Constraints on the unified model of dark matter and dark energy

Using recently observed data： the Constitution dataset of type supernovae Ia （SNIa）, the observational Hubble data （OHD）, the measurement results of baryon acoustic oscillation （BAO） from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey （SDSS） and the Two Degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey （2dFGRS）, and the current cosmic microwave background （CMB） data from the five-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe （WMAP）, we apply the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to investigate the observational constraints on the generalized Chaplygin gas （GCG） model as the unification of dark matter and dark energy. For this unified model, the constraints on GCG mixture are discussed by considering the different expressions of current matter density or considering constraints as being independent of the matter quantity Ωm.

On the Ratios Dark Matter (Energy)/Ordinary Matter ≈5.4(13.6) in the Universe

An upper limit of the average ratio dark matter/ordinary matter in galaxies is estimated to be 8.4, in agreement with the observed ratio 5.4. Upper limit of the average ratio dark energy/ordinary matter for slowly moving protons in the outer parts of the universe is estimated to be 8.4, much less than the observed ratio 13.6. The discrepancy is tentatively attributed to that the bulk of the protons in these outer parts of the universe moves fastly and their contribution to dark energy has not been estimated. The positive and negative relative energies between the diquark and quark in the proton play the roles of dark energy and dark matter, respectively.

Areal density and spatial resolution of high energy electron radiography

Ultrafast imaging tools are of great importance for determining the dynamic density distribution in high energy density （HED） matter. In this work, we designed a high energy electron radiography （HEER） system based on a linear electron accelerator to evaluate its capability for imaging HED matter. 40 MeV electron beams were used to image an aluminum target to study the density resolution and spatial resolution of HEER. The results demonstrate a spatial resolution of tens of micrometers. The interaction of the beams with the target and the beam transport of the transmitted electrons are further simulated with EGS5 and PARMELA codes, with the results showing good agreement with the experimental resolution. Furthermore, the experiment can be improved by adding an aperture at the Fourier plane.

An interacting scenario for dark energy in a Bianchi type-I universe

We study the interaction between dark energy （DE） and dark matter in the scope of anisotropic Bianchi type-I space-time. First we derive the general form of the DE equation of state （EoS） parameter in both non-interacting and interacting cases and then we examine its future by applying a hyperbolic scale factor. It is shown that in the non-interacting case, depending on the value of the anisotropy parameter K, the DE EoS parameter varies from phantom to quintessence whereas in the interacting case the EoS parameter varies in the quintessence region. However, in both cases, the DE EoS parameter ωde ultimately （i.e. at z ： -1） tends to the cosmological constant （ωde = -1）. Moreover, we fix the cosmological bound on the anisotropy parameter K by using recent observational data about the Hubble parameter.

Does Our Universe Conform with the Existence of a Universal Maximum Energy-Density <i>p_max<sup style="margin-left:-30px;">uni</sup></i>

Recent astronomical observations of high redshift quasars, dark matter-dominated galaxies, mergers of neutron stars, glitch phenomena in pulsars, cosmic microwave background and experimental data from hadronic colliders do not rule out, but they even support the hypothesis that the energy-density in our universe most likely is upper-limited by pmaxuni which is predicted to lie between 2 to 3 the nuclear density p0. Quantum fluids in the cores of massive NSs with p ≈ pmaxuni each the maximum compressibility state, where they become insensitive to further compression by the embedding spacetime and undergo a phase transition into the purely incompressible gluon-quark superfluid state. A direct correspondence between the positive energy stored in the embedding spacetime and the degree of compressibility and superfluidity of the trapped matter is proposed. In this paper relevant observational signatures that support the maximum density hypothesis are reviewed, a possible origin of pmaxuni is proposed and finally the consequences of this scenario on the spacetime’s topology of the universe as well as on the mechanisms underlying the growth rate and power of the high redshift QSOs are discussed.

Ether as the Fundamental Substance of the Creation of the Universe

The paper analyzes the concept of Ether and substantiates the necessity of its existence as a physical reality, which arises within the framework of the concept developed by the authors of the work. The authors come to the conclusion that the existence of Ether in two different forms, plays an exceptional role in the formation of Dark Matter and Dark Energy and leads to the emergence of exotic cosmological structures and their hierarchy in energy, temporal, and spatial scale. The mechanism of the formation of physical structures before the Big Bang and their further evolution, up to the formation of worlds of galaxies and stars, is considered. The necessity of the emergence of exotic structures, such as 3 spheres of the Primary Relict, is shown, its structure and dynamic properties leading to the formation of Order from Chaos are considered. The role of the 1st and 2nd type Ether in the formation of the mechanism of transformation of cosmic energies and quantum phase transitions, in the process of the birth and evolution of the Universe is discussed. The conclusion is made about the existence of universal properties of matter, at the level of Macro and Microcosms, and a multidimensional cosmological model with an isothermal temperature distribution is constructed, leading to a discrete distribution of matter separated by transitions, by analogy with Black-and-White Holes. It is shown that the postulate of the constancy of the speed of light in any inertial system is a consequence of the principle of covariance.

Large Scale Fundamental Interactions in the Universe

The author of this paper once attempted to propose a unified framework for gauge fields based on the mathematical and physical picture of the principal fiber bundle: that is, to believe that our universe may have more fundamental interactions than the four, and these fundamental gauge fields are only components on the bottom manifold (i.e. our universe) projected by a unified gauge potential of the principal fiber bundle manifold;these components can satisfy the transformation of gauge potential, or even be transformed from one basic interaction gauge potential to another basic interaction gauge potential, and can be summarized into a unified equation, namely the generalized gauge equation expression, corresponding to gauge transformation invariance;so the invariance of gauge transformation is a necessary condition for unified field theory, and the four (or more) fundamental interaction fields of the universe are unified in a unified gauge field defined by the connection on the principal fiber bundle. In this paper, the author continues to propose a model of large-scale (gravitational) fundamental interactions in the universe based on the mathematical and physical picture of the principal fiber bundle, attempting to explain that dark matter and dark energy are merely reflections of these gravitational fundamental interactions that deviate in intensity from the gravitational fundamental interactions of the solar system at galaxy scales or some cosmic scales which are much larger than the solar system. All these “gravitational” fundamental interactions originate from the unified gauge field of the universe, namely the connection or curvature on the principal fiber bundle. These interactions are their projected representations on the bottom manifold (i.e. our universe) by different cross-sections (gauge transformations). These projection representations of the universe certainly are described by the generalized gauge equation or curvature similarity equation, and under the guidance of curvature gauge transformation factors, oscillate and evolve between the curvatures 1→0→-1→0→1 of the universe.

Evolution and Development of the Information Concept in Biological Systems: From Empirical Description to Informational Modeling of the Living Structures

With the purpose to smooth the way of a correct understanding of information concepts and their evolution,in this paper,is discussed the evolution and development of the concept of information in biological systems,showing that this concept was intuitively perceived even since ancient times by our predecessors,and described according to their language level of that times,but the crystallization of the real meaning of information is an achievement of our nowadays,by successive contribution of various scientific branches and personalities of the scientific community of the world,leading to a modern description/modeling of reality,in which information plays a fundamental role.It is shown that our reality can be understood as a contribution of matter/energy/information and represented/discussed as the model of the Universal Triangle of Reality(UTR),where various previous models can be suggestively inserted,as a function of their basic concern.The modern concepts on information starting from a theoretic experiment which would infringe the thermodynamics laws and reaching the theory of information and modern philosophic concepts on the world structuration allow us to show that information is a fundamental component of the material world and of the biological structures,in correlation with the structuration/destructuration processes of matter,involving absorption/release of information.Based on these concepts,is discussed the functionality of the biologic structures and is presented the informational model of the human body and living structures,as a general model of info-organization on the entire biological scale,showing that a rudimentary proto-consciousness should be operative even at the low-scale biological systems,because they work on the same principles,like the most developed bio-systems.The operability of biologic structures as informational devices is also pointed out.

Relationship between quark-antiquark potential and quark-antiquark free energy in hadronic matter

In high-temperature quark-gluon plasma and its subsequent hadronic matter created in a high-energy nucleus-nucleus collision, the quark-antiquark potential depends on the temperature. The temperature-dependent potential is expected to be derived from the free energy obtained in lattice gauge theory calculations. This requires one to study the relationship between the quark-antiquark potential and the quark-antiquark free energy. When the system＇s temperature is above the critical temperature, the potential of a heavy quark and a heavy antiquark almost equals the free energy, but the potential of a light quark and a light antiquark, of a heavy quark and a light antiquark and of a light quark and a heavy antiquark is substantially larger than the free energy. When the system＇s temperature is below the critical temperature, the quark-antiquark free energy can be taken as the quark-antiquark potential. This allows one to apply the quark-antiquark free energy to study hadron properties and hadron-hadron reactions in hadronic matter.

Probing the dark side of the Universe with weak gravitational lensing effects

Arising from gravitational deflections of light rays by large-scale struc- tures in the Universe, weak-lensing effects have been recognized as one of the most important probes in cosmological studies. In this paper, we review the main progress in weak-lensing analyses, and discuss the challenges in future investigations aiming to understand the dark side of the Universe with unprecedented precisions.

What Are Our Possibilities and What Should We Do?

It is thought that the life of our Earth can be divided into two basic periods which are: the abiotic sterile physical life and the biological life. Both can be separated into smaller sections which are in the case of physical life: glowing star state with atomic evolution, solidification of the surface, the appearance of C, O2 and water and abiotic chemical evolution. During that period of time kinds of external and internal energy were effective only through physical-chemical way. In the case of biological life, the 1st section started with the appearance of the first living unit and ended with the beginning of photosynthesis. The 2nd one lasted from the start of photosynthesis till the appearance of the first two man-like creatures. The 3rd one began from that point of time and lasted till 1778 and the last one the 4th has existed since that date. Since the appearance of the first living unit biological accumulation of external energy and mainly C but not only, emission of CO2 gas, metabolites, heat, transformation and loading of the earthly environment as well as natural mutation of organisms that is the biological evolution have flown. When photosynthesis began biological fixation of solar energy/photon and free atmospheric CO2, as well as production of free O2, have also started beside the former events and the biological evolution has continued. No unnatural event had happened in these two sections. The fate of the 3rd and the 4th sections— that is the anthropoid time—has been determined by the unnatural effects of man kind. The most important altering events are: the number of the inhabitants, the use of fire, agricultural production, domestication of animals, formation and maintenance of industry, trade, vehicle-park, denaturation of the surface of the Earth and contamination of soil, atmosphere and waters etc. Finally, ideas for the solution of the climate problems which are mainly the results of the 3rd and 4th sections will be discussed.