Directed Acyclic Graph Blockchain for Secure Spectrum Sharing and Energy Trading in Power IoT

Peer-to-peer(P2P)spectrum sharing and energy trading are promising solutions to locally satisfy spectrum and energy demands in power Internet of Things(IoT).However,implementation of largescale P2P spectrum sharing and energy trading confronts security and privacy challenges.In this paper,we exploit consortium blockchain and Directed Acyclic Graph(DAG)to propose a new secure and distributed spectrum sharing and energy trading framework in power IoT,named spectrum-energy chain,where a set of local aggregators(LAGs)cooperatively confirm the identity of the power devices by utilizing consortium blockchain,so as to form a main chain.Then,the local power devices verify spectrum and energy micro-transactions simultaneously but asynchronously to form local spectrum tangle and local energy tangle,respectively.Moreover,an iterative double auction based micro transactions scheme is designed to solve the spectrum and energy pricing and the amount of shared spectrum and energy among power devices.Security analysis and numerical results illustrate that the developed spectrum-energy chain and the designed iterative double auction based microtransactions scheme are secure and efficient for spectrum sharing and energy trading in power IoT.

Optimal Operation Strategy of Electricity-Hydrogen Regional Energy System under Carbon-Electricity Market Trading

Given the“double carbon”objective and the drive toward low-carbon power,investigating the integration and interaction within the carbon-electricity market can enhance renewable energy utilization and facilitate energy conservation and emission reduction endeavors.However,further research is necessary to explore operational optimization methods for establishing a regional energy system using Power-to-Hydrogen(P2H)technology,focusing on participating in combined carbon-electricity market transactions.This study introduces an innovative Electro-Hydrogen Regional Energy System(EHRES)in this context.This system integrates renewable energy sources,a P2H system,cogeneration units,and energy storage devices.The core purpose of this integration is to optimize renewable energy utilization and minimize carbon emissions.This study aims to formulate an optimal operational strategy for EHRES,enabling its dynamic engagement in carbon-electricity market transactions.The initial phase entails establishing the technological framework of the electricity-hydrogen coupling system integrated with P2H.Subsequently,an analysis is conducted to examine the operational mode of EHRES as it participates in carbon-electricity market transactions.Additionally,the system scheduling model includes a stepped carbon trading price mechanism,considering the combined heat and power generation characteristics of the Hydrogen Fuel Cell(HFC).This facilitates the establishment of an optimal operational model for EHRES,aiming to minimize the overall operating cost.The simulation example illustrates that the coordinated operation of EHRES in carbon-electricity market transactions holds the potential to improve renewable energy utilization and reduce the overall system cost.This result carries significant implications for attaining advantages in both low-carbon and economic aspects.

A coordinated operation method of wind-PV-hydrogenstorage multi-agent energy system

Wind-photovoltaic(PV)-hydrogen-storage multi-agent energy systems are expected to play an important role in promoting renewable power utilization and decarbonization.In this study,a coordinated operation method was proposed for a wind-PVhydrogen-storage multi-agent energy system.First,a coordinated operation model was formulated for each agent considering peer-to-peer power trading.Second,a coordinated operation interactive framework for a multi-agent energy system was proposed based on the theory of the alternating direction method of multipliers.Third,a distributed interactive algorithm was proposed to protect the privacy of each agent and solve coordinated operation strategies.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed coordinated operation method was tested on multi-agent energy systems with different structures,and the operational revenues of the wind power,PV,hydrogen,and energy storage agents of the proposed coordinated operation model were improved by approximately 59.19%,233.28%,16.75%,and 145.56%,respectively,compared with the independent operation model.

用能权市场和碳市场协同下火电企业配额履约策略

火电企业在用能权市场和碳市场中面临着独立配额约束,为降低履约难度、提升减排效率,对两市场协同下火电企业配额履约策略进行了研究.分析两市场的相互影响,从交易主体、配额分配、互认抵消等方面梳理市场间协同机理;构建火电企业履行双市场配额责任的系统动力学模型,探讨双重配额约束对企业的影响;对比分析无协同机制、允许配额互认和限制抵消比例3种政策情景下企业的履约策略.结果表明,双重配额约束加大了企业履约成本,未能提升其自主减排意愿,进一步建立配额互认的协同机制后,企业能够在履行义务的同时优化自身经济效益,但会引起两市场发展不平衡问题,为解决这一困境,互认比率应处于2~3.5之间,且需进一步设计抵消限制机制,确保企业按时履约和市场均衡发展,实现资源配置最优化.

考虑连续双向拍卖机制的楼宇群日前优化调度

作为城市能耗的主体,智能楼宇低碳高效运行对实现“双碳”目标有着重要意义。为了增强楼宇经济性并提升楼宇能源共享和分布式能源消纳,提出了一种考虑楼宇特性、电能交易的楼宇群分布式优化调度模型。在楼宇优化层面,建立了以经济性和温度舒适性需求为目标的楼宇多目标运行优化模型;在楼宇群能源共享层面,建立了端对端(peer to peer,P2P)楼宇交易市场,并提出了结合楼宇优化结果和市场风险的新型连续双向拍卖交易机制。通过将市场交易结果反馈至各楼宇优化层面,实现楼宇运行的迭代优化和楼宇群内能源的互动共享,利用鲁棒优化检验该模型在各类不确定场景中的有效性。仿真结果表明,在多场景中,所提的楼宇群分布式优化调度模型均能在优化楼宇经济性的同时,提升楼宇群能源互补和分布式能源消纳的能力。

有源前端组网的直流船舶电网高能效运行控制

直流船舶电网为航运业绿色转型提供了有效可行的解决方案。考虑到实际船舶的运行工况,本文提出一种分层协调控制策略,主要用于有源前端组网的直流船舶电网中功率单元协调运行的设备层控制系统和功率层控制系统。其中,设备层控制系统负责实现发电机组转速的无静差跟随与不同容量柴油发电机组间的动态/稳态功率共享;功率层控制系统负责提升母线电压质量,提高系统能效。最后,利用仿真与半实物仿真系统对控制策略进行验证,结果表明该控制策略可有效提高系统运行能效,最高节省约10%的燃油。

基于混合博弈的多区域电-储共享运营模式与经济效益分析

随着用户侧新能源设备与储能装置的广泛接入,如何有效地促进新能源本地消纳与降低储能运行成本变得至关重要。针对多区域间电能与储能资源的共享问题,提出了一种基于主从-演化混合博弈的多区域电能-储能共享运营模式。首先,建立主从博弈模型和演化博弈模型进行优化决策。运营商作为领导者根据各区域供需平衡情况,制定区域内部电价;用户作为跟随者,根据区域电价与跨区交易传输费用信息,基于演化博弈模型调整自身用电量与区域选择概率。其次,考虑到各主体利益诉求不同,建立了运营商和用户的收入与成本模型,并以最大化双方收益、最小化与电网交互电量为目标函数,得到运营商的定价策略、共享储能配置与充放电策略,以及各主体的最终收益。最后,通过算例分析验证了所提运营模式的有效性。

基于两阶段博弈的多微电网配电系统功率互济协调优化方法

多微电网配电(MMGD)系统能源协调与共享对提升区域电网经济效益具有重要意义。由于单一博弈调度策略难以兼顾多主体利益诉求,提出了一种基于两阶段博弈的能量协调优化方法,全面考虑了各主体间既相互竞争又协同合作的现实场景。第1阶段以最大化个体收益为目标,构建了配电网与余电微电网的非合作电价博弈模型,系统在不同策略组合下选择不同的运行模式;第2阶段建立MMGD点对点合作博弈模型,旨在最小化系统传输损耗,运用拉格朗日乘子法与KKT(Karush-Kuhn-Tucker)条件处理复杂约束,并应用Shapley值法实现合作利润分配。仿真结果表明,所提方法能兼顾个体理性和集体理性,并显著提升系统经济性。

多类型需求响应下含氢能综合能源系统低碳运行

为充分挖掘需求侧资源的响应力度和氢能的清洁低碳特性,提出一种考虑多类型综合需求响应的电-热-气-氢综合能源系统低碳协同优化运行策略。首先,构建以电解槽热氢联产、氢燃料电池和甲烷反应器组成的氢能利用系统,建立考虑价格型、激励型和替代型的综合需求响应模型;其次,基于奖惩阶梯型碳交易机制,构建以成本最小为目标的综合能源系统低碳优化模型;最后,通过算例仿真设置不同场景,验证所提方法的有效性,实现了综合能源系统低碳、经济、高效运行。

基于双深度Q网络算法的多用户端对端能源共享机制研究

端对端(P2P)电力交易作为用户侧能源市场的一种新的能源平衡和互动方式,可以有效促进用户群体内的能源共享,提高参与能源市场用户的经济效益。然而传统求解用户间P2P交易的方法依赖对于光伏、负荷数据的预测,难以实时响应用户间的源荷变动问题。为此,本文建立了一种以多类型用户为基础的多用户P2P能源社区交易模型,并引入基于双深度Q网络(DDQN)的强化学习(RL)算法对其进行求解。所提方法通过DDQN算法中的预测网络以及目标网络读取多用户P2P能源社区中的环境信息,训练后的神经网络可通过实时的光伏、负荷以及电价数据对当前社区内的多用户P2P交易问题进行求解。案例仿真结果表明,所提方法在促进社区内用户间P2P能源交易共享的同时,保证了多用户P2P能源社区的经济性。

计及电动汽车共享储能特性的园区柔性资源低碳运行控制方法

在“双碳”背景下,园区作为节能降碳的主力军,需进一步降低碳排放量,提高能源利用效率。提出了一种计及电动汽车共享储能特性的园区低碳运行控制模型。首先,引入阶梯式碳交易机制,计算节点动态碳排放因子,并将电动汽车减排量纳入碳配额;然后,在源侧引入地源热泵,通过电-热转换,满足园区热负荷需求;在荷侧,考虑电动汽车共享储能特性,建立电动汽车共享储能模型;最后,考虑碳交易成本、购电成本、响应补贴成本等,以运行成本最小为目标建立园区低碳运行优化模型,并采用优化软件CPLEX进行求解。仿真结果表明:考虑电动汽车共享储能特性并采用改进阶梯式碳交易机制,能够有效降低园区运行成本,减少园区碳排放,验证了所提算法的经济性和低碳性。

Real-Time Energy Management for Net-Zero Power Systems Based on Shared Energy Storage

Battery energy storage systems(BESSs)serve a crucial role in balancing energy fluctuations and reducing carbon emissions in net-zero power systems.However,the efficiency and cost performance have remained significant challenges,which hinders the widespread adoption and development of BESSs.To address these challenges,this paper proposes a real-time energy management scheme that considers the involvement of prosumers to support net-zero power systems.The scheme is based on two shared energy storage models,referred to as energy storage sale model and power line lease model.The energy storage sale model balances real-time power deviations by energy interaction with the goal of minimizing system costs while generating revenue for shared energy storage providers(ESPs).Additionally,power line lease model supports peer-to-peer(P2P)power trading among prosumers through the power lines laid by ESPs to connect each prosumer.This model allows ESP to earn profits from the use of power lines while balancing power deviations and better consuming renewable energy.Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme,ensuring stable power supply for net-zero power systems and providing benefits for both the ESP and prosumers.

Optimal Operation of Micro-energy Grids Considering Shared Energy Storage Systems and Balanced Profit Allocations

Following the unprecedented generation of renewable energy,Energy Storage Systems(ESSs)have become essential for facilitating renewable consumption and maintaining reliability in energy networks.However,providing an individual ESS to a single customer is still a luxury.Thus,this paper aims to investigate whether the Shared-ESS can assist energy savings for multiple users through Peer-to-Peer(P2P)trading.Moreover,with the increasing number of market participants in the integrated energy system(IES),a benefit allocation scheme is necessary,ensuring reasonable benefits for every user in the network.Using the multiplayer cooperative game model,the nucleolus and the Shapley value methods are adopted to evaluate the benefit allocation between multiple users.Numerical analyses based on multiple micro-energy grids are performed,so as to assess the performance of the Shared-ESS and the proposed benefit allocation scheme.The results show that the micro-energy grid cluster can save as much as 38.15%of the total energy cost with Shared-ESS being equipped.The following conclusions can be drawn:the Shared-ESS can significantly reduce the operating costs of the micro-energy grid operator,promote the consumption of renewable energy,and play the role of peak-shaving and valley-filling during different energy usage periods.In addition,it is reflected that the multiplayer cooperative game model is effective in revealing the interaction between the micro-energy grids,which makes the distribution results more reasonable.

Multi-commodity Optimization of Peer-to-peer Energy Trading Resources in Smart Grid

Utility maximization is a major priority of prosumers participating in peer-to-peer energy trading and sharing(P2P-ETS).However,as more distributed energy resources integrate into the distribution network,the impact of the communication link becomes significant.We present a multi-commodity formulation that allows the dual-optimization of energy and communication resources in P2P-ETS.On one hand,the proposed algorithm minimizes the cost of energy generation and communication delay.On the other hand,it also maximizes the global utility of prosumers with fair resource allocation.We evaluate the algorithm in a variety of realistic conditions including a time-varying communication network with signal delay signal loss.The results show that the convergence is achieved in a fewer number of time steps than the previously proposed algorithms.It is further observed that the entities with a higher willingness to trade the energy acquire more satisfactions than others.

储充换一体站协同多综合能源楼宇的低碳经济调度

储充换一体站(storage-charging-swapping integrated station,SCSIS)与综合能源楼宇(integrated energy buildings,IEB)结合将是未来多能建筑的重要形式之一。针对其协同运行展开研究,提出了一种SCSIS协同多IEB的低碳经济调度方法。首先,构建了SCSIS与多IEB组成的电能共享协同运行架构。其次,基于阶梯型碳交易机制在电能共享模式下建立了多主体协同的低碳经济调度模型。再次,为了最大化主体利益,以纳什谈判理论为依据,采用交替方向乘子法(alternating direction method of multipliers,ADMM)对电能共享价格进行求解。最后,通过算例对所提调度模型的可行性与有效性进行探讨。算例结果表明,通过引入电能共享与阶梯型碳交易机制,使得系统在兼顾经济性的前提下有效降低了碳排放,且证明ADMM对电能共享价格的求解具有较好的收敛性。

基于滚动优化的电-热-气-冷系统多时间尺度低碳运行

电-热-气-冷多能联供型微网对实现能源可持续发展具有重要的应用价值。针对多能联供系统碳排放量较高和负荷模型预测不准确问题,提出了一种基于滚动优化的电-热-气-冷系统多时间尺度低碳运行策略。首先,建立电-热-气-冷系统设备模型。其次,构建日前与日内两阶段模型,在日前调度阶段引入含赏罚因数的碳交易机制,通过将卷积神经网络(convolutional neural networks,CNN)与双向长短期记忆网络(bi-directional long short term memory,Bi-LSTM)进行结合对风光功率进行预测,并以运行成本最低为目标进行优化。之后,建立日内多时间尺度的优化调度模型,以调度成本最低为目标进行求解。最后,以某市综合能源系统为研究对象进行分析。结果表明,所提出的方法能够有效减少碳排放,提高负荷模型预测的准确度的同时实现多能联供系统的低碳经济运行。

基于电力市场下储能交易的出清模型及定价策略研究

大规模的新能源并网消纳将会引起电力系统对储能的需求大幅度增加,考虑到电力市场下储能参与交易共享的现状,提出一种基于电力市场下储能交易的出清模型及定价策略。为满足各方用户的交易需求,针对性地对功率交易权和容量交易权进行顶层设计。根据功率交易权和容量交易权的交易特点,在满足交易的约束范围内,建立了基于储能使用权交易的收益最大化的出清模型,并结合最优性原理制定了一套交易价格结算机制,在充分保障各方利益前提下,促进储能交易的公平性。最后,通过仿真算例验证所提模型和定价策略的合理性。

孤立微网多元储能与柴油发电机协调控制策略

为实现孤立微网的长期稳定运行,采用超级电容、蓄电池和柴油发电机组成多元互补系统协调分享差额功率。根据机组的不同特性,提出按优先级设计的双层能量管理协调策略,提升多元系统的整体性能;通过爬坡限制控制,设计基于当前超级电容荷电状态与差额功率实时波动程度的功率分配法;规范了蓄电池的出力,减少其承担频繁功率波动,同时可以确保超级电容能量优先级;柴油发电机根据蓄电池荷电状态配合协助蓄电池的运行,保证储能系统能量充足。算例结果表明,所述策略具有较好的优势,分配算法实时快速,便于实现工程应用。

发电权交易网损分摊及补偿方法

发电权交易是解决节能降耗和压缩小机组发电的途径之一,但目前还没有解决发电权交易的穿越网损补偿问题。通过对发电权交易网损补偿方法的阐述,提出一种发电权交易线损分摊与补偿方法。考虑了省内发电权交易穿越网损的分摊和跨省(跨区)发电权交易穿越网损的分摊2个方面,根据发电权交易替代双方的电网接入点,最终得出整体的补偿线损。结合天津电网进行了实例分析,分析结果表明,该方法所确定的各交易主体网损责任与其实际对电力系统网损的影响程度相吻合。

论“一带一路”沿线国家能源合作的可持续发展

"一带一路"倡议是中国与"一带一路"沿线国家进行区域深度合作的宏伟构想,能源是"一带一路"沿线国家合作的重点。当前,在"一带一路"倡议的引领下,国际能源合作正在向纵深、宽广、可持续和高质量的方向推进,但国际能源合作的可持续发展则面临着能源高消耗高污染、能源体系不明确、能源合作模式缺乏创新、能源链单一分散等困境。在推进"一带一路"沿线国家能源合作可持续发展的过程中,应以完善绿色低碳机制、提高能源合作标准、营造多元共生机制、构建供需互补体系和建立供应链联盟为实现路径,探索更多的能源合作新机遇,为国际能源合作可持续发展机制创新奠定基础。