The Study of Thermal Mass as a Passive Design Technique for Building Comfort and Energy Efficiency

The day/night （diurnal） changes in temperature and solar radiation pose challenges for maintaining human thermal comfort in buildings. Passive and energy-conserving buildings seek to manage the available thermal energy by lowering peaks and dampening the fluctuations in order to maintain conditions for human comfort. Appropriate use of thermal mass moderates the internal temperatures by averaging diurnal extremes. Thermal mass is one of the powerful tools which architects and designers can use to control temperature. It can be used to optimize the performance of energy-conserving buildings that rely primarily on mechanical heating and cooling strategies. Massive building envelopes-such as masonry, concrete, earth, and insulating concrete forms （ICFs） can be utilized as one of the simplest ways of reducing building heating and cooling loads. This article analyses the role and effectiveness of thermal mass as a strategy for providing indoor thermal comfort for passive solar and energy conserving buildings.

A Review of Applied Methods of Using Solar Energy in Iranian Buildings

Solar energy is the radiant light and heat from the Sun that has been harnessed by human since ancient times. Also secondary solar resources such as wind and wave power, hydroelectric power and biomass account for most of the available renewable energy on Earth, which can be used by human. Architects since alacient times have used various methods to hamesse and employ the solar energy for lighting, cooling and heating and etc. Meanwhile, Iran＇s ancient architecture, as an adaptive one, which consists of various climatic reigns, is filled with abounding examples of using sun energy in buildings. But, unfortunately despite these ancient methods, our modern architects mostly tend to provide energy of buildings with fossil fuels. This increases energy costs of the building＇s and also pollutes the environment. In this article it is intended to consider the ancient ways of using solar energy in Iran, and then suggest new methods for applying in modem buildings. The results of consideration show that among Solar technologies, passive and active methods, Iran＇s ancient architects have used passive methods, for example in mass and space, orientation and settlement of building. The idea of passive methods can be used in new shapes in current buildings, for instance by using solar space, central yard and etc. The suggestive method in this paper is combining the passive methods with the active ones.

A Study of Passive Solar House Design

This paper deals with the investigation of the principles of passive solar house design, passive solar systems, and techniques for solar house design. It is expected that the research is to be of momentous significance to the design and construction of passive solar house, and may make contribution to the massive energy efficient housing construction in our country.

New Building Typologies for Zero Energy Mass Custom Housing(ZEMCH)in More Sustainable Patterns of Development

Conferences and publications on Smart Cities and self-styled ecological buildings such as“Vertical Forests”,“Biophilic”building complexes and other similar are multiplying.But then,in reality,we continue to design as we have always done for the last ninety years:with the consolidated rules and formal solutions of international post-modern composition,in its various forms.The only attentions are(and not always)to super-insulate the envelopes,arrange photovoltaic panels on the roofs,make the systems smart and cover the facades and roofs with appropriate green washing.Even in the awareness that human settlements and cities are extremely complex phenomena,mostly determined by economic and social factors,rather than by conscious typological-settlement choices,perhaps the time has come to acknowledge that the traditional paradigms of design must be changed.First of all,the types of settlements must be renewed,because it is through their optimization that the greatest savings in terms of energy and sustainability can be achieved.The research presented here is the application of a ten-year study that involved the development of net Zero Energy Mass Custom Housing(ZEMCH)in specific context in southern Italy.The Innovation and Transparency of Tenders Environmental Compatibility(ITACA)Assessment Protocol,derived from the Green Building Challenge’s GBTool,was used as a design guide,which is normally used for the assessment and judgment of sustainability at the building scale and not of the urban design.The result is a settlement model in which network of pedestrian,cycle and public transport is fully integrated with adjacent urban areas;effective landscaping connects public and private green and kitchen-gardens/orchards everywhere;buildings are made with new semi-underground typologies;net ZEMCHs are made with local,recyclable materials with low impact or positive energy balance;wastewater and rainwater are collected,in-loco phyto-purified and reused;renewable energies(sun,earth,wind)satisfy remaining necessities,with a minimum of plant interventions.

Smart Building Design to Improve the Energy Consumption at an Office Room

Buildings are becoming smarter as a result of a variety of advanced technologies that enable energy management, optimal space utilization, and smart surveillance for safety, among other things. Energy-efficient smart building ideas and execution are of great interest and top priority due to the building’s occupants’ misused and high-power consumption. This paper addresses the design and execution of an energy management system that includes a solar power system for generating power for the building’s needs and a PIR-based automation system for efficient power use. This project was carried out at the Military Technological College (MTC) in Muscat, in the system engineering department’s offices. This project seeks to generate power for the building’s energy needs using solar photovoltaic panels and reduce energy consumption within the office using a PIR-based automation system. The results demonstrate that after the breakeven point (the time it takes to recoup the initial investment), it can provide power to the building for another 17 years. The calculations and practical results presented in this study approve that the system is extremely helpful.

Optimization of Office Building Façades in a Warm Summer Continental Climate

A typical office building model with conventional use and contemporary building systems was developed for fa?ade optimization in continental climate. Wall, glazing area and window parameters were taken as the main variables. The objective function of optimization task described in this article is the minimization of cooling and heating energy con-sumption. The office building fa?ades optimization was carried out using a combination of IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4.5 and GenOpt. The process is described in detail so that the approach may be emulated. A hybrid multidimen-sional optimization algorithm GPSPSOCCHJ was used in calculation process. The optimization results are presented in four quick selection charts to assist architects, designers and real estate developers make suitable early stage fa?ade selection decisions.

寒冷地区工业用太阳能-生物质能供暖系统研究

为实现工业建筑领域的节能减排,以唐山市某工业厂房为例,针对其建筑特点和采暖需求,提出了一种寒冷地区工业用太阳能-生物质能供暖系统,利用TRNSYS软件模拟了系统在供暖季的供热量及能耗表现等。结果表明,在满足本工程供暖需求的前提下,太阳能-生物质能供暖系统中太阳能集热器的集热效率最高可达58.68%,在供暖季代表月运行时,与生物质锅炉系统单独运行的平均能耗相比可降低26.6%;与燃煤锅炉供暖系统运行成本相比降低约56.23%,每年可节约常规化石能源37155.96 kg,设备寿命期满后可减少CO_(2)排放692130.27 kg。由此可见,该系统具有经济适用、降低能耗、减少碳排放等优势,将其应用于工业厂房建筑供暖中具有可行性。

Heating load reduction characteristics of passive solar buildings in Tibet,China

China’s Tibet autonomous region has abundant solar energy resources,cold winters,and cool summers.These are ideal conditions for the application of passive solar heating methods.However,differences in climatic conditions and building types can significantly affect passive solar technology’s feasibility,which makes it challenging to promote passive solar buildings in Tibet.In this study,the suitability zone for passive solar technology is categorized based on the sub-zoning indicators for Tibet.By modeling between direct gain windows,Trombe walls,and attached sunspaces,the effect of indoor thermal environments and the capacity for heating load reduction is compared for different passive solar technologies.The climate-difference impact analysis shows that the I-B-1 zone is better suited for passive solar technology than other climate zones.More specifically,this zone has an average energy-saving rate difference of up to 28.61%compared to the II-A-1 zone.The analysis of the impact of building type differences indicates that residential buildings have higher Trombe wall-to-wall ratio limits and more significant potential for energy savings than office buildings.The study also clarifies the implications of Tibet’s climate conditions and building type differences on the effectiveness of passive solar technology.Moreover,it recommends appropriate passive solar technology adoption methods for every climate zone.This study can be used as a reference and engineering guide to improving the indoor thermal environment of Tibetan buildings,tailored to the highly variable local conditions.

A numerical and experimental study of a dual-function solar collector integrated with building in passive space heating mode

A newly designed solar collector named dual-function solar collector is proposed.The dual-function solar collector integrated with building can perform in two different modes:working as a passive space heating collector in cold sunny days such as in winter,or working as a facade water heating collector in hot days such as in summer.An experimental study has been carried out to investigate the performance of the novel system in space heating mode,whilst,the dynamic numerical model has been established and validated.The experimental and numerical results show that during the period of the measurement from 9:00 to 17:00,the mean indoor temperature was up to 24.7°C while the mean ambient temperature was only 4.8°C,and a temperature stratification was present in the room.Moreover,a numerical study on the effect of optical property of coatings has been carried out.

太阳能被动式通风与建筑相变蓄热耦合技术研究进展

太阳能被动式通风(Solar Passive Ventilation,SPV)技术与建筑相变蓄热(Building Phase Change Heat Storage,BPCHS)技术是当前建筑节能的有效策略,两者有机结合能够显著提高太阳能利用效率、降低建筑能耗与改善室内热环境。通过对国内外有关文献调研分析,概述了太阳能被动式通风与建筑相变蓄热技术各自原理与分类,同时阐述了技术特点及其研究进展。基于太阳能被动式通风与相变蓄热在建筑应用的现状,论述了相变蓄热强化太阳能被动式通风原理及其有机耦合形式,包括相变Trombe墙、相变烟囱、相变通风屋顶等多种结合方式。此外,为了有效反映被动式通风特征与相变蓄热耦合流动-传热过程,系统总结了通风数值模型、相变蓄热求解模型以及耦合系统模型与相关实验研究。概括了太阳能被动式通风与建筑相变蓄热耦合(SPV-BPCHS)技术关键影响因素及其评价指标,指出了其对建筑室内热环境影响特性。调研结果表明,SPV-BPCHS技术能有效降低建筑能源消耗、提高太阳能建筑利用率和改善室内热环境效果,但仍应加强对高效低碳材料的研究及耦合技术稳定性研究,同时该耦合技术实验可行性也需要进一步验证。将为提高太阳能利用率和建筑室内环境耦合强化提供新的技术途径。

太阳能热水系统在住宅建筑节能减碳中的应用研究

城镇化的推进促使能源消耗日益增加,节能环保越来越受到重视,针对住宅建筑给排水系统的要求也进一步提升。热水系统在给排水系统中发挥着关键作用,但其也是住宅建筑中能耗较高的一部分,因此,合理选用热水的制备方式意义重大。太阳能属于清洁的可再生能源,便于采集,可直接开发和利用,具有较大的利用潜力,是替代传统能源、减少城乡碳排放的重要能源。以武汉市某住宅项目为例,将太阳能热水系统应用于住宅建筑的给排水系统中,从太阳能热水系统设置、碳排放量计算和经济效益3个方面对太阳能热水系统相应设计参数的取值和实际运行的经济效益进行了分析。研究结果表明:太阳能热水系统在一定程度上可以满足住宅建筑中用户的生活热水用水需求,太阳能热水系统能够节约经济成本,并且具有显著的节能成效。

围护结构动态热响应机理及应用

动态性是围护结构传热的本质属性,动态热响应机理是其动态运行规律的体现。围护结构在夏季的动态性比在冬季表现更为典型,因此该文开展隔热建筑的围护结构动态性机理及应用研究。通过研究围护结构的动态热响应机理提出围护结构最大防热量G_(max),该指标兼顾多种工况下围护结构热性能的评价。以夏热冬冷地区的重庆为例进行模拟分析。研究发现:G_(max)<60 W/m^(2)时,提升墙体最大防热量可有效提升其动态热响应性能;G_(max)在60~90 W/m^(2)之间时,提升墙体最大防热量可较少提升其动态热响应性能;G_(max)>90 W/m^(2)时,提升墙体最大防热量反而会降低其动态热响应性能。

技与艺的融合——可持续太阳能建筑“R-CELLS”的顶棚设计

以天津大学联队(Team Tianjin U+)在张家口市张北县建造、获得第三届中国国际太阳能十项全能竞赛第一名的可持续太阳能住宅建筑作品——R-CELLS为例,从太阳能利用智慧、模块化木结构特色及主被动节能技术3个方面,剖析其顶棚和屋顶设计在艺术与技术上的创新。该作品借鉴中国传统建筑“反宇向阳”的特征,采用不对称V型屋顶,兼顾太阳能获得、排水排雪、室内顶棚高度及空气体积;顶棚设计充分展示模块化木结构特色,在现代体系中融入中国传统,体现“彻上明造”“平仄对仗”的空间美学;屋顶构造、天窗和室内空间设计综合了采光、通风、隔热、遮阳策略,并整合了可再生能源利用设备。

基于全寿命期优化的藏北高原低碳社区设计策略——以2021台达杯建筑设计竞赛获奖方案为例

在中国生态文明建设进入绿色转型、减污降碳的战略方向背景下,低碳社区的建设与发展对实现“双碳”目标意义重大。以2021年台达杯国际太阳能建筑设计竞赛获奖作品为例,考虑藏北高原的气候特点、自然环境及人文精神,挖掘与梳理藏族民居的环境适应性与建筑特色,以此作为方案生成的条件与土壤,从社区设计阶段、物化与拆除阶段、运行阶段三个阶段,建筑朝向、建筑布局、遮阳构件、材料选择、结构选型、被动式技术以及主动式技术七个角度对方案低碳设计进行全面剖析,对藏北高原地区牧民定居社区全寿命期低碳策略和方法进行总结,试图为当代牧民定居点的低碳社区营建提供一种全过程的设计思路及技术路线,同时为探索高海拔严寒地区低碳社区建设提供借鉴与参考。

高寒气候下集合住宅顶层节能设计策略研究——以西宁为例

集合住宅顶层外表面积大,室内、外热环境交互敏感,在太阳能富集、冬季寒冷漫长的气候环境下,直接利用太阳辐射热节约采暖用能的潜力大。以西宁地区为例,建立集合住宅顶层的典型空间模型,采用Designbuilder能耗模拟软件,从户内空间组合、单一空间、围护界面形态构造3个层级分析太阳辐射热作用下其设计要素与顶层采暖用能的关联性。总结住宅顶层的节能设计策略,并从设计要素利用太阳辐射热对采暖用能的节能贡献率角度,对设计策略进行优先级排序。为建筑师开展强化太阳辐射热利用效果的设计应用提供依据。

改性正十八烷相变纳米胶囊制备表征及在太阳能建筑中的应用

将相变纳米胶囊与传统建筑围护结构材料进行结合,通过非机械化储能方式提高传统被动式太阳能建筑的集热和控温性能,从而实现室内节能。通过微乳液聚合法制备分别含有3种成核剂(纳米Al_(2)O_(3)/C_(28)/C_(14)H_(30)O)改性的C_(18)/SiO_(2)相变纳米胶囊,并采用浇铸法制备含有最佳相变纳米胶囊的石膏板。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜测定相变纳米胶囊的化学结构和外貌,差示扫描量热法、热量分析及激光导热仪探究其储热性能,并对相变纳米胶囊石膏板进行一系列综合热性能测试。结果表明:相变纳米胶囊呈球状,粒径范围为100~300 nm。与不含成核剂的相变纳米胶囊相比,含15%C_(14)H_(30)O成核剂的过冷度降低49.00%,导热系数提高13.76%,并具有优异的热耐久性和可靠性。因此,将15%C_(14)H_(30)O改性的相变纳米胶囊应用于石膏板,通过引入温差评价发现,添加10%相变纳米胶囊的石膏板更有利于充分吸收外界热量,减小温度波动,从而实现被动式太阳能建筑室内节能。

附加阳光间型被动式太阳房供暖实验研究

通过对青岛地区附加阳光间型太阳房及相同结构的对比房室内温度及室外温度参数的监测,研究了寒冷季节室内温度随室外气象条件变化的情况。通过分析发现,在室内无热源及辅助热源条件下,附加阳光间型太阳房室内平均空气温度比对比房室内平均空气温度高3.8℃,最高温差达7.2℃,最低温差1.1℃。通过对附加阳光间型太阳房供暖节能率ESF分析计算得出其节能率较高的结论,证明了该地区改造被动式太阳房建筑的可行性和经济性。

浅谈建筑被动式节能设计

提出建筑节能设计的正确理念应当是以被动式设计为基础,以主动式设计为补充;

西藏高原低能耗建筑设计关键技术研究与应用

针对西藏高原地区城乡居住建筑环境质量差、常规能源缺乏的现状,通过对城乡居住建筑的大规模实地勘察、对建筑物理环境和能耗等指标的详细测算以及对城镇居住建筑和传统民居基本模式的综合分析,提出了适合西藏高原自然气候条件和社会经济背景的低能耗建筑设计的基本理论、方法及其关键技术问题。研发了低能耗建筑设计基本气象参数数据,创作出以太阳能综合利用为核心技术、适合当地民族文化和社会经济发展状况的城镇节能居住建筑体系和新型乡村生态民居建筑并建成示范工程,在满足基本热舒适条件下,同时保证了居住建筑的采暖和空调的超低能耗。编制了西藏地区建筑节能设计相关标准和图集,推动了当地建筑节能行业的整体进步。研究成果对于西部其他地区亦具有借鉴意义。

蓄冷降温式太阳电池组件供电供热的实验研究

开发了蓄冷降温式太阳电池组件,实验研究结果表明,与常规平板式太阳电池组件相比,蓄冷降温式太阳电池组件效率提高10%以上,同时,可获得最高温度接近40℃的热水。分析了制得的低温热水的应用方法。