Faults and Claims about Thermal Environments in Relation to Energy Saving Measures in Smaller Office Buildings

Building equipment, energy-saving systems, and claims of inappropriate indoor thermal environments were analyzed in relation to the floor area using responses to a questionnaire survey of service managers of 157 buildings built in Osaka, Kyoto and Hyogo prefectures in Kinki area of Japan. Results show the following： （1） In smaller buildings （〈 5,000 m2）, setting temperatures are higher in summer and lower in winter, effects of ＂uncomfortable radiation from windows＂ are greater, energy-saving systems decrease indoor thermal comfort, but claims of ＂hot＂ and ＂cold＂ are fewer; （2） Claims of ＂hot＂ and ＂cold＂ are unrelated to the setting temperature and whether the air-conditioning control system is central or local; （3） The adoption rates of mitigation of dress codes （＂COOL-BIZ＂ and ＂WARM-BIZ＂） are higher than those of temperature mitigation of air conditioning.

Application Analysis of Energy Saving Measures in Oilfield Electrical Engineering

With the rapid development of the social economy,people are paying more and more attention to environmental issues.If society wants sustainable development,it must put energy conservation and emission reduction on the agenda.At this stage,China has vigorously promoted energy conservation and emission reduction,and all walks of life have gradually embarked on the green road of energy conservation.In recent years,energy saving measures has been widely used in China's oilfield electrical engineering.The author explores and analyzes the basic principles of energy saving measures applied in oilfield electrical engineering,and proposes an effective way to apply energy saving measures in oilfield electrical engineering,hoping to contribute to the energy saving effect of oilfield electrical engineering.

Research on Green Transformation of Campus Sponge and Energy Saving Facilities on Sloping Land

Based on the renovation of sponge and energy-saving facilities in a middle school in Nanning,this paper systematically studies the overall elevation of the campus,the composition of the drainage system and the layout of space functions,and formulates a characteristic scheme for the renovation of sponge and energy-saving facilities according to the characteristics of the sloping campus.In order to control the total amount of rainwater runoff,the sponge transformation mainly adopts the transformation methods of partition catchment,upper storage and lower use,multi-stage detection and classification treatment.For the purpose of solar energy and wind energy utilization,solar photovoltaic panels and small-scale wind power generation system are adopted.The application effects of sponge and energy-saving facilities are estimated and evaluated.

STUDY ON URBAN LAND SAVING IN THE ECONOMICDEVELOPED COASTAL REGION OF CHINA

In the initial period of industrialization a great deal of land is needed for Chinese industry development as well as land resource per person of China is much lower than the average value in the world, thus it is necessary to save land in Chinese urban constrUction. This paper mainly discussed the features of urban land use in economic developed coastal cities: one is that the index of urban land per person in middle-small cities was higher than in large cities; another is that urban land has not been used highly and strongly; the third is that the industrial land occupied an irrationally large percentage of whole urban land; the final is that rural enterprises took up a quantity of land. Thereafter, this paper put forward five land-saving measures: first, to adopt the idea of saving land; next, to adjust the land-use structure when redeveloping the old city and alternate some land use when adjusting the industry structure of the city; the third, to develop the system of payment for using land and the management of urban planning; finally to enhance the effective regional plan and the urban landuse plan.

An Approach to Energy Saving and Cost of Energy Reduction Using an Improved Efficient Technology

The electricity consumption in commercial places like universities has tremendously increased recently. Modern and advanced energy efficient appliances are highly needed to substitute the conventional ones. Energy saving is of great important instead of its wastage, as utilizing the energy efficiently reduces the cost of energy. Energy consumption varies for commercial building due to several factors such as electrical appliance usage, electrical appliance type, management, etc. Due to the advancement in technology, there are new emergence appliances that are of high efficiency and have less energy consumption. A case study is conducted on selected five tutorial rooms, level 4 buildings in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering 19 A, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. The paper proposes new emergence equipments with high efficiency and less power consumption to replace the existing ones. A survey is conducted on the number of electrical appliances used for each of the tutorial rooms, time table for each tutorial room and the Tenaga Nasional Berhad pricing and tariff are taken into consideration in the analysis of the energy consumption and the cost of energy. This paper aims at reducing the amount of energy consumption by replacing the existing electrical equipments with high efficient electrical equipments;it also tends to reduce the cost of energy paid to the utility. By observing the results, it shows that the proposed efficient electrical equipments are more efficient, less power consumption and less cost compared to the existing electrical equipments.

A Homeowner-Based Methodology for Economic Analysis of Energy-Efficiency Measures in Residences

Residential energy-efficiency measures, besides energy savings, provide opportunities for improvement of thermal comfort, air quality, lighting quality, and operation. However, all these benefits sometimes are not enough to convince a homeowner to pay the incremental cost associated with the energy-efficiency measure. The objective of this work is to develop a methodology for the economic evaluation of residential energy-efficiency measures that can simplify the economic analysis for the homeowner while taking into consideration all factors associated with the purchase, ownership, and selling of the house with the energy-efficiency measure. The methodology accounts for direct and indirect economic parameters associated to an energy-efficiency measure;direct parameters such as the mortgage interest and fuel price escalation rate, and indirect parameters such as savings account interest and marginal income tax rate. The methodology also considers different cases based on the service life of the energy-efficiency measure and loss of efficiency through a derating factor. To estimate the market value, the methodology uses the future energy cost savings instead of the cost of the EEM. Results from the methodology offer to homeowner annual net savings and net assets. The annual net savings gives the homeowner a measure of the annual positive cash flow that can be obtained from an energy-efficiency project;but more important, the net assets offer a measure of the added net wealth. To simplify and increase the use of the methodology by homeowners, the methodology has been implemented in an Excel tool that can be downloaded from the TxAIRE’s website.

Present situation and development of saving energy and reducing emission technology in iron ore sintering process

The energy consumption of iron ore sintering process is about 10%- 15%of the total of iron and steel industry.Therefore,it is of great significance to take effective measures to reduce the energy consumption in the iron ore sintering process to reduce the costs of sintering product and cut down the emissions of harmful gases,such as CO_2 and SO_2.In this study,the technology development of saving energy and reducing emission in iron ore sintering process was reviewed and discussed;some new directions and measures of saving energy were presented for the sintering process in the future.

Energy-saving Technology of Vent in Passive Solar Wall of Rural House of Severe Cold Region

This paper aims at solving the problems of low thermal collection rate,inconvenient maintenance,hindering indoor using during the application of passive solar technologies in rural houses in severe cold region.All these defects prevent the passive solar houses' further development. This paper chooses trombe wall,which has higher thermal efficiency of the passive solar house,as research object. The traditional vent is improved into a new type of ventilation device. This improvement overcomes the shortcoming,which traditional vent loses huge heat,and simplifies the construction of vent. Comparing with traditional trombe wall,the energy saving rate is 15. 69%.

Energy-Efficient and Cost-Effective Approaches through Energy Modeling for Hotel Building

Hotel buildings are currently among the largest energy consumers in the world.Heating,ventilation,and air conditioning are the most energy-intensive building systems,accounting for more than half of total energy consumption.An energy audit is used to predict the weak points of a building’s energy use system.Various factors influence building energy consumption,which can be modified to achieve more energy-efficient strategies.In this study,an existing hotel building in Central Taiwan is evaluated by simulating several scenarios using energy modeling over a year.Energy modeling is conducted by using Autodesk Revit 2025.It was discovered from the results that arranging the lighting schedule based on the ASHRAE Standard 90.1 could save up to 8.22%of energy consumption.And then the results also revealed that changing the glazing of the building into double-layer lowemissivity glass could reduce energy consumption by 14.58%.While the energy consumption of the building could also be decreased to 7.20%by changing the building orientation to the north.Meanwhile,moving the building location to Northern Taiwan could also minimize the energy consumption of the building by 3.23%.The results revealed that the double layer offers better thermal insulation,and low-emissivity glass can lower energy consumption,electricity costs,and CO_(2)emissions by up to 15.27%annually.While adjusting orientation and location can enhance energy performance,this approach is impractical for existing buildings,but this could be considered for designing new buildings.The results showed the relevancy of energy performance to CO_(2)emission production and electricity expenses.

基于EnergyPlus的被动式超低能耗建筑能耗模拟分析

本文以济南某被动式超低能耗二层别墅为研究对象,利用EnergyPlus能耗模拟软件对该建筑进行全年逐时动态模拟分析,将其结果与现行的节能建筑设计标准计算结果进行对比,得出该研究对象的节能率为35%,分析了影响建筑能耗的主要因素,为建筑节能的进一步发展提出建议。

严寒地区农村住宅围护结构现状分析与优化研究

我国严寒地区气候寒冷且供暖季漫长,农村住宅采暖能耗问题突出,多数住宅采用自建形式,围护结构的热工性能普遍不理想。本研究从严寒地区农村住宅围护结构实际情况出发,对本溪农村地区200余户现有住宅进行调研。结果显示,本溪现有农宅基本未设置外墙保温,虽部分住宅屋顶设置保温,但保温材料均已超过使用年限,保温效果较差。有86.95%的农宅室内温度基本维持在18℃以下,农户满意度仅24.2%。实地测量3户典型农宅的室内环境温度。采用EnergyPlus模拟得到农宅围护结构的传热系数相比居住建筑节能设计标准规定限值超出300%~400%。根据实测数据和模拟数据对外墙、屋顶、外窗进行热工性能改造。对比单一围护结构改造前后的供暖季热负荷,得出外墙的改造效果最好。

投入固定视角下的中国城市节能减排分析

基于最小调整策略的固定投入和DEA模型得到均衡前沿面,提出了节能减排绩效测量模型和综合效率测量模型,对中国城市节能减排效率开展了研究.结果表明,在考虑土地利用的情况下,中国城市的节能减排效率显著降低;中国城市土地供不应求问题逐步得到改善,但土地供需缺口依然较大;五线城市的土地利用效率不高,但是节能减排效率却呈逐年递增;85%的样本城市没能实现土地利用和节能减排的双赢.研究结果为政府在宏观和中观层面制定城市经济可持续发展政策提供了一定的理论和现实依据.

基于类型学方法的城镇住宅节能改造效果的分类评估——以重庆市为例

针对城镇住宅量大面广、复杂多样、能效偏低且参差不齐的现况,基于类型学方法,以重庆市1950—2000年间的城镇住宅为例,采用CHAID决策树算法,按照建造年代、住宅套型和套型组合三种属性,从373例样本中归纳出围护结构的三个大类和24个子类,并构建原型的物理模型。模拟分析表明:分类评估可以更好地解释不同建筑类型冷、热负荷需求的影响因子及其显著程度,筛选出最不节能的类型及各类型最不利于节能的部位;不同类型住宅的冷、热负荷节约率取决于节能改造后不同部位的贡献度。推荐运用CHAID决策树算法对节能改造评价标准进行类型化细分,并扩展至更大区域范围的能效评估和改造潜力预测。

基于BIM技术的重庆传统木构民居围护结构节能改造研究——以杨家槽传统民居为例

传统民居的保护更新,需要在保证传统风貌的前提下,提高民居的室内舒适性,实现民居的可持续利用。围护结构的节能改造是目前发展的重点,而BIM技术的利用能高效地辅助节能改造的模拟计算。以重庆市渝北区杨家槽传统民居为对象,在实地调研的基础上,通过BIM技术对民居围护结构的能耗情况进行数字化模拟,解析重庆传统木构民居围护结构的气密性低、保温隔热性能差等现存问题,并针对问题设计实验模拟改造方案。通过模拟改造结果对比,结合传统民居修缮技术,提出适宜的围护结构节能改造措施。最终结果显示,通过在屋面设置防水保温构造,墙体内侧增加外保温层,增大窗墙比,以及设置双层窗形式,能显著提高围护结构的气密性与保温隔热性能,增进民居居住环境舒适度,为BIM技术在传统民居建筑的应用提供一定参考。

PHOENIX’S FIRST NET-ZERO ENERGY OFFICE RETROFIT: A GREEN AND LEAN CASE STUDY

Many in the construction industry view lean practices as a means for reducing cost and schedule while maintaining or improving quality. This paper argues that lean practices can also be used to promote energy savings throughout a building’s life cycle. This paper presents a case study of an existing building retrofit in Phoenix, Arizona. The project owner, a general contractor, self-performed much of the building construction and worked to ensure the project team aligned around the project’s net-zero energy goal. All building systems, excepting the walls and roof, were re-designed and re-constructed. After retrofit, the building has achieved net-zero energy consumption;that is, the building produces as much energy as it consumes on an annual basis. Deep building energy retrofits typically result in larger energy savings than operational changes alone can provide, as these retrofits take a whole-building approach to design (i.e., optimize the whole) and implement integrated project delivery methods (e.g., (AIA, 2007)). This paper discusses a net-zero energy retrofit and how lessons learned on this project could apply to other deep energy retrofits for commercial buildings (where “deep” refers to energy savings of 25% or more) that may significantly improve building value (Miller and Pogue, 2009). The inefficiency of existing building stock supports the need for retrofitting: energy consumption in the existing building stock in the United States accounts for approximately 41% of the total primary energy consumption (US DOE, 2012). In order to reduce this consumption, existing buildings must be retrofit, through replacement or upgrade of their existing building systems, to improve their energy performance. Beyond the energy motivation, a building’s operating costs account for the largest portion of the life cycle cost. Thus, deep energy retrofit projects offer an opportunity to significantly reduce both national energy consumption and expenditures. While much research exists on the topic of energy retrofits, very little explores the role of the contractor. This paper explores the contractor’s role (rather than the designer’s or engineer’s role) in delivering deep energy retrofit projects. The contractor plays a critical role in delivering a project that meets the owner’s expectations and goals and satisfies the specifications (Ahn and Pearce, 2007). Namely, the contractor executes the plans and specifications, giving physical reality to the design team’s vision. In the case of deep energy retrofits, this role is particularly important, as installation and operation must conform to the design intent to achieve the predicted energy performance. Moreover, the contractor must understand the existing condition to effectively retrofit the building. This paper explores critical building energy efficiency measures and processes for achieving deep energy savings in retrofit projects. Specifically, we present the role of the contractor in a case study project in Phoenix, Arizona where the contractor was engaged in the project early in the design stage. This paper discusses the process of developing and selecting energy efficiency measures (EEMs). It explains the reasons for choosing particular EEMs, including a discussion of selecting an appropriate baseline for energy savings calculations, and documents the impact of EEMs on total energy consumption and design intent. The paper concludes with a discussion of recommendations that, if applied in part or whole, will increase the effectiveness of future construction teams in delivering deep energy retrofit projects.

住宅建筑超低能耗改造设计及碳排放对比研究

近年来,超低能耗建筑和近零能耗建筑获得了越来越多的关注。随着国家由增量转存量的建筑节能目标转变,针对住宅建筑的节能改造呈现出巨大的潜力。以寒冷地区典型住宅建筑为案例,进行超低能耗节能改造设计及碳排放测算对比研究。设置30组外墙保温方案、30组屋面保温方案、4组外窗类型方案进行模拟,并基于模拟结果采用敏感性分析进行方案比选。相较基准建筑和改造前建筑,综合最优方案的节能率分别为57.1%、72.1%。采用碳排放因子法对改造前建筑及58组模拟方案进行碳排放测算,可知改造后建筑运行阶段的碳排放量可降低84.2%,并基于测算结果对改造设计方案进一步优化,为既有住宅的超低能耗节能改造提供理论与实践参考。

寒冷地区新建农宅能耗测试及节能优化研究

通过对沧州地区某新建农宅进行室内热环境和围护结构采暖能耗的测试,研究新建农宅建筑采暖能耗现状和节能降耗策略,并利用DesignBuilder软件建立计算模型,根据当地农宅建筑特性选取了外墙构造、屋顶保温层材料、建筑层高、南向窗墙比、北向窗墙比等5个与采暖能耗相关的因素进行模拟优化分析。运用正交试验和极差分析,研究其对建筑能耗的影响趋势及显著性程度,最后得到新建农宅最佳优化方案为外墙选用250 mm厚EPS板层间浇筑混凝土外墙、屋顶保温层材料选用100 mm厚聚氨酯板、楼层高度选用3.2 m、南北窗墙比分别选择0.45和0.10,该组合单位面积采暖能耗为12.98 W/m^(2),对比实验建筑初始能耗节能率为40.81%。研究结果对于寒冷地区农宅节能设计及建造具有参考意义。

液压挖掘机液能回收再利用节能装置测控系统

液压挖掘机动臂下降重力势能和回转制动动能均以节流和溢流的形式转化为了油液的热能,严重影响整机能效,亟需提高液压挖掘机液压系统的效率。针对这一问题,提出了基于三腔蓄能器的挖掘机液能回收再利用的节能装置方案,可以回收挖掘机动臂势能和回转制动动能,用于驱动动臂举升。首先,介绍了节能装置的工作原理。其次,设计并开发了节能装置的测控系统,采用CoDeSys编写了下位机控制器程序,直接控制节能装置的动作实现能量回收和再利用;运用C#语言开发了上位机程序进行节能装置电控系统和液压系统的模拟调试和数据监控,并实现了节能装置的远程无线通讯功能。试验结果表明:该测控系统实现了对插装阀开闭和比例节流阀开度的快速、精准控制;达到了对节能装置远程控制和数据实时采集的目标;节能装置的动臂势能回收效率为84.9%,动臂节能效率为52.8%,回转制动工况下的动能回收效率为41.1%。

A^(2)O-MBBR+反硝化深床滤池工艺用于污水处理厂提标扩能

宜宾市杨湾污水处理厂处理规模由6×10^(4)m^(3)/d扩容至12×10^(4)m^(3)/d,出水水质提升至《四川省岷江、沱江流域水污染物排放标准》(DB 51/2311-2016)。针对用地受限和排洪暗渠从厂区中间穿过的实际情况,从工艺选择、总图和构筑物布置角度优化设计。污水处理采用“A^(2)O-MBBR-反硝化深床滤池”工艺;二期生化池和二沉池布置在排洪暗渠上方;加大生化池有效水深和滤池滤层厚度;二次提升泵井、反硝化深床滤池及配套设施集约化组合布置。实际运行效果显示,出水COD、BOD_(5)、NH_(3)^(-)N、TP、TN、SS平均值分别为8.37、2.87、0.08、0.15、5.29、2.56 mg/L,稳定达到排放标准。

电解铝厂整流装置效率计算分析及节能提效措施

本文介绍了一种电解铝厂整流装置效率的计算方法,并结合实例计算分析,提出采用提升供电整流装备选型和配置水平、优化设计方案、提高母线加工精度等节能提效措施,降低铝厂单位产品综合耗电量及生产成本,提高企业竞争力。另外,电解铝是典型的高耗能产业,大部分分布在西北能源富集地区。同时,这些地区也是光伏、风电等新型能源产业发达地区,发展先进高效的电解铝生产系统可有效地就地消纳光伏及风电等绿电,为合理配置新型电力资源做出贡献。