Given the“double carbon”objective and the drive toward low-carbon power,investigating the integration and interaction within the carbon-electricity market can enhance renewable energy utilization and facilitate ener...Given the“double carbon”objective and the drive toward low-carbon power,investigating the integration and interaction within the carbon-electricity market can enhance renewable energy utilization and facilitate energy conservation and emission reduction endeavors.However,further research is necessary to explore operational optimization methods for establishing a regional energy system using Power-to-Hydrogen(P2H)technology,focusing on participating in combined carbon-electricity market transactions.This study introduces an innovative Electro-Hydrogen Regional Energy System(EHRES)in this context.This system integrates renewable energy sources,a P2H system,cogeneration units,and energy storage devices.The core purpose of this integration is to optimize renewable energy utilization and minimize carbon emissions.This study aims to formulate an optimal operational strategy for EHRES,enabling its dynamic engagement in carbon-electricity market transactions.The initial phase entails establishing the technological framework of the electricity-hydrogen coupling system integrated with P2H.Subsequently,an analysis is conducted to examine the operational mode of EHRES as it participates in carbon-electricity market transactions.Additionally,the system scheduling model includes a stepped carbon trading price mechanism,considering the combined heat and power generation characteristics of the Hydrogen Fuel Cell(HFC).This facilitates the establishment of an optimal operational model for EHRES,aiming to minimize the overall operating cost.The simulation example illustrates that the coordinated operation of EHRES in carbon-electricity market transactions holds the potential to improve renewable energy utilization and reduce the overall system cost.This result carries significant implications for attaining advantages in both low-carbon and economic aspects.展开更多
The Regional Integrated Energy System(RIES)has brought new modes of development,utilization,conversion,storage of energy.The introduction of Soft Open Point(SOP)and the application of Power to Gas(P2G)technology will ...The Regional Integrated Energy System(RIES)has brought new modes of development,utilization,conversion,storage of energy.The introduction of Soft Open Point(SOP)and the application of Power to Gas(P2G)technology will greatly deepen the coupling of the electricity-gas integrated energy system,improve the flexibility and safety of the operation of the power system,and bring a deal of benefits to the power system.On this background,an optimal dispatch model of RIES combined cold,heat,gas and electricity with SOP is proposed.Firstly,RIES architecture with SOP and P2G is designed and its mathematical model also is built.Secondly,on the basis of considering the optimal scheduling of combined cold,heat,gas and electricity,the optimal scheduling model for RIES was established.After that,the original model is transformed into a mixed-integer second-order cone programming model by using linearization and second-order cone relaxation techniques,and the CPLEX solver is invoked to solve the optimization problem.Finally,the modified IEEE 33-bus systemis used to analyze the benefits of SOP,P2G technology and lithium bromide absorption chillers in reducing systemnetwork loss and cost,as well as improving the system’s ability to absorb wind and solar and operating safety.展开更多
Flexible load can optimize the load curve,which is an important means to promote renewable energy consumption.The peculiarities of electricity,heat,cooling and gas loads are analyzed in this paper,considering the fuzz...Flexible load can optimize the load curve,which is an important means to promote renewable energy consumption.The peculiarities of electricity,heat,cooling and gas loads are analyzed in this paper,considering the fuzzy degree of human perception for water temperature,and the characteristic model of hot water load is established.Considering the fuzzy degree of human perception of ambient temperature,the characteristic model of cooling load is established by using PMV and PPD index.Meanwhile,considering four combinations of cut load,translatable load,transferable load and alternative load,and considering the coupling relationship of composite parts,different response models of load are established respectively.With the minimum cost of the system,including operation and compensation costs as the objective function,the optimization scheduling model of the regional integrated energy system is established,and the Gurobi solver is used for simulation analysis to solve the optimal output and load response curve of each piece of equipment.The results show that the load curve can be optimized,the flexible regulation ability of the regional integrated energy system can be enhanced,the energy loss of the system can be reduced,and the wind power consumption ability of the system can be increased by considering the integrated demand response.展开更多
Tidal energy budget in the Zhujiang(Pearl River) Estuary(ZE) is evaluated by employing high-resolution baroclinic regional ocean modeling system(ROMS). The results obtained via applying the least square method o...Tidal energy budget in the Zhujiang(Pearl River) Estuary(ZE) is evaluated by employing high-resolution baroclinic regional ocean modeling system(ROMS). The results obtained via applying the least square method on the model elevations are compared against the tidal harmonic constants at 18 tide stations along the ZE and its adjacent coast. The mean absolute errors between the simulation and the observation of M_2, S_2, K_1 and O_1 are 4.6, 2.8, 3.2 and 2.8 cm in amplitudes and 9.8°, 15.0°, 4.6° and 4.6° in phase-lags, respectively. The comparisons between the simulated and observed sea level heights at 11 tide gauge stations also suggest good model performance. The total tidal energy flux incoming the ZE is estimated to be 343.49 MW in the dry season and larger than 336.18 MW in the wet season, which should due to higher mean sea level height and heavier density in the dry season. M_2, K_1, S_2, O_1 and N_2, the top five barotropic tidal energy flux contributors for the ZE,import 242.23(236.79), 52.97(52.08), 24.49(23.96), 16.22(15.91) and 7.10(6.97) MW energy flux into the ZE in dry(wet) season, successively and respectively. The enhanced turbulent mixing induced by eddies around isolated islands and sharp headlands dominated by bottom friction, interaction between tidal currents and sill topography or constricted narrow waterways together account for the five energy dissipation hotspots, which add up to about 38% of the total energy dissipation inside the ZE.展开更多
In the electricity market environment,the regional integrated energy system(RIES)can reduce the total operation cost by participating in electricity market transactions.However,the RIES will face the risk of load and ...In the electricity market environment,the regional integrated energy system(RIES)can reduce the total operation cost by participating in electricity market transactions.However,the RIES will face the risk of load and electricity price uncertainties,which may make its operation cost higher than expected.This paper proposes a method to optimize the operation cost of the RIES in the electricity market environment considering uncertainty.Firstly,based on the operation cost structure of the RIES in the electricity market environment,the energy flow relationship of the RIES is analyzed,and the operation cost model of the RIES is built.Then,the electricity purchase costs of the RIES in the medium-and long-term electricity markets,the spot electricity market,and the retail electricity market are analyzed.Finally,considering the risk of load and electricity price uncertainties,the operation cost optimization model of the RIES is established based on conditional value-at-risk.Then it is solved to obtain the operation cost optimization strategy of the RIES.Verification results show that the proposed operation cost optimization method can reduce the operation cost of high electricity price scenario by optimizing the energy purchase and distribution strategy,constrain the risk of load and electricity price uncertainties,and help balance the risks and benefits.展开更多
To reduce environmental pollution and improve the efficiency of cascaded energy utilization, regional integrated energy system(RIES) has received extensive attention. An accurate multi-energy load prediction is signif...To reduce environmental pollution and improve the efficiency of cascaded energy utilization, regional integrated energy system(RIES) has received extensive attention. An accurate multi-energy load prediction is significant for RIES as it enables stakeholders to make effective decisions for carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. To this end, this paper proposes a multivariate two-stage adaptive-stacking prediction(M2ASP) framework. First, a preprocessing module based on ensemble learning is proposed. The input data are preprocessed to provide a reliable database for M2ASP, and highly correlated input variables of multi-energy load prediction are determined. Then, the load prediction results of four predictors are adaptively combined in the first stage of M2ASP to enhance generalization ability. Predictor hyper-parameters and intermediate data sets of M2ASP are trained with a metaheuristic method named collaborative atomic chaotic search(CACS) to achieve the adaptive staking of M2ASP. Finally, a prediction correction of the peak load consumption period is conducted in the second stage of M2ASP. The case studies indicate that the proposed framework has higher prediction accuracy, generalization ability, and stability than other benchmark prediction models.展开更多
The increasing penetration of plug-in electric ve- hicles (PEVs) has highlighted the importance of coordinating ubiquitous distributed energy resources (DERs) via the internet of things (IoT).With the help of vehicle-...The increasing penetration of plug-in electric ve- hicles (PEVs) has highlighted the importance of coordinating ubiquitous distributed energy resources (DERs) via the internet of things (IoT).With the help of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, PEVs can be aggregated to behave as a storage system, yielding both economic and environmental benefits. In this paper, we propose an optimal bidding framework for a V2G-enabled re- gional energy internet (REI) to participate in day-ahead markets considering carbon trading. The REI operator aims to maximize the net profits from day-ahead markets while anticipating real- time adjustments. A detailed battery model is developed to depict the charging and discharging capability of V2G-enabled PEVs. A two-stage stochastic optimization model is formulated to schedule the operation of PEV fleets against various sources of uncertainties, e.g., the arrival and departure time of PEVs, solar power and real-time prices. Case studies undertaken based on realistic datasets demonstrate that the coordination of the V2G- enabled PEVs and other DERs can facilitate the accommodation of renewable energy, thus improving the REI’s revenues in energy and carbon markets.展开更多
To extract strong correlations between different energy loads and improve the interpretability and accuracy for load forecasting of a regional integrated energy system(RIES),an explainable framework for load forecasti...To extract strong correlations between different energy loads and improve the interpretability and accuracy for load forecasting of a regional integrated energy system(RIES),an explainable framework for load forecasting of an RIES is proposed.This includes the load forecasting model of RIES and its interpretation.A coupled feature extracting strat-egy is adopted to construct coupled features between loads as the input variables of the model.It is designed based on multi-task learning(MTL)with a long short-term memory(LSTM)model as the sharing layer.Based on SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP),this explainable framework combines global and local interpretations to improve the interpretability of load forecasting of the RIES.In addition,an input variable selection strategy based on the global SHAP value is proposed to select input feature variables of the model.A case study is given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model,constructed coupled features,and input variable selection strategy.The results show that the explainable framework intuitively improves the interpretability of the prediction model.展开更多
Year:2017Publisher:China Building Materials Press ISBN:9787516020418(472 pages,in Chinese)As one of the three major urban agglomerations in China,the JingJin-Ji(Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei)region has taken the lead in build...Year:2017Publisher:China Building Materials Press ISBN:9787516020418(472 pages,in Chinese)As one of the three major urban agglomerations in China,the JingJin-Ji(Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei)region has taken the lead in building energy efficiency throughout the country.Since the beginning of the 13th Five-Year Plan period,policies and regulations。展开更多
As metallic foams used for energy absorption in the automotive and aerospace industries, recently invented lotus-type porous metals are viewed as potential energy absorbers. Yet, solid conclusion on their eligibility ...As metallic foams used for energy absorption in the automotive and aerospace industries, recently invented lotus-type porous metals are viewed as potential energy absorbers. Yet, solid conclusion on their eligibility as energy absorbers is still in question, particularly when compression is in the direction perpendicular to the axial orientation of cylindrical pores. In this work, the energy absorption of lotus-type porous coppers in the perpendicular direction is investigated at strain rates from 0.001 s^(-1) to^2400 s^(-1). The energy absorption capacity and the energy absorption efficiency are calculated to be4–16 k J/kg and 0.32–0.7, respectively, slightly inferior to metal foams and the same porous solid compressed in the parallel direction due to the shortened extent of the plateau stress region. The deformation mechanism is examined experimentally in conjunction with finite element modeling. Both suggest that gradual squeeze and collapse of pores are the mechanisms accommodating the energy absorption. The deformation is generally evenly distributed over pore ligaments and independent of strain rate.展开更多
This paper proposes a distributed robust optimal dispatch model to enhance information security and interaction among the operators in the regional integrated energy system(RIES).Our model regards the distribution net...This paper proposes a distributed robust optimal dispatch model to enhance information security and interaction among the operators in the regional integrated energy system(RIES).Our model regards the distribution network and each energy hub(EH)as independent operators and employs robust optimization to improve operational security caused by wind and photovoltaic(PV)power output uncertainties,with only deterministic information exchanged across boundaries.This paper also adopts the alternating direction method of multipliers(ADMM)algorithm to facilitate secure information interaction among multiple RIES operators,maximizing the benefit for each subject.Furthermore,the traditional ADMM algorithm with fixed step size is modified to be adaptive,addressing issues of redundant interactions caused by suboptimal initial step size settings.A case study validates the effectiveness of the proposed model,demonstrating the superiority of the ADMM algorithm with adaptive step size and the economic benefits of the distributed robust optimal dispatch model over the distributed stochastic optimal dispatch model.展开更多
基金supported financially by InnerMongoliaKey Lab of Electrical Power Conversion,Transmission,and Control under Grant IMEECTC2022001the S&TMajor Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China(2021ZD0040).
文摘Given the“double carbon”objective and the drive toward low-carbon power,investigating the integration and interaction within the carbon-electricity market can enhance renewable energy utilization and facilitate energy conservation and emission reduction endeavors.However,further research is necessary to explore operational optimization methods for establishing a regional energy system using Power-to-Hydrogen(P2H)technology,focusing on participating in combined carbon-electricity market transactions.This study introduces an innovative Electro-Hydrogen Regional Energy System(EHRES)in this context.This system integrates renewable energy sources,a P2H system,cogeneration units,and energy storage devices.The core purpose of this integration is to optimize renewable energy utilization and minimize carbon emissions.This study aims to formulate an optimal operational strategy for EHRES,enabling its dynamic engagement in carbon-electricity market transactions.The initial phase entails establishing the technological framework of the electricity-hydrogen coupling system integrated with P2H.Subsequently,an analysis is conducted to examine the operational mode of EHRES as it participates in carbon-electricity market transactions.Additionally,the system scheduling model includes a stepped carbon trading price mechanism,considering the combined heat and power generation characteristics of the Hydrogen Fuel Cell(HFC).This facilitates the establishment of an optimal operational model for EHRES,aiming to minimize the overall operating cost.The simulation example illustrates that the coordinated operation of EHRES in carbon-electricity market transactions holds the potential to improve renewable energy utilization and reduce the overall system cost.This result carries significant implications for attaining advantages in both low-carbon and economic aspects.
基金Project Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51777193).
文摘The Regional Integrated Energy System(RIES)has brought new modes of development,utilization,conversion,storage of energy.The introduction of Soft Open Point(SOP)and the application of Power to Gas(P2G)technology will greatly deepen the coupling of the electricity-gas integrated energy system,improve the flexibility and safety of the operation of the power system,and bring a deal of benefits to the power system.On this background,an optimal dispatch model of RIES combined cold,heat,gas and electricity with SOP is proposed.Firstly,RIES architecture with SOP and P2G is designed and its mathematical model also is built.Secondly,on the basis of considering the optimal scheduling of combined cold,heat,gas and electricity,the optimal scheduling model for RIES was established.After that,the original model is transformed into a mixed-integer second-order cone programming model by using linearization and second-order cone relaxation techniques,and the CPLEX solver is invoked to solve the optimization problem.Finally,the modified IEEE 33-bus systemis used to analyze the benefits of SOP,P2G technology and lithium bromide absorption chillers in reducing systemnetwork loss and cost,as well as improving the system’s ability to absorb wind and solar and operating safety.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51577086)Jiangsu Key University Science Research Project(19KJA510012)+1 种基金Six talent peaks project in Jiangsu Province(TD-XNY004)Jiangsu Qinglan Project.
文摘Flexible load can optimize the load curve,which is an important means to promote renewable energy consumption.The peculiarities of electricity,heat,cooling and gas loads are analyzed in this paper,considering the fuzzy degree of human perception for water temperature,and the characteristic model of hot water load is established.Considering the fuzzy degree of human perception of ambient temperature,the characteristic model of cooling load is established by using PMV and PPD index.Meanwhile,considering four combinations of cut load,translatable load,transferable load and alternative load,and considering the coupling relationship of composite parts,different response models of load are established respectively.With the minimum cost of the system,including operation and compensation costs as the objective function,the optimization scheduling model of the regional integrated energy system is established,and the Gurobi solver is used for simulation analysis to solve the optimal output and load response curve of each piece of equipment.The results show that the load curve can be optimized,the flexible regulation ability of the regional integrated energy system can be enhanced,the energy loss of the system can be reduced,and the wind power consumption ability of the system can be increased by considering the integrated demand response.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41476002the Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation under contract No.ZR2014DQ013the Shandong Scientific and Technological Development Program under contract No.2013GHY11502
文摘Tidal energy budget in the Zhujiang(Pearl River) Estuary(ZE) is evaluated by employing high-resolution baroclinic regional ocean modeling system(ROMS). The results obtained via applying the least square method on the model elevations are compared against the tidal harmonic constants at 18 tide stations along the ZE and its adjacent coast. The mean absolute errors between the simulation and the observation of M_2, S_2, K_1 and O_1 are 4.6, 2.8, 3.2 and 2.8 cm in amplitudes and 9.8°, 15.0°, 4.6° and 4.6° in phase-lags, respectively. The comparisons between the simulated and observed sea level heights at 11 tide gauge stations also suggest good model performance. The total tidal energy flux incoming the ZE is estimated to be 343.49 MW in the dry season and larger than 336.18 MW in the wet season, which should due to higher mean sea level height and heavier density in the dry season. M_2, K_1, S_2, O_1 and N_2, the top five barotropic tidal energy flux contributors for the ZE,import 242.23(236.79), 52.97(52.08), 24.49(23.96), 16.22(15.91) and 7.10(6.97) MW energy flux into the ZE in dry(wet) season, successively and respectively. The enhanced turbulent mixing induced by eddies around isolated islands and sharp headlands dominated by bottom friction, interaction between tidal currents and sill topography or constricted narrow waterways together account for the five energy dissipation hotspots, which add up to about 38% of the total energy dissipation inside the ZE.
基金supported in part by the Research Project of Digital Grid Research Institute,China Southern Power Grid(No.YTYZW20010)in part by the Research and Development Program Project in Key Areas of Guangdong Province(No.2021B0101230003)in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51907031)。
文摘In the electricity market environment,the regional integrated energy system(RIES)can reduce the total operation cost by participating in electricity market transactions.However,the RIES will face the risk of load and electricity price uncertainties,which may make its operation cost higher than expected.This paper proposes a method to optimize the operation cost of the RIES in the electricity market environment considering uncertainty.Firstly,based on the operation cost structure of the RIES in the electricity market environment,the energy flow relationship of the RIES is analyzed,and the operation cost model of the RIES is built.Then,the electricity purchase costs of the RIES in the medium-and long-term electricity markets,the spot electricity market,and the retail electricity market are analyzed.Finally,considering the risk of load and electricity price uncertainties,the operation cost optimization model of the RIES is established based on conditional value-at-risk.Then it is solved to obtain the operation cost optimization strategy of the RIES.Verification results show that the proposed operation cost optimization method can reduce the operation cost of high electricity price scenario by optimizing the energy purchase and distribution strategy,constrain the risk of load and electricity price uncertainties,and help balance the risks and benefits.
基金supported in part by Science and Technology Project of the Headquarters of State Grid Corporation of China (No. 5100-202155018A-0-0-00)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51807134)+1 种基金the State Key Laboratory of Power System and Generation Equipment (No. SKLD21KM10)the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)(No. RGPIN-2018-06724)。
文摘To reduce environmental pollution and improve the efficiency of cascaded energy utilization, regional integrated energy system(RIES) has received extensive attention. An accurate multi-energy load prediction is significant for RIES as it enables stakeholders to make effective decisions for carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. To this end, this paper proposes a multivariate two-stage adaptive-stacking prediction(M2ASP) framework. First, a preprocessing module based on ensemble learning is proposed. The input data are preprocessed to provide a reliable database for M2ASP, and highly correlated input variables of multi-energy load prediction are determined. Then, the load prediction results of four predictors are adaptively combined in the first stage of M2ASP to enhance generalization ability. Predictor hyper-parameters and intermediate data sets of M2ASP are trained with a metaheuristic method named collaborative atomic chaotic search(CACS) to achieve the adaptive staking of M2ASP. Finally, a prediction correction of the peak load consumption period is conducted in the second stage of M2ASP. The case studies indicate that the proposed framework has higher prediction accuracy, generalization ability, and stability than other benchmark prediction models.
基金This work was supported in part by the Smart Grid Joint Foundation Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the State Grid Corporation of China(U1866204)in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51907064)and in part by the State Grid Corporation of China(Application Research and Trading Mechanism of Green Electricity Market toward Sustainable Energy Accommodation,52020119000G).
文摘The increasing penetration of plug-in electric ve- hicles (PEVs) has highlighted the importance of coordinating ubiquitous distributed energy resources (DERs) via the internet of things (IoT).With the help of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, PEVs can be aggregated to behave as a storage system, yielding both economic and environmental benefits. In this paper, we propose an optimal bidding framework for a V2G-enabled re- gional energy internet (REI) to participate in day-ahead markets considering carbon trading. The REI operator aims to maximize the net profits from day-ahead markets while anticipating real- time adjustments. A detailed battery model is developed to depict the charging and discharging capability of V2G-enabled PEVs. A two-stage stochastic optimization model is formulated to schedule the operation of PEV fleets against various sources of uncertainties, e.g., the arrival and departure time of PEVs, solar power and real-time prices. Case studies undertaken based on realistic datasets demonstrate that the coordination of the V2G- enabled PEVs and other DERs can facilitate the accommodation of renewable energy, thus improving the REI’s revenues in energy and carbon markets.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research Program of China (2016YFB0900100)Key Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (18DZ1100303).
文摘To extract strong correlations between different energy loads and improve the interpretability and accuracy for load forecasting of a regional integrated energy system(RIES),an explainable framework for load forecasting of an RIES is proposed.This includes the load forecasting model of RIES and its interpretation.A coupled feature extracting strat-egy is adopted to construct coupled features between loads as the input variables of the model.It is designed based on multi-task learning(MTL)with a long short-term memory(LSTM)model as the sharing layer.Based on SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP),this explainable framework combines global and local interpretations to improve the interpretability of load forecasting of the RIES.In addition,an input variable selection strategy based on the global SHAP value is proposed to select input feature variables of the model.A case study is given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model,constructed coupled features,and input variable selection strategy.The results show that the explainable framework intuitively improves the interpretability of the prediction model.
文摘Year:2017Publisher:China Building Materials Press ISBN:9787516020418(472 pages,in Chinese)As one of the three major urban agglomerations in China,the JingJin-Ji(Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei)region has taken the lead in building energy efficiency throughout the country.Since the beginning of the 13th Five-Year Plan period,policies and regulations。
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50904004)
文摘As metallic foams used for energy absorption in the automotive and aerospace industries, recently invented lotus-type porous metals are viewed as potential energy absorbers. Yet, solid conclusion on their eligibility as energy absorbers is still in question, particularly when compression is in the direction perpendicular to the axial orientation of cylindrical pores. In this work, the energy absorption of lotus-type porous coppers in the perpendicular direction is investigated at strain rates from 0.001 s^(-1) to^2400 s^(-1). The energy absorption capacity and the energy absorption efficiency are calculated to be4–16 k J/kg and 0.32–0.7, respectively, slightly inferior to metal foams and the same porous solid compressed in the parallel direction due to the shortened extent of the plateau stress region. The deformation mechanism is examined experimentally in conjunction with finite element modeling. Both suggest that gradual squeeze and collapse of pores are the mechanisms accommodating the energy absorption. The deformation is generally evenly distributed over pore ligaments and independent of strain rate.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52107085)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20210367)。
文摘This paper proposes a distributed robust optimal dispatch model to enhance information security and interaction among the operators in the regional integrated energy system(RIES).Our model regards the distribution network and each energy hub(EH)as independent operators and employs robust optimization to improve operational security caused by wind and photovoltaic(PV)power output uncertainties,with only deterministic information exchanged across boundaries.This paper also adopts the alternating direction method of multipliers(ADMM)algorithm to facilitate secure information interaction among multiple RIES operators,maximizing the benefit for each subject.Furthermore,the traditional ADMM algorithm with fixed step size is modified to be adaptive,addressing issues of redundant interactions caused by suboptimal initial step size settings.A case study validates the effectiveness of the proposed model,demonstrating the superiority of the ADMM algorithm with adaptive step size and the economic benefits of the distributed robust optimal dispatch model over the distributed stochastic optimal dispatch model.