Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy for the Quantitative Analysis of Pyrite Thin Specimens

To explore ways to improve the accuracy of quantitative analysis of samples in the micrometer to nanometer range of magnitudes,we adopted analytical transmission electron microscopy(AEM/EDS)for qualitative and quantitative analysis of pyrite materials.Additionally,the k factor of pyrite is calculated experimentally.To develop an appropriate non-standard quantitative analysis model for pyrite materials,the experimentally calculated k factor is compared with that estimated from the non-standard quantitative analytical model of the instrument software.The experimental findings demonstrate that the EDS attached to a TEM can be employed for precise quantitative analysis of micro-and nanoscale regions of pyrite materials.Furthermore,it serves as a reference for improving the results of the EDS quantitative analysis of other sulfides.

Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy of the Sohnari Member of Laki Formation from Southern Indus Basin of Pakistan

This study determines the geochemical and depositional environment analysis of the sediments of the Sohnari Member of the Laki Formation, Northern Kirthar Fold Belt of Pakistan. The Energy-Dispersive-X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) technique is used for the detection of major elements and the effects of shifting depositional climatic conditions of six representative samples which were acquired from the Sohnari Member of the Laki Formation at Lakhra area, Sindh, Pakistan. The sedimentological studies clarify that the sediments the Sonahri Member are relatively immature and most migrated in clastic mode. The availability of Silica shows that the Member was formed due to biochemical precipitation and detrital mode and was deposited at a fast rate of sediment deposition under the fluvio-deltaic depositional system. This is also deduced that the rapid rate of sediment deposition might be created a reducing atmosphere and allowing for the mineralization of sulphur.

EDDS处理对硒胁迫下彩叶草根系FTIR-ATR、SEM-EDXS特征及生理特性的影响

为了解乙二胺二琥珀酸(EDDS)诱导植物耐受硒(Se)胁迫的生理机制,以彩叶草(Coleus blumei)为材料,采用营养液培养的方法、借助傅里叶变换-衰减全反射红外光谱(FTIR-ATR)和扫描电子显微镜-X-射线能量色散谱(SEM-EDXS)分析方法及生理指标的变化,研究1.0 mg/L Se胁迫条件下添加0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.5、5.0 mmol/L EDDS对彩叶草根系化学成分变化的影响。利用FTIR-ATR图谱分析发现,随着EDDS处理浓度的提高,彩叶草根系透射峰所对应峰形基本不变,而参与Se吸附的基团如羟基、酰胺基和指纹区等的透射峰发生了不同程度的位移。FTIR-ATR的特征峰与彩叶草根系响应Se胁迫的各生理指标变化趋势基本一致,且FTIR-ATR比传统的生理指标测定更敏感、便捷。SEM-EDXS扫描还发现随着EDDS处理浓度的升高,根系中K、Mg、Fe、Si等元素的含量升高,而营养元素Ca含量降低。该研究结果可为深入了解EDDS处理下彩叶草对Se胁迫的响应机理提供科学依据。

X-Ray and Mössbauer Study of Magnetic Black Sand from Mayotte Island

Natural magnetic black sands are known from several sites often located in areas of volcanic origin. Their elemental and mineral composition provides information on the geology of their territory and depends on several factors occurred during their formation. A sample of black sand was collected on the seashore of the island of Mayotte in the Indian Ocean and its magnetic part was investigated by means of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and MÖssbauer spectroscopy at room temperature. The mineral composition is dominantly magnetite, in good agreement with samples collected in other sites of volcanic origin. Contrary to pure magnetite, a relevant fraction of Ti was detected by EDS. The 16% Ti and 1% Mn content increase the magnetite lattice parameter to 8.4312 (25) Å. The broadening of XRD lines pointed towards a significant degree of disorder. This was confirmed by MÖssbauer spectroscopy and is attributed to the presence of Ti replacing Fe in the magnetite lattice. The presence of Ti modifies the local magnetic field on the Fe sites, leading to a broader and more complex MÖssbauer transmission spectrum with respect to the one of pure magnetite. To study the effect of temperature, samples were heated for 12 hours to 600°C and 800°C in argon and to 1000°C in air. Annealing in argon did not improve the crystallinity while annealing in air caused a complete decomposition of magnetite into hematite and pseudobrookite.

Mossbauer,X-Ray and Magnetic Studies of Black Sand from the Italian Mediterranean Sea

The study of natural magnetic sands is instrumental to investigate the geological aspects of their formation and of the origin of their territory. In particular, Mossbauer spectroscopy provides unique information on their iron content and on the oxidation state of iron in their mineral composition. The Italian coast on the Mediterranean Sea near Rome is known for the presence of highly magnetic black sands of volcanic origin. A study of the room temperature Mossbauer spectrum, powder X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and magnetic measurements of a sample of black magnetic sand collected on the seashore of the town of Ladispoli is performed. This study reveals magnetite as main constituent with iron in both tetrahedral and octahedral sites. Minor constituents are the iron minerals hematite and ilmenite, the iron containing minerals diopsite, gossular, and allanite, as well as ubiquitous sanidine, quartz, and calcite.

Possible Relevance of the Allende Meteorite Conditions in Prebiotic Chemistry: An Insight into the Chondrules and Organic Compounds

The study of the mineral and organic content of the Allende meteorite is important for our understanding of the molecular evolution of the universe as well as the ancient Earth. Previous studies have characterized the magnetic minerals present in ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites, providing information on the evolution of magnetic fields. The interaction of organic compounds with magnetic minerals is a possible source of chemical diversity, which is crucial for molecular evolution. Carbon compounds in meteorites are of great scientific interest for a variety of reasons, such as their relevance to the origins of chirality in living organisms. This study presents the characterization of organic and mineral compounds in the Allende meteorite. The structural and physicochemical characterization of the Allende meteorite was accomplished through light microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction with complementary Rietveld refinement, Raman and infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy using magnetic signal methods to determine the complex structure and the interaction of organic compounds with magnetic Ni-Fe minerals. The presence of Liesegang-like patterns of chondrules in fragments of the Allende structure may also be relevant to understanding how the meteorite was formed. Other observations include the presence of magnetic materials and nanorod-like solids with relatively similar sizes as well as the heterogeneous distribution of carbon in chondrules. Signals observed in the Raman and infrared spectra resemble organic compounds such as carbon nanotubes and peptide-like molecules that have been previously reported in other meteorites, making the Mexican Allende meteorite a feasible sample for the study of the early Earth and exoplanetary bodies.

析晶过程中盐渍土的微观结构变化

为了揭示易溶盐析晶过程中对盐渍土强度的影响机理,用环境扫描电子显微镜及X射线能谱(EDX),对盐渍土的微观结构进行了分析,探讨了易溶盐析晶对土强度的影响;通过对自然脱水干燥前后盐渍土的强度试验,探讨了微观结构变化对土强度的影响.研究结果表明:析晶前后盐渍土的微观结构特征明显不同——析晶前为盐-土混容态包裹土团粒结构;析晶后为晶体土颗粒共混结构,从而使土体强度显著提高.

重庆城区大气颗粒物的元素、离子及物相组成研究

采用 X-射线能谱 ( EDX)、傅立叶红外光谱 ( FT- IR)、X-射线衍射 ( XRD)对重庆市区大气颗粒污染物的元素组成、离子、物相组成进行了研究。 EDX检出了 S、Cl、K、Ca、Ti、Cr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Se、Sr、Zr、Rb、Ga、Hg、Zn、Ni等元素 ,FT- IR光谱发现主要存在 SO2 - 4 、NH+ 4 和 NO- 3,XRD结果表明存在 Ca SO4· 2 H2 O、α- Si O2 、( NH4) 2 Ca( SO4) 2 ·2 H2 O、( NH4) 2 SO4等 4个主要物相以及 Fe3O4、Ca CO3等物相。初步讨论了重庆大气颗粒物的污染来源及其时间。

电子能量损失谱研究钛硅分子筛中钛的存在状态

利用透射电子显微技术(TEM)、X射线能谱技术(EDX)以及电子能量损失谱技术(EELS)对Ti原子是否进入到TS-1钛硅分子筛骨架进行了研究。结果表明,TS-1钛硅分子筛中存在的微量TiO2粒子的EELS信号中O-K边与Ti-L2边的能量差为70eV左右;而钛硅分子筛(TS)粒子的EELS信号中O-K边与Ti-L2边的能量差为79eV左右。对比TiO2、TS粒子的EELS,发现TS粒子的Ti-L2、Ti-L3边与TiO2粒子的Ti-L2、Ti-L3边的能量差为1eV,这种能量差异可以作为Ti原子进入TS-1钛硅分子筛骨架的一种证明。

4Cr9Si2阀门钢丝冷拔过程中脆断的失效分析

用扫描电镜 /能谱分析、X射线萃取相分析和Thermo -Calc热力学相计算等方法 ,分析了 4Cr9Si2阀门钢丝在冷拔过程中发生脆断的原因。结果表明 ,钢丝脆断是由于中间退火温度选择不合理 ,使 (Cr,Fe) 7C3

云南宣威肺癌高发区固体燃料燃烧排放颗粒的物理化学特征

在云南宣威肺癌高发区采集了固体燃料(煤炭、木材)燃烧排放的大气颗粒物样品,利用扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)、能量色散X射线光谱仪(energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy,EDX)对796个颗粒物进行了分析.根据颗粒物的显微特征和化学元素组成,将其分为矿物颗粒物、飞灰、烟尘集合体和未识别颗粒物4类.采用P(X)值法将矿物颗粒物进一步分为富Si、富S、富Ca、富Fe、富Ti、富Al、富Na和其他8种不同类型,其中富Si、富Ca、富Fe、富S分别占燃煤颗粒物和生物质颗粒物的44.47%,20.49%,8.85%,1.22%和55.91%,17.27%,6.36%,2.27%.化学元素分析结果显示:颗粒物中Al,Fe,Ca,Mg等地壳元素的质量浓度较高,重金属化学元素的质量浓度较低;煤炭燃烧排放的颗粒物的化学元素分析结果与单颗粒分析结果之间存在较好的正相关关系(R2=0.63).

Analysis of precipitation in a Cu-Cr-Zr alloy

Precipites in Cu-0.42%Cr-0.21%Zr alloy were analyzed by using scanning electron microscope （SEM）, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDXS） and transmission electron microscope （TEM）. After the solid solution was performed at 980℃ for 2 h, water-quenched and aged at 450℃ for 20 h, the precipite had a bimodal distribution of precipitate size. The coarse precipitates are pure Cr and Cu5Zr, the dispersed fine precipitate is CrCu2（Zr, Mg） and pure Cr ranging from 1 to 50 nm. The coarse phases formed during solidification and were left undissolved during solid solution. The fine precipitates are the hardening precipitates that form due to decomposition of the supersaturated solid solution during aging.

Determination of Water Diffusion Coefficients and Dynamics in Adhesive/Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composite Joints

To determinate the water diffusion coefficients and dynamics in adhesive/carben fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite joints, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis（EDX） is used to establish the content change of oxy- gen in the adhesive in adhesive/carbon fther reinforced epoxy resin composite joints. As water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen, the water diffusion coefficients and dynamics in adhesive/carben fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite joints can be obtained from the change in the content of oxygen in the adhesive during humidity aging, via EDX analy-sis. The authors have calculated the water diffusion coefficients and dynamics in the adhesive/carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite joints with the aid of beth energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The de- termined results with EDX analysis are almost the same as those determined with elemental analysis and the results al- so show that the durability of the adhesive/carbon fther reinforced epoxy resin composite joints subjected to silane cou- pling agent treatment is better than those subjected to sand paper burnishing treatment and chemical oxidation treat- ment.

Impact of open dumping of municipal solid waste on soil properties in mountainous region

This paper presents the effect of open dumping of municipal solid waste(MSW) on soil characteristics in the mountainous region of Himachal Pradesh, India. The solid waste of dumpsite contains various complex characteristics with organic fractions of the highest proportions. As leachate percolates into the soil, it migrates contaminants into the soil and affects soil stability and strength. The study includes the geotechnical investigation of dump soil characteristics and its comparison with the natural soil samples taken from outside the proximity of dumpsites. The geochemical analysis of dumpsite soil samples was also carried out by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS).Visual inspection revealed that the MSW consists of high fraction of organics, followed by paper. The soil samples were collected from five trial pits in the dumpsites at depths of 0.5 m, 1 m and 1.5 m. Then the collected soil samples were subjected to specific gravity test, grain size analysis, Atterberg’s limit test,compaction test, direct shear test, California bearing ratio(CBR) test and permeability analysis. The study indicated that the dumpsite soils from four study regions show decreasing trends in the values of maximum dry density(MDD), specific gravity, cohesion and CBR, and increasing permeability as compared to the natural soil. The results show that the geotechnical properties of the soils at all four study locations have been severely hampered due to contamination induced by open dumping of waste.

子弹弹头及弹壳成分比较研究

目的对子弹物证进行成分分析可为涉枪案件的侦查提供科学依据。本实验旨在通过研究子弹弹头及弹壳的元素组成快速区分不同子弹,为推断子弹来源提供关键信息。方法收集不同厂家在1958-2019年不同批次生产的多种型号的子弹样品53份,应用扫描电镜能谱法(SEM/EDX)对样品的弹头内芯、弹头披甲和弹壳金属成分进行研究。结果结果显示多数子弹弹头内芯由纯铅构成,部分批次较晚的弹头为铅锑合金,另有两枚批次较早子弹为铁弹头;除六枚5.6mm运动步枪弹的弹头披甲以及四枚791厂样品的弹壳无明显特征外,其余子弹的弹头披甲和弹壳均为三类铜锌合金中的一种:含铜量83.7%~84.7%、87.6%~90.6%以及67.0%~69.8%的铜锌合金。同型号同厂家子弹所使用弹头披甲及弹壳材料的特征相似,同型号不同厂家、同厂家不同型号的子弹弹头披甲和弹壳材料则具有一定差异。近六十年来121厂样品子弹弹头披甲均为含铜量87.6%~90.6%的铜锌合金,弹壳材料为含铜量67.0%~69.8%的铜锌合金,其为该厂固定使用的铜锌合金原材料的可能性较高。791厂样品中有四种型号的子弹弹壳均为含锰量0.7%~0.9%的铁锰合金,这种合金在其他厂家并未出现,其为791厂弹壳特征原材料的可能性较高。结论掌握子弹弹头及弹壳的元素组成特征可以对不同子弹进行有效识别。

Palaeodiet of Miocene Producers and Depositional Environments:Inferences from the First Evidence of Microcoprolites from India

This paper reviews research on coprolites from India,providing the first evidence of microcoprolites from the early Miocene(Aquitanian)Khari Nadi Formation sedimentary succession,exposed about 1.5 km northeast of the village of Kotada,Kachchh(Kutch)District,Gujarat State,western India.Morphometric and size comparisons(in a statistical framework)with known coprolites from the Mesozoic-Cenozoic successions of India(including those recorded herein)and globally suggest that fishes were the likely producers of the Kotada coprolites.Scanning electron microscopy confirms the presence of fish dental remains within the coprolites,while both Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM)and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy(EDS)reveal the phosphatic nature of the microscopic coprolite specimens(recorded herein)hinting that the producer(s)were predominantly carnivorous(ichthyophagous)in their diet.Furthermore,X-Ray Fluorescence(XRF)analysis of the host and associated lithologies allows us to deduce that the Kotada coprolites were deposited in a shallow marine environment,with possible aerial exposure of the host lithology occurring at some point after deposition.To the best of our knowledge,the present report is the first record of microscopic fish coprolites from India,as well as being the first from the Aquitanian of India and the oldest Neogene record from India.

Calculation of the coefficient and dynamics of water diffusion in graphite joints

The coefficient and dynamics of water diffusion in adhesive-graphite joints were calculated in-situ with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, a method that is significantly simpler than elemental analysis. Water diffusion coefficient and dynamics of adhesive-graphite joints treated by different surface treatment methods were also investigated. Calculation results indicated that the water diffusion rate in adhesive-graphite joints treated by sandpaper was higher than that treated by chemical oxidation or by silane couple agent. Also the durability of graphite joints treated by coupling agent is superior to that treated by chemical oxidation or sandpaper burnishing.

Performance of engineered cementitious composite containing stone slurry powder waste

Most of the materials used in engineered cementitious composite are fine in size to achieve ductile nature.Stone slurry powder(SSP)is an inert material obtained from stone industries as by-product which may cause hazardous impact on environment.In this research work,partial replacement of silica sand(SS)and fine sand(FS)by SSP with different contents(25%and 50%each)for making engineered cementitious composite has been explored.The performance was evaluated on the basis of strength,tensile strain,mid span deflection capacity,ultra-sonic pulse velocity and microstructure.Mechanical strength was found to be increased at 25%SSP in both replacements;whereas,strength decreased slightly at 50%replacement.Tensile strain,mid span deflection and quality of concrete were enhanced with increase in SSP content.Using SSP formed denser cementitious composite can help to save the natural resources and contribute in making green cementitious composite.

Crystallization and Characterization of Triglycine Sulfate(TGS) Crystal Doped with NiSO4

Nickel sulfate doped triglycine sulfate crystals have been grown by natural evaporation method. The chemical composition of the pure triglycine sulfate crystals and the presence of nickel ion in doped triglycine sulfate crystal were confirmed by Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis. The functional groups of the grown crystals have been identified by the Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. The structural studies on the grown crystals were carried out by X-ray Diffraction analysis. All the grown crystals are found in monoclinic structure and the lattice parameters of pure TGS crystal are a = 9.6010 ?, b = 12.5600 ? and c = 5.4500 ?. The lattice parameters are slightly distorted due to the incorporation of nickel ion into the lattice sites of the TGS crystal.

Comparison of Antioxidant Activities of Silver Nanoparticles and Methanol Extracts of Three Indigenous Nigeria Herbal Seeds

The antioxidant of seeds was carried out using extracts from methanol and Silver Nanoparticles from the spice. The SEM shows the shapes, dispersion and agglomeration of the sample, while the EDX confirms the SEM and the presence of some compounds. The FT-IR reveals the AgNPs capping and reducing the particular biomolecule from the functional group for identification. Compounds found in the FT-IR seeds of Capsicum annum are Ag L (Silver iodide), C K (Cyanogen chloride), P K (Phenol). Monodora myristica are Mo L (Molybdenum), Ag L (Silver iodide), C K (Cyanogen chloride), P K (Phenol), Mg K (Magnesium). Piper guineense are Ag L (Silver iodide), Ci K (Potassium chloride), C K (Cyanogen chloride), P K (Phenol). The seeds show that the AgNPS of CA and MM has a better antioxidant activity than the methanol of CA and MM, while the PG methanol has a better activity than the AgNPS PG. The control (Catechin and Galic acid) has a slight overall better DPPH activity than the AgNPS. It is important to note that there is a concentration dependency in CA, MM AgNPS, PG methanol respectively. Notably, at CA methanol, the conc. at 125 was higher than the conc. at 250. Hence, there is need to create a great part in using plant samples for making tabulated or capsulated drugs for treatment of diseases and using plant silver nanoparticles to develop a healthy food/drug preservative package material “smart packaging” that will enhance shelf-life.