Description of the properties of the low-lying energy states in ^(100)Mo with IBM2

The properties of the low-lying energy states for the l00 Mo isotope is investigated within the framework of the proton-neutron interacting model IBM2. By considering the relative energy of the d proton boson to be different from that of the neutron boson and taking into account the dipole interacting among like-boson Lπ·Lπ and Lπ·Lπ, the low-lying energy spectrum is reproduced well. Particularly, the relative position of the energies for 2＋1, 0＋2, 2＋2 and 4＋1 states shifted correctly fit the experimental data. The electromagnetic properties, including the key observable B（E2） reduced transition branching ratios and the E2 reduced matrix elements of the experimental data, are well described. Our calculations show possible shape coexistence in the l00Mo nucleus.

Electron energy states in a two-dimensional GaAs quantum ring with hydrogenic donor impurity in the presence of magnetic field

Using the finite element method, we investigate the lowest and first few excited state energies in a two- dimensional GaAs quantum ring （QR） with a hydrogenic donor impurity and effective mass approximation under a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the ring plane. We study in detail the dependence of the energy spectrum with different angular momentum on the inner radius, the outer radius and width of the QR, the magnetic field and impurity position. The results reveal that the electron energies increase with the inner radius while decrease with the outer radius and width of the QR; for a fixed ring, the magnetic field induces the increase of the electron energies. Moreover, the existence of impurity reduces energy levels, and the energy levels depend highly on the impurity position, which decreases as the impurity is far away from the center of the QR. Also, the dependence of the angular momentum on the energy spectrum is analyzed in detail.

Using Artificial Neural Networks for Energy Regulation Based Variable-speed Electrohydraulic Drive

In the energy regulation based varibable-speed electrohydraulic drive system, the supply energy and the demanded energy, which will affect the control performance greatly, are crucial. However, they are hard to be obtained via conventional methods for some reasons. This paper tries to a new route： the definitive numerical values of the supply energy and the demanded energy are not required, except for their relationship which is called energy state. A three-layer back propagation（BP） neural network was built up to act as an energy analysis unit to deduce the energy state. The neural network has three inputs： the reference displacement, the actual displacement of cylinder rod and the system flowrate supply. The output of the neural network is energy state. A Chebyshev type II filter was designed to calculate the cylinder speed for the estimation of system flowrate supply. The training and testing samples of neural network were collected by the system accurate simulation model. After off-line training, the neural network was tested by the testing data. And the testing result demonstrates that the designed neural network was successful. Then, the neural network acts as the energy analysis unit in real-time experiments of cylinder position control, where it works efficiently under square-wave and sine-wave reference displacement. The experimental results validate its feasibility and adaptability. Only a position sensor and some pressure sensors, which are cheap and have quick dynamic response, are necessary for the system control. And the neural network plays the role of identifying the energy state.

Pressure influence on the Stark effect of impurity states in a strained wurtzite GaN/Al_xGa_(1-x)N heterojunction

A variational method is adopted to investigate the properties of shallow impurity states near the interface in a free strained wurtzite GaN/AlxGa1-xN heterojunction under hydrostatic pressure and external electric field by using a simplified coherent potential approximation. Considering the biaxial strain due to lattice mismatch or epitaxial growth and the uniaxial strains effects, we investigated the Stark energy shift led by an external electric field for impurity states as functions of pressure as well as the impurity position, A1 component and areal electron density. The numerical result shows that the binding energy near linearly increases with pressure from 0 to 10 GPa. It is also found that the binding energy as a function of the electric field perpendicular to the interface shows an un-linear red shift or a blue shift for different impurity positions. The effect of increasing x on blue shift is more significant than that on the red shift for the impurity in the channel near the interface. The pressure influence on the Stark shift is more obvious with increase of electric field and the distance between an impurity and the interface. The increase of pressure decreases the blue shift but increases the red shift.

Surface-mediated iron on porous cobalt oxide with high energy state for efficient water oxidation electrocatalysis

Surface engineering of active materials to generate desired energy state is critical to fabricate high-performance heterogeneous catalysts.However, its realization in a controllable level remains challenging. Using oxygen evolution reaction(OER) as a model reaction, we report a surface-mediated Fe deposition strategy to electronically tailor surface energy states of porous Co_(3)O_(4)(Fe-pCo_(3)O_(4)) for enhanced activity towards OER. The Fe-pCo_(3)O_(4) exhibits a low overpotential of 280 mV to reach an OER current density of 100 mA cm^(-2), and a fast-kinetic behavior with a low Tafel slop of 58.2 mV dec^(-1), outperforming Co_(3)O_(4)-based OER catalysts recently reported and also the noble IrO_(2). The engineered material retains 100% of its original activity after operating at an overpotential of 350 m V for 100 h. A combination of theoretical calculations and experimental results finds out that the surface doped Fe promotes a high energy state and desired coordination environment in the near surface region, which enables optimized OER intermediates binding and favorably changes the rate-determining step.

Dark energy from logarithmically modified gravity and deformed Coleman-Weinberg potential

Recent astrophysical measurements strongly suggest the existence of a missing energy component dubbed dark energy that is responsible for the current accelerated expansion of the universe.A new class of modified gravity theory is introduced which yields a universe accelerating in time and dominated by dark energy.The new modified gravity model constructed here concurrently includes a Gauss-Bonnet invariant term,barotropic fluid with a time-dependent equation of state parameter,a Coleman-Weinberg（CW） potential-like expression V（φ） =ξφm lnφn and a new Einstein-Hilbert term f（R,φ） =E（φ） R which depends on both the scalar curvature and the scalar fieldφthrough a generic logarithmic function E（φ） =lnφ.Here m and n take different values from the standard CW potential andξis a real parameter. It was shown that the presence of these terms provides many useful features which are discussed in some detail.

Cell Evolutionary Algorithm: a New Optimization Method on Ground-State Energy of the Atomic

The purpose of this paper is to present a new general approach to solve ground-state energies of the double-electron systems in a uniform magnetic field, in which the basic element of evolution is the set in the solution space, rather than the point. The paper defines the Cell Evolutionary Algorithm, which implements such a view of the evolution mechanism. First, the optimal set in which the optimal solution may be obtained. Then this approach applies the embedded search method to get the optimal solution. We tested this approach on the atomic structure, and the results show that it can improve not only the efficiency but also the accuracy of the calculations as it relates to this specific problem.

Photoelectron angular distributions of H ionization in low energy regime:Comparison between different potentials

We theoretically investigate the low energy part of the photoelectron spectra in the tunneling ionization regime by numerically solving the time-dependent Schrdinger equation for different atomic potentials at various wavelengths.We find that the shift of the first above-threshold ionization（ATI） peak is closely related to the interferences between electron wave packets,which are controlled by the laser field and largely independent of the potential.By gradually changing the short-range potential to the long-range Coulomb potential,we show that the long-range potential＇s effect is mainly to focus the electrons along the laser＇s polarization and to generate the spider structure by enhancing the rescattering process with the parent ion.In addition,we find that the intermediate transitions and the Rydberg states have important influences on the number and the shape of the lobes near the threshold.

State Grid Contributes to Clean Energy Development

The development of clean energy is an inevitable choice for China to achieve sustainable development.The article presents the strategic thinking and measures for the promotion of clean energy development in grids,which shows that the company will bear its responsibilities for the development as a large state-owned enterprise.

Adaptive Energy-Efficient Power Allocation for DAS with Imperfect Channel State Information and Antenna Selection

Considering that perfect channel state information(CSI) is difficult to obtain in practice,energy efficiency(EE) for distributed antenna systems(DAS) based on imperfect CSI and antennas selection is investigated in Rayleigh fading channel.A novel EE that is defined as the average transmission rate divided by the total consumed power is introduced.In accordance with this definition,an adaptive power allocation(PA) scheme for DAS is proposed to maximize the EE under the maximum transmit power constraint.The solution of PA in the constrained EE optimization does exist and is unique.A practical iterative algorithm with Newton method is presented to obtain the solution of PA.The proposed scheme includes the one under perfect CSI as a special case,and it only needs large scale and statistical information.As a result,the scheme has low overhead and good robustness.The theoretical EE is also derived for performance evaluation,and simulation result shows the validity of the theoretical analysis.Moreover,EE can be enhanced by decreasing the estimation error and/or path loss exponents.

LOW ENERGY PATHS AND REORIENTATION OF SIDE-GROUPS OF POLYMERS DURING CONFORMATIONAL STATE TRANSITION

INTRODUCTION The conformational state transition of polymer chains relates to crystallization processes, migration ofthe chains in solution, fluctuation of the end-to-end distance of random coils, and the relaxation and phasetransitions of polymers. A description of the conformational state transition requires questions about; 1) howmany stable conformational states for a specific σ bond; 2) the barriers between the states; 3) the mechanismof the conformational transition; 4) any cooperative behavior during the transition. Flory and his coworkers

Conservation of Energy in Classical Mechanics and Its Lack from the Point of View of Quantum Theory

It is pointed out that the property of a constant energy characteristic for the circular motions of macroscopic bodies in classical mechanics does not hold when the quantum conditions for the motion are applied. This is so because any macroscopic body—lo-cated in a high-energy quantum state—is in practice forced to change this state to a state having a lower energy. The rate of the energy decrease is usually extremely small which makes its effect uneasy to detect in course of the observations, or experiments. The energy of the harmonic oscillator is thoroughly examined as an example. Here our point is that not only the energy, but also the oscillator amplitude which depends on energy, are changing with time. In result, no constant positions of the turning points of the oscillator can be specified;consequently the well-known variational procedure concerning the calculation of the action function and its properties cannot be applied.

Influence of the Electric Field on the Properties of the Bound Magnetopolaron in GaAs Semiconductor Quantum Wells

The influence of the electric field on the properties of the bound magnetopolaron in an infinite-depth GaAs semiconductor quantum well is investigated using the linear-combination operator and the unitary transformation method. The relationships between the polaron＇s ground state energy and the Coulomb bound potential, electric field, magnetic field, and well-width are derived and discussed. Our numerical results show that the absolute value of the polaron＇s ground state energy increases as the electric field and the Coulomb bound potential increase, and decreases as the well-width and the magnetic field strength increase. When the well-width is small,the quantum size effect is significant.

Influence of the Interaction Between Phonons and Coulomb Potential on the Properties of a Bound Polaron in a Quantum Dot

The properties of a bound polaron in a parabolic quantum dot with weak electron-LO-phonon coupling under a Coulomb field are studied. The ground state energy of the bound polaron is derived by using a linear combination operator and the perturbation method. The influence of the interaction between phonons with different wave vectors in the recoil process on the ground state energy of the bound polaron is discussed. Numerical calculations are performed,and the results show that the ground state energy increases significantly as the effective confinement length of the quantum dot decreases,considering of the interaction between phonons. When l0〉1.0, the influence of the interaction between phonons on the ground state energy cannot be ignored.

A Reformulation of Newton Second Law for Charged Particles and Its Application to Quantum Dynamics

We propose a reformulation of Newton’s second law of motion for charged particles and possible applications of the reformulation to quantum dynamics. We show that the negative energy states arising from the Dirac equation in relativistic quantum mechanics can be verified using the reformulating framework. We also discuss possible hidden dynamics underlying the concept of quantum jumps in quantum mechanics as outlined in Schrödinger’s article: ARE THERE QUANTUM JUMPS? In this case, we show that the hidden dynamics of quantum jumps are also determined by the Coulomb interaction between charged particles.

AIM Study on the Reaction of CH2SH Radical with Fluorine Atom

The reaction of CH2SH radical with fluorine atom was studied at the levels of B3LYP/6-311G（d,p） and MP2（Full）/6-311G（d,p）. The computational results show that the reaction has three channels and proceeds by the addition of fluorine atoms on carbon or sulfur sites of CH2SH, forming initial intermediates. The calculated results show that the channel, in which fluorine attaches to the carbon atom to form CH2S and HF, is the most likely reaction pathway. Topological analysis of electron density was carried out for the three channels. The change trends of the chemical bonds on the reaction paths were discussed. The energy transition states and the structure transition regions （states） of the three channels were found. The calculated results show that the structure transition regions are broad in unobvious exothermic reactions or unobvious endothermic reactions, and are narrow in obvious exothermic reactions or obvious endothermic reactions.

The Calculation of Ground State Energies of Double-Electron Systems in an Uniform Magnetic Field below 10~9 G

Energies for the ground states of double electron systems in a uniform magnetic field B≤ 10 9 G are calculated by using the modified Slater basis and configuration interaction method, and the result for energy in zero magnetic field is comparable with those obtained by different methods.

Real-Code Genetic Algorithm for Ground State Energies of Hydrogenic Donors in GaAs-（Ga,Al）As Quantum Dots

We present a global optimization method, called the real-code genetic algorithm (RGA), to the ground state energies. The proposed method does not require partial derivatives with respect to each variational parameter or solving an eigenequation, so the present method overcomes the major difficulties of the variational method. RGAs also do not require coding and encoding procedures, so the computation time and complexity are reduced. The ground state energies of hydrogenic donors in GaAs-(Ga,Al)As quantum dots have been calculated for a range of the radius of the quantum dot radii of practical interest. They are compared with those obtained by the variational method. The results obtained demonstrate the proposed method is simple, accurate, and easy implement.

Polaronic effect on a bound polaron

Feynman variational path integral theory was used to obtain the ground state energy of a polaron in a quantum well in the presence of a Coulomb potential for arbitrary values of the electron phonon coupling constant α . Numerical and analytical results showed that the energy shift was more sensitive to α than to the Coulomb binding parameter ( β ) and increased with the decrease of effective quantum well width l Z . It was interesting that due to the electronic confinement in the quasi 2D (quantum well) structures, the lower bound of the strong coupling regime was shifted to smaller values of α . Comparison of the polaron in the quantum well with that in the quantum wire or dot showed that the polaronic effect strengthened with decrease of the confinement dimension.

Approximate Bound State Solutions for Certain Molecular Potentials

We present solutions of the Schrodinger equation with superposition of Manning-Rosen plus inversely Mobius square plus quadratic Yukawa potentials using parametric Nikiforov Uvarov method along with an approximation to the centrifugal term. The bound state energy eigenvalues for any angular momentum quantum number l and the corresponding un-normalized wave functions are calculated. The mixed potential which in some particular cases gives the solutions for different potentials: the Manning-Rosen, the Mobius square, the inversely quadratic Yukawa and the Hulthén potentials along with their bound state energies are obtained.