Design and Analysis of a 24 Vdc to 48 Vdc Bidirectional DC-DC Converter Specifically for a Distributed Energy Application

The design of a bidirectional dc-dc power converter specifically for a distributed energy application is presented. The existing two different DC voltage battery bank of the distributed generation needs to interlink each other using a bi-directional dc-dc converter in order to minimize the unbalance of the output load currents of the three inverters connected to electric grid system. Through this connection, a current can flow from one system to another or vice versa depending on which systems need the current most. Thus, unbalanced currents of the grid line have been minimized and the reliability and performance of the DER grid connected system has been increased. A detailed mathematical analysis of the converter under steady state and transient condition are presented. Mathematical models for boost and buck modes are being derived and the simulink model is constructed in order to simulate the system. Moreover, the model has been validated on the actual operation of the converter, showing that the simulated results in Matlab Simulink are consistent with the experimental ones.

Experimental Evaluation of Medium-Voltage Cascode Gallium Nitride(GaN)Devices for Bidirectional DC-DC Converters

Wide bandgap(WBG)semiconductors,such as silicon carbide(SiC)and gallium nitride(GaN),exhibit superior physical properties and demonstrate great potential for replacing conventional silicon(Si)semiconductors with WBG technology,pushing the boundaries of power devices to handle higher blocking voltages,switching frequencies,output power levels,and operating temperatures.However,tradeoffs in switching performance and converter efficiency when substituting GaN devices for Si and SiC counterparts are not well-defined,especially in a cascode configuration.Additional research with further detailed investigation and analysis is necessitated for medium-voltage GaN devices in power converter applications.Therefore,the aim of this research is to experimentally investigate the impact of emerging 650/900 V cascode GaN devices on bidirectional dc-dc converters that are suitable for energy storage and distributed renewable energy systems.Dynamic characteristics of Si,SiC,and cascode GaN power devices are examined through the double-pulse test(DPT)circuit at different gate resistance values,device currents,and DC bus voltages.Furthermore,the switching behavior and energy loss as well as the rate of voltage and current changes over the time are studied and analyzed at various operating conditions.A 500 W experimental converter prototype is implemented to validate the benefits of cascode GaN devices on the converter operation and performance.Comprehensive analysis of the power losses and efficiency improvements for Si-based,SiC-based,and GaN-based converters are performed and evaluated as the switching frequency,working temperature,and output power level are in-creased.The experimental results reveal significant improvements in switching performance and energy efficiency from the emerging cascode GaN devices in the bidirectional converters.

Fully Decoupled Branch Energy Balancing Control Method for Modular Multilevel Matrix Converter Based on Sequence Circulating Components

The modular multilevel matrix converter(M3C)is a potential frequency converter for low-frequency AC transmission.However,capacitor voltage control of high-voltage and largecapacity M3C is more difficult,especially for voltage balancing between branches.To solve this problem,this paper defines sequence circulating components and theoretically analyzes the influence mechanism of different sequence circulating components on branch capacitor voltage.A fully decoupled branch energy balancing control method based on four groups of sequence circulating components is proposed.This method can control capacitor voltages of nine branches in horizontal,vertical and diagonal directions.Considering influences of both circulating current and voltage,a cross decoupled control is designed to improve control precision.Simulation results are taken from a low-frequency transmission system based on PSCAD/EMTDC,and effectiveness and precision of the proposed branch energy balancing control method are verified in the case of nonuniform parameters and an unbalanced power system.

A Review of Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converters for Data Centers

In today’s fast-paced,information-driven world,data centers can offer high-speed,intricate capabilities on a larger scale owing to the ever-growing demand for networks and information systems.Because data centers process and transmit information,stability and reliability are important.Data center power supply architectures rely heavily on isolated bidirectional DC-DC converters to ensure safety and stability.For the smooth operation of a data center,the power supply must be reliable and uninterrupted.In this study,we summarize the basic principle,topology,switch conversion strategy,and control technology of the existing isolated bidirectional DC-DC converters.Subsequently,existing research results and problems with isolated bidirectional DC-DC converters are reviewed.Finally,future trends in the development of isolated bidirectional DC-DC converters for data centers are presented,which offer valuable insights for solving engineering obstacles and future research directions in the field.

Optimal Control Strategy for Buck Converter Under Successive Load Current Change

A new control algorithm is presented for digitally controlled dc-dc converters to achieve a fast response under a successive load-change.Under the steady-state condition,the tight voltage regulation is processed by the conventional digital PID compensator.If the load disturbance is significant,the controller switches to an optimal control scheme.With the integration of the capacitor current,the proposed algorithm predicts the optimal switch over time based on the charge balance control,and the minimal voltage derivation and recovery time are thus achieved when the load current has a successive load-change.The method for calculating the optimal switch over time is described,and the implementation of the proposed algorithm with a digital controller is treated in detail.Furthermore,the simulation and experiment results are provided to validate the effectiveness of the approaches.

Non-isolated stacked bidirectional soft-switching DC-DC converter with PWM plus phase-shift control scheme

In this paper, a non-isolated stacked bidirectional DC-DC converter with zero-voltage-switching(ZVS) is introduced for the high step-up/step-down conversion systems. The extremely narrow turn-on and/or turn-off duty cycle existing in the conventional bidirectional buck-boost converters can be extended due to the stacked module configuration for large voltage conversion ratio applications. Furthermore, the switch voltage stress is halved because of the series connection of half bridge modules. The PWM plus phase-shift control strategy is employed, where the duty cycle is adopted to regulate the voltages between the input and output sides and the phaseshift angle is applied to achieve the power flow regulation.This decoupled control scheme can not only realize seamless bidirectional transition operation, but also achieve adaptive voltage balance for the power switches. In addition, ZVS soft-switching operation for all active switches is realized to minimize the switching losses. Finally, a prototype of 1 kW operating at 100 kHz is built and tested to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed converter and the control strategy.

Stability Analysis of DC-DC Converters with Energy Balance Control

With variation of parameters,DC-DC converters may change from a stable state to an unstable state,which severely degrades the performances of the converter system.In this article,by establishing the state-space average model,the stability and bifurcation of a boost and a buck-boost converter with energy balance control(EBC)is studied,respectively.Then the stability boundary and stable parameter domains are accurately predicted.The obtained stability region provides a parameter regulating range for converter design.Furthermore,compared with the one-cycle control(OCC)method,the EBC possesses an extended stable parameter domain,while avoiding unstable behaviors such as Hopf bifurcation,Quasi-periodic Oscillation even chaos,etc.The theoretic analysis is well validated through simulation and experiment.

The Hybrid Bidirectional DC/DC Converter:Mutual Control and Stability Analysis

A hybrid bidirectional DC/DC converter(BDC)is proposed as the fundamental DC/DC module in solid-state transformers,which combines a bidirectional LLC converter and a dual-active-bridge(DAB)converter.Integrated with a mutual control scheme,both parts of this hybrid BDC can be unified into an interdependent community.In this hybrid BDC,the LLC converter supports the output voltage and improves stability by working at the resonant frequency mode and the DAB converter enhances the BDC power capability by controlling the LLC output current constant.The BDC can achieve the full-load-range soft switching of all active switches by designing the auxiliary inductor of LLC and the minimum output current of DAB.By comparing to the single DAB,the proposed BDC has the higher phase and gain margin which means the BDC improved the relative stability based on Nyquist criterion.To solve the bidirectional power control problem,a dead-band voltage control logic is adopted which can determine the BDC’s power direction based on the output voltage change.A 200 V experimental system has verified the aforementioned features and functions of the BDC.

应用于储能系统的双向DC-DC变换器研究

分布式能源的开发和应用日益广泛。本文采用了直流侧含有储能单元的交直流分布式电源(DG)统一模型,针对分布式电源大多具有间歇性、易波动的特点,利用直流侧储能单元平抑能量波动,以提高供电的稳定性和供电质量。储能单元通过两相交错并联Buck-Boost型双向DC/DC变换器接入直流母线,针对传统两相并联DC/DC电路易出现的电感电流纹波较大、两相间电流不均衡问题,提出了一种新的移相均流控制策略。最后搭建了5kW实验样机,通过实验验证了理论的正确性。

基于开关序列的光伏储能双向DC-DC变换器预测电流控制方法

在光伏储能系统中,负荷和分布式电源的波动以及投切等因素会引发直流母线电压产生波动,为了改善系统的输出性能,进一步提高系统的稳定性,提出一种基于开关序列的光伏储能双向DC-DC变换器预测电流控制策略,采用预测电流控制器取代传统的电流环PI控制器及调制环节,有效地提高了系统的快速性和稳定性。通过引入开关序列近似实现定频控制,解决了传统预测电流控制方法因开关频率不固定导致的电流纹波较大问题。实验结果表明基于开关序列的光伏储能双向DC-DC变换器预测电流控制策略能够有效改善蓄电池电流纹波、抑制直流母线电压波动,提高光伏储能系统的动态性能和抗干扰能力。

基于矢量作用时间的双向DC-DC变换器预测电流控制方法

在含有分布式电源的直流微网系统中,分布式电源输出波动以及负荷投切等因素会造成直流母线电压产生波动。为了改善系统的输出性能,进一步提高系统的快速性,该文提出一种基于矢量作用时间的双向DC-DC变换器预测电流控制策略。采用预测电流控制器取代传统的电流环PI控制器及调制环节,可以有效地提高系统的快速性。针对传统预测电流控制方法因开关频率不固定导致的电流纹波较大问题,提出改进的控制算法,根据在线计算得到矢量作用时间,设计新的目标函数从而实现定频控制。仿真和实验结果表明,在独立光伏储能直流系统中,基于矢量作用时间的双向DC-DC变换器预测电流控制策略能够有效地改善蓄电池电流纹波,抑制直流母线电压波动,增强系统的抗干扰能力。

基于组合型双向DC-DC变换器的超级电容储能系统控制策略分析与设计

研究了一种基于组合型双向DC-DC变换器BDC(bidirectional DC-DC converter)的超级电容储能系统,该系统采用多组多通道交错Buck/Boost双向变换器串联,既可实现开关电流和电压应力的降低也可实现电感量的减小,同时有助于减轻超级电容单体电压低与应用场合电压高间的矛盾。串联变换器模块间的均压控制是该系统稳定运行的关键之一。基于双向变换器的小信号模型分析了超级电容储能系统电流控制与变换器模块均压控制的关系,设计了组合型双向DC-DC变换器的双闭环控制策略,在稳定控制超级电容充/放电电流的同时实现模块输入电压均衡的解耦控制。进一步根据母线电压变化及超级电容荷电水平提出了储能系统能量控制策略。通过两组三相交错Buck/Boost级联BDC储能系统的实验验证了控制策略的有效性。

基于超级电容的双向DC-DC变换器控制研究

针对轨道交通1 500 V系统再生制动能量利用,研究了基于超级电容储能的输入串联多相并联双向DCDC变换器的控制及其系统能量管理策略。采用输入串联、多支路并联的拓扑结构降低了功率器件电压应力和电流应力及减小了无源滤波器件的体积,同时降低了1 500 V系统对储能元件超级电容的耐压及模组均压控制的要求,使得系统的可靠性更高。针对该拓扑结构的特点,结合工程实际应用,考虑超级电容容值参数差异性及大内阻的特点,以超级电容的能量利用最大化为优化目标,对其充放电过程中超级电容电荷状态误判及系统输入输出侧均压控制策略进行了优化设计。最后通过仿真和实验验证了所提控制策略的有效性。

用于风储系统三重化DC-DC变流器的自适应模糊PI控制

风储联合系统可以有效地增加风电在电网中的渗透率,其中双向DC-DC变流器成为储能系统中的重要组成部分。文中针对一类多重化结构的双向DC-DC变流器拓扑,提出自适应模糊PI控制策略,以实现自动跟踪参考目标电压及功率双向流通的目的。首先,分析三重化双向DC-DC变流器的工作原理,得到其工作模型;然后,对使用于三重化双向DC-DC变流器的双闭环结构,提出自适应模糊PI控制结构并设计模糊控制器;最后,根据算例利用Simulink仿真验证,自适应模糊PI控制可以有效地控制电池充放电,更好地满足系统动态和稳态指标,适用于在电力储能系统中的应用。

应用于电力电子变压器的双向DC-DC变换器综述

作为PET的中间环节,双向DC-DC变换器起到电气隔离和电能变换的重要作用。文章阐述了PET发展状况,重点分析了双有源桥(DAB)变换器和LLC谐振变换器的工作原理与性能优化方法,介绍了PET采用这两种DC-DC变换器时的功率平衡控制策略,并探讨了PET未来发展的关键技术问题。

超级电容接口双向DC-DC变换器的电压快恢复控制策略

直流微网中控制母线电压稳定是核心问题,在母线受到不同时间尺度的功率扰动时显得尤为重要。针对直流母线瞬时功率不平衡问题,结合超级电容高功率密度特性,将电容电荷平衡控制思想引入超级电容接口双向DC-DC变换器,以实现母线电压在负载大扰动下的快速恢复。在现有单向电流DC-DC变换器的电容电荷平衡控制基础上,将间接预测电容电流变化规律的思路进行扩展和优化,得出一般的节点电流替代法及相应的控制律,达到快速控制双向DC-DC变换器的目的。给出了电容电荷平衡复合控制策略的具体实现过程,并利用平均电流模式控制和滞环电流限幅环节实现对接口变换器的双端稳定控制。最后通过仿真和样机实验验证了所提复合控制策略的有效性。

直流微电网储能装置双向DC-DC变换器参数自适应反步控制

储能装置是支撑微电网灵活运行的关键。包含储能装置的直流微电网高度电力电子化,呈现强非线性特征,且系统参数时变。针对分布式电源功率波动引起的孤岛型直流微电网母线电压波动问题,采用蓄电池作为系统功率平衡装置,基于参数自适应反步方法设计了储能装置充放电控制器。首先,基于戴维南等效模型建立了蓄电池和Buck/Boost变换器组成的储能系统的数学模型,然后将模型运行过程中的时变参数视为未知,利用参数自适应原理对未知参数进行在线实时估计,并基于参数估计值和Lyapunov理论设计控制器,调控储能装置的充放电过程,实现直流微电网源与荷间的功率平衡,在提高系统建模精度的同时确保了直流微电网的稳定性。仿真结果表明,在光照不足情况下,储能装置持续放电以稳定电压。与传统线性PI控制器和精确反馈线性化控制器相比,母线电压调节时间减小0.120 s和0.045 s、电压波动减小3.1%和2.9%;在光照充足情况下,储能装置平稳充电,与基于固定参数的反步控制器相比,电压调节时间减小0.04 s,电压偏差减小0.8%。可见,在分布式电源波动甚至完全切除的情况下,基于参数最优估计值的反步控制器能够调节储能装置在充放电状态间灵活切换,较好地维持了母线电压,而且在参数摄动时表现了良好的鲁棒性。

DAB DC-DC变流器的磁平衡控制方法

双有源桥(DAB)DC-DC变换器的磁平衡通常由变压器原副边串联隔直电容来实现,这种方法增加了电路体积和损耗,尤其在大电流输入或输出场合。通过对DAB变换器工作原理的分析,提出了一种应用滞环控制的微调变压器原边开关管占空比的主动控制方法来实现变压器和电感的磁平衡,克服实际电路中寄生参数及偏差引起的磁偏问题。仿真和试验验证了该方案的有效性,可用于DAB变换器在无隔直电容情况下的磁平衡控制。

具有模式激活的储能双向DC-DC变换器的有限集模型预测控制方法

针对直流微电网中分布式发电机组输出功率不确定及负荷波动导致系统功率不平衡和直流母线电压不稳定的问题,提出了一种双向DC-DC变换器的模式激活有限集模型预测控制方法,预设了直流母线电压允许波动范围的上下限,利用范围比较器,根据母线电压实际值自动选择储能系统的工作模式,并实现其在不同模式之间的自由切换。仿真结果表明,提出的控制策略在三种模式切换的过程中,能够快速地稳定母线电压值,提高系统的电能质量并延长蓄电池的使用寿命。研究成果可用于指导工程实践。

基于自抗扰控制的双向DC-DC变换器并联均流控制

双向DC-DC变换器作为微电网的重要组成部分,可以实现各个微源之间的能量流动,但变换器并联运行时存在均流问题。为了解决双向DC-DC变换器的抗扰动能力和均流控制效果,在建立双向DC-DC变换器数学模型的基础上,设计了一种电压电流双闭环自抗扰控制(ADRC)策略,同时考虑双向DC-DC变换器并联运行的均流特性,将ADRC与中间电流均流控制相结合,提出了一种适用于DC-DC变换器的自抗扰均流控制算法。仿真结果表明,与传统PI控制系统相比,该控制系统具有更优的快速性、鲁棒性和适应性。