leu)supplementation in a low CP diet decreases dietary energetic efficiency and increases metabolic heat associated with lactation.Methods:Fifty-four lactating multiparous Yorkshire sows were allotted to 1 of 3 isocaloric diets(10.80 MJ/kg net energy):1)control(CON;18.75%CP),2)reduced CP with a near ideal or optimal AA profile(OPT;13.75%CP)and 3)diet OPT with excessive Leu(OPTLEU;14.25%CP).Sow body weight and backfat were recorded on day 1 and 21 of lactation and piglets were weighed on day 1,4,8,14,18,and 21 of lactation.Energy balance was measured on sows during early(day 4 to 8)and peak(day 14 to18)lactation,and milk was sampled on day 8 and 18.Results:Over 21-day lactation,sows fed OPT lost body weight and body lipid(P<0.05).In peak lactation,sows fed OPT had higher milk energy output(P<0.05)than CON.Sows fed OPTLEU tended(P=0.07)to have less milk energy output than OPT and did not differ from CON.Maternal energy retention was lower(P<0.05)in OPT and OPTLEU compared to CON sows,and did not differ between OPTLEU and OPT sows.Sows fed OPT had higher(P<0.05)apparent energy efficiency for milk production compared to CON.Heat production associated with lactation was lower(P<0.05)or tended to be lower(P=0.082),respectively,in OPT and OPTLEU compared to CON sows.Conclusion:The OPT diet,in peak lactation,improved dietary energy utilization for lactation due to less urinary energy and metabolic heat loss,and triggered dietary energy deposition into milk at the expense of maternal lipid mobilization.Leucine supplementation above requirement may reduce dietary energy utilization for lactation by decreasing the energy partitioning towards milk,partially explaining the effectiveness of OPT diet over CON diets.

Evapotranspiration Estimation Based on MODIS Products and Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land(SEBAL) Model in Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

In this study,the Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land(SEBAL) model and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) products from Terra satellite were combined with meteorological data to estimate evapotranspiration(ET) over the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China.Land cover/land use was classified by using a recursive partitioning and regression tree with MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) time series data,which were reconstructed based on the Savitzky-Golay filtering approach.The MODIS product Quality Assessment Science Data Sets(QA-SDS) was analyzed and all scenes with valid data covering more than 75% of the Sanjiang Plain were selected for the SEBAL modeling.This provided 12 overpasses during 184-day growing season from May 1st to October 31st,2006.Daily ET estimated by the SEBAL model was misestimaed at the range of-11.29% to 27.57% compared with that measured by Eddy Covariance system(10.52% on average).The validation results show that seasonal ET from the SEBAL model is comparable to that from ground observation within 8.86% of deviation.Our results reveal that the time series daily ET of different land cover/use increases from vegetation on-going until June or July and then decreases as vegetation senesced.Seasonal ET is lower in dry farmland(average(Ave):491 mm) and paddy field(Ave:522 mm) and increases in wetlands to more than 586 mm.As expected,higher seasonal ET values are observed for the Xingkai Lake in the southeastern part of the Sanjiang Plain(Ave:823 mm),broadleaf forest(Ave:666 mm) and mixed wood(Ave:622 mm) in the southern/western Sanjiang Plain.The ET estimation with SEBAL using MODIS products can provide decision support for operational water management issues.

Effect of reduced energy density of close-up diets on dry matter intake,lactation performance and energy balance in multiparous Holstein cows

Energy intake prepartum is critically important to health, milk performance, and profitability of dairy cows. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of reduced energy density of dose-up diets on dry matter intake （DMI）, lactation performance and energy balance （EB） in multiparous Holstein cows which were housed in a free-stall barn and fed for ad libitum intake. Thirty-nine dry cows were blocked and assigned randomly to three groups fed a high energy density diet [HD, n = 13; 6.8 MJ of net energy for lactation （NEL）/kg; 14.0% crude protein （CP） ], or a middle energy density diet （MD, n = 13; 6.2 MJ NEh/kg; 14.0% CP）, or a low energy density diet （LD, n = 13; 5.4 MJ NEh/kg; 14.0% CP） from d 21 before expected day of calving. After parturition, all cows were fed the same lactation diet to d 70 in milk （DIM）. The DMI and NEE intake prepartum were decreased by the reduced energy density diets （P 〈 0.05）. The LD group consumed 1.3 last 24 h before calving. The milk yield and the postpartum kg/d （DM） more diet compared with HD group in the DMI were increased by the reduced energy density diet prepartum （P 〈 0.05）. The changes in BCS and BW prepartum and postpartum were not affected by prepartum diets HD group had higher milk fat content and lower lactose content compared with LD group during the first 3 wk of lactation （P 〈 0.05）. The energy consumption for HD, MD and LD groups were 149.8%, 126.2% and 101.1 % of their calculated energy requirements prepartum （P 〈 0.05）, and 72.7%, 73.1% and 7.5.2% during the first 4 wk postpartum, respectively. In conclusion, the low energy density prepartum diet was effective in controlling NF_L intake prepartum, and was beneficial in increasing DMI and milk yield, and alleviating negative EB postpartum.

Surface energy balance of Bayi Ice Cap in the middle of Qilian Mountains,China

Energy balance at the glacier surface is important for understanding the impacts of climate change on glaciers. Here, we analyzed the characteristics of the glacier surface energy fluxes along with their contributions to glacier melt on Bayi Ice Cap in Qilian Mountains by using a point-scale energy balance model. The half-hourly meteorological data from an automatic weather station(AWS) located on the glacier was used to drive the energy balance model. The model simulated results could accurately represent the mass-balance observations from the stake near the weather station during summer 2016. Our results showed the net radiation(86%) played an important role in the surface energy balance, and the contribution of the turbulent heat fluxes(14%) to the energy budget was relatively less important. A distinct behavior of energy balance, as compared to other continental glaciers in China(e.g., two adjacent glaciers Laohugou No. 12 Glacier and Qiyi Glacier), is the fact that a sustained period of positive turbulent latent flux exists on Bayi Ice Cap during August, causing faster melt rate in the month of August. Our study also presented the effect of frequent summer snowfall in slowing down surface melt by changing the surface albedo during the beginning of the melting season.

Modelling Wave Transmission and Overtopping Based on Energy Balance Equation

Wave transmission and overtopping around nearshore breakwaters can have significant influence on the transmitted wave parameters,which affects wave conditions and sediment transportation and becomes the focus of design in engineering.The objective of this paper is to present a simplified model to estimate these important wave parameters.This paper describes the incorporation of wave transmission and overtopping module into a wave model for multi-directional random wave transformation based on energy balance equation with the consideration of wave shoaling,refraction,diffraction,reflection and breaking.Wen's frequency spectrum and non-linear dispersion relation are also included in this model.The influence of wave parameters of transmitted waves through a smooth submerged breakwater has been considered in this model with an improved description of the transmitted wave spectrum of van der Meer et al.(2000) by Carevic et al.(2013).This improved wave model has been validated through available laboratory experiments.Then the verified model is applied to investigate the effect of wave transmission and overtopping on wave heights behind low-crested breakwaters in a project for nearshore area.Numerical calculations are carried out with and without consideration of the wave transmission and overtopping,and comparison of them indicates that there is a considerable difference in wave height and thus it is important to include wave transmission and overtopping in modelling nearshore wave field with the presence of low-crested breakwaters.Therefore,this model can provide a general estimate of the desired wave field parameters,which is adequate for engineers at the preliminary design stage of low-crested breakwaters.

Characteristics of land-atmosphere energy and turbulentfluxes over the plateau steppe in central Tibetan Plateau

The land-atmosphere energy and turbulence exchange is key to understanding land surface processes on the Tibetan Plateau(TP). Using observed data for Aug. 4 to Dec. 3, 2012 from the Bujiao observation point(BJ) of the Nagqu Plateau Climate and Environment Station(NPCE-BJ), different characteristics of the energy flux during the Asian summer monsoon(ASM) season and post-monsoon period were analyzed. This study outlines the impact of the ASM on energy fluxes in the central TP. It also demonstrates that the surface energy closure rate during the ASM season is higher than that of the post-monsoon period. Footprint modeling shows the distribution of data quality assessments(QA) and quality controls(QC) surrounding the observation point. The measured turbulent flux data at the NPCE-BJ site were highly representative of the target land-use type. The target surface contributed more to the fluxes under unstable conditions than under stable conditions. The main wind directions(180° and 210°) with the highest data density showed flux contributions reaching 100%, even under stable conditions. The lowest flux contributions were found in sectors with low data density, e.g., 90.4% in the 360° sector under stable conditions during the ASM season. Lastly, a surface energy water balance(SEWAB) model was used to gap-fill any absent or corrected turbulence data. The potential simulation error was also explored in this study. The Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficients(NSEs) of the observed fluxes with the SEWAB model runs were 0.78 for sensible heat flux and 0.63 for latent heat flux during the ASM season, but unrealistic values of-0.9 for latent heat flux during the post-monsoon period.