Energy transformation analysis during friction welding of superalloy lnconel 718

By detecting and analyzing the variations of energy parameters-torque and temperature field during friction welding, this paper describes that during quasi-stationary heating phase, quite a little mechanical work is transformed into plastic deformation work, thus the efficiency of heat excited by friction is low.

New power system development path mechanism design

Carrying out green energy transformation,implementing clean energy power replacement and supply,and developing a new power system are some primary driving forces needed to fulfill China’s carbon-peak and carbon-neutral strategic goals.The construction of new power systems in China’s provinces and cities is developing rapidly,and the lack of a typical model promotes the application.The new power system path design should be based on the actual development of the power grid in different regions,energy use characteristics,and other actual needs to carry out the differentiated path design.In this context,this study analyzes the characteristics of the new domestic power system based on the policy background of the new domestic power system,constructs a new model for power system development stage identification,and proposes the overall design of the new power system development path from the power supply,transmission and distribution,and load sides.It also uses the Hebei South Network as an example to explore the development stage of the Hebei South Grid based on actual development needs.Finally,this study designs a novel power system development path for the entire supply and demand chain for the Hebei South Grid to propose ideas for constructing a new power system in China and to help green energy transformation.

The Energy Transformation and Efficiency of the May 12,2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake

The energy transformation and efficiency is now a hot topic among researches of scientific drilling into fault zones （Tanaka et al., 2006; Ma et al., 2006）. This study conducted temperature measurements and fault gouge particle analysis of borehole WFSD-1 from the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Science Drilling Project （WFSD）, and discussed the earthquake energy budget. The research progress is illuminated as follows.

About Nonlinear Mechanism of Energy Transformation at Ion Implantation

The peculiarities of energy dissipation transferred by solitary waves on defects such as freesurface, grain boundary, region with high concentration of vacancies are studied. One of theways of description of the long range effect taking place at ion implantation in metallic materialsis suggested.

A research on the path and policy of urban energy transformation:A case study of Huzhou city in Zhejiang province

Urban energy transformation is important to promote China’s energy transformation,to facilitate ecological civilization construction,and to achieve the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality.In recent years,Huzhou,a city of Zhejiang Province,has actively promoted the"ecology+power"city construction.It has explored an innovative mode of urban energy transformation and gained rich practical experience,which has widely attracted attention at home and abroad.Based on field research,this paper makes a comprehensive collation of policies and practical experience of Huzhou’s"ecology+power"mode and summarizes the mode characteristics and promotion value of Huzhou’s urban energy transformation.Finally,taking Huzhou as a sample,we put forward some policy suggestions of China’s urban energy transformation.

The Interplay of Gravity and Lorentz Transformation Collaborating with ChatGPT

This paper presents a short exploration of the phenomena of mass and heat increase, shedding light on the remarkable notion of an expanding universe. Aimed at physicists and mathematicians, this investigation draws on an innovative collaboration with ChatGPT, an AI language model trained using scientific knowledge, to enrich our understanding of these fundamental concepts. By delving into the Gravitational Constant, we unveil compelling evidence for an increase in mass and heat for all celestial objects within an isotropic and homogenous universe as a result of the Lorentz Transformation of mass energy (LTME). Traditionally, LTME has been considered relevant primarily for subatomic particles at high velocities. However, this study posits that LTME is equally applicable to celestial bodies, even at relatively low velocities. The journey commences with an examination of the Gamma Factor in the LTME, illuminating its significance in comprehending the expansion of the cosmos. Ultimately, this paper offers a comprehensive validation of “Expanding Matter” with responses from ChatGPT, illuminating the ever-growing nature of our universe. As physicists, embarking on this journey will lead to new perspectives on the profound mysteries that shape cosmic reality. This pursuit contemplates the possibility of an infinitely energetic universe, where energy metamorphoses into mass through M = E/c2. This interpretation proposes the existence of a Process of Continuously Created Matter, manifesting as an ongoing accretion, augmentation, and expansion, harmonizing with the universe’s ever-expansive nature. The study further incorporates state-of-the-art observational technologies to substantiate its claims, thereby opening new avenues for future research in both theoretical physics and cosmology.

Multifaceted natural resources and green energy transformation for sustainable industrial development

Climate change is the most phenomenal challenge to humanity,and its roots are intervened with unsustainable industrialization,exercising overexploitation of natural resources.Therefore,the departure from non-renewable to renewables has become inevitable,though thought-provoking.In this respect,we explore how green energy transformation moderates the impacts of multifaceted natural resources on sustainable industrial development in the presence of other covariates involving technological progress,financial development,and economic progress.We compiled data from Group of Seven(G-7)members over the 19952018 period and applied panel quantile regression(PQREG)to capture the effects across varying levels of quantiles of sustainable industrial development.Results revealed a positive role of natural gas rents,while coal,forest,and total natural resource rents contributed adverse implications for sustainable industrial development.However,the green energy transformation proved to be the game changer because it not only directly induced sustainable industrial development improvement but also turned the unfavorable effects of coal,forest,and total natural resources into favorable ones by interacting with those multifaceted natural resources.Technological,financial,and economic progress supported sustainable industrial development in G-7 nations,particularly in members with existing middle and upper scales of sustainable industrial development.These findings are robust enough when subjected to different estimation tools.In light of these outcomes,the interaction between green energy transformation and natural resource policy is inevitably critical to attaining natural resource efficiency for sustainable industrial development.Therefore,it is imperative to establish a close policy coordination between advancing green energy technology and allocating natural resource revenue to achieve sustainable development goals(SDGs),with a particular emphasis on SDG-7 and SDG-13。

Megacity pathways in China under the dual carbon goal:The case of Shanghai

The pathways to achieving carbon neutrality at the city level are diverse due to varying energy supply and demand conditions.Shanghai faces obstacles such as limited land resources,high costs of renewable energy technologies,and instability of renewable energy.These challenges hinder the city’s efforts to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality(dual carbon).Therefore,Shanghai must identify and optimize its development path for renewable energy under the dual carbon goal.We employed the Low Emissions Analysis Platform Shanghai(LEAP-SH)model to simulate the impact of policies,such as industrial upgrading,energy efficiency improvement,energy structure optimization,increased technical innovation on energy,and ecological restoration,on the carbon emission pathways from 2022 to 2060 using five different scenarios.Our results indicate that Shanghai has the potential to achieve carbon neutrality in 2059 by promoting carbon reduction,pollution control,and green expansion.Moreover,we determined that the manufacturing industry;power generation industry;and transportation,storage,and mail services are the three major sectors for emission reduction under the dual carbon goal.Furthermore,the capacity and output of coal-fired power plants will be gradually replaced by offshore wind power in the dual carbon pathway.Finally,this study proposes countermeasures and suggestions for Shanghai to attain the dual carbon goal and high-quality development.

ARCADE 2 Spatial Roar, What Theory of Relation Reveals

The theory of Relation provides an explanation for the Arcade 2 excess. It assumes that the isotropic radio emission measured by the Arcade 2 Collaboration, which is 5 - 6 times brighter than the expected contributions from known extra-galactic sources, is the residue of an immense primitive energy of ordinary matter released by a relativistic bang almost 100 million years after the big bang, which gave the mass-energy the missing gravity to activate contraction. This relativistic bang, via a Lorentz energy transformation, would have released enormous energy held to be the source of the powerful radio noise detected by the NASA researchers. This transformation would have simultaneously triggered the formation of the first stars from dense gas and the reionization of less dense neutral gas. This departs from the idea that continuous reionization began after the formation of the first stars. We emphasize the importance of primordial magnetic fields, which would have generated significant density fluctuations during recombination and acted as a direct seed for cosmic structures. The first stars and galaxies were bathed in strong magnetic fields that gave rise to the radio microwave din (boom) discovered by Arcade 2. These intense magnetic fields alter the trajectory of charged particles zooming near the speed of light, triggering the space roar and emitting radiation that forms a synchrotron radio background. The theory of Relation offers an alternative to the Lambda-CDM cosmological model, which has become the standard model of the big bang, which leads straight to the vacuum catastrophe.

Interfacial engineering of graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_3N_4)-based metal sulfide heterojunction photocatalysts for energy conversion: A review

As one of the most appealing and attractive technologies, photocatalysis is widely used as a promising method to circumvent the environmental and energy problems. Due to its chemical stability and unique physicochemical, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has become research hotspots in the community. However, g-C3N4 photocatalyst still suffers from many problems, resulting in unsatisfactory photocatalytic activity such as low specific surface area, high charge recombination and insufficient visible light utilization. Since 2009, g-C3N4-based heterostructures have attracted the attention of scientists worldwide for their greatly enhanced photocatalytic performance. Overall, this review summarizes the recent advances of g-C3N4-based nanocomposites modified with transition metal sulfide (TMS), including (1) preparation of pristine g-C3N4,(2) modification strategies of g-C3N4,(3) design principles of TMS-modified g-C3N4 heterostructured photocatalysts, and (4) applications in energy conversion. What is more, the characteristics and transfer mechanisms of each classification of the metal sulfide heterojunction system will be critically reviewed, spanning from the following categories:(1) Type I heterojunction,(2) Type II heterojunction,(3) p-n heterojunction,(4) Schottky junction and (5) Z-scheme heterojunction. Apart from that, the application of g-C3N4-based heterostructured photocatalysts in H2 evolution, CO2 reduction, N2 fixation and pollutant degradation will also be systematically presented. Last but not least, this review will conclude with invigorating perspectives, limitations and prospects for further advancing g-C3N4-based heterostructured photocatalysts toward practical benefits for a sustainable future.

Coping with climate change and China's wind energy sustainable development

Greenhouse gas emissions are the main cause of today's climate change. To address this problem, the world is in an era of new round energy transformation, and the existing energy structure is being reformed. In this paper, according to the Chinese government's action plan for coping with climate change, the China's wind energy sustainable development goals and development route are discussed, and the countermeasures and suggestions are put forward. Wind energy is currently a kind of important renewable energy with matured technology which can be scale-up developed and put into commercial application, and in this transformation, wind energy will play a key role with other non-fossil energy sources. The development and utilization of wind energy is a systematic project, which needs to be solved from the aspects of policy, technology and management. At present, China is in the stage of transferring from "large wind power country" to "strong wind power country", opportunities and challenges coexist, and the advantages of China's socialist system could be fully used, which can concentrate power to do big things and make contribution in the process of realizing global energy transformation.

Phase transformation behavior of titanium during carbothermic reduction of titanomagnetite ironsand

The reduction of titanomagnetite（TTM） ironsand, which contains 11.41wt% TiO_2 and 55.63wt% total Fe, by graphite was performed using a thermogravimetric analysis system under an argon gas atmosphere at 1423–1623 K. The behavior and effects of titanium in TTM ironsand during the reduction process were investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. During the reduction procedure, the titanium concentrated in the slag phase, where the phase transformation followed this sequence： Fe O ＋ FeTiO_3 → Fe_2 TiO_4 → FeTiO_3 → FeTi_2O_5 → TiO_2. The calculated results for the reduction kinetics showed that the carbothermic reduction was controlled by the diffusion of ions through the product layer. Furthermore, the apparent activation energy was 170.35 k J·mol^（-1）.

THEORETICAL PREDICTION OF THE KINETICS CURVES OFPEARLITIC TRANSFORMATION IN HYPO-PROEUTECTOID STRUCTURAL STEELS

Supposing carbon contents of ferrite phases in pearlite precipitating from austenite in multicomponent steel at temperature T and in Fe-C ystem at T' are the same the pearlite formation temperature diference, can be calculated from the FeX phase diagrams and the equilibrium temperature Al. Using Tp and Fe-C binary thermodynamic model, the driving forces for phase transformation from austenite to pearlite in multicomponent steels have been successfully calculated. Through the combination of simplified Zener and Hillert's model for pearlite growth with Johnson-Mehl equation, using data from known TTT diagrams, the interfacial energy parameter and activation energy for pearlite formation can be determined and expressed as functions of chemical composition in steels by regression analysis. The calculated starting curves of pearlitic transformation in some commercial steels agree well with the experimental data.

Background and Effects of Deepening Reform of the Oil and Gas Industry System

Under the background of a fourth wave of industrial revolution and a period of worldwide energy transformation, deepening the reforms in the oil and gas industry, system is of great significance. After reviewing the achievements and summarizing the problems of the oil and gas industry in China, this paper lays emphasis on the key aspects of this new round of deepening reforms, and holds rite position that this reform, based on the implementation of the national energy strategy, covers the entire oil and gas industry chain by liberalizing market access, reforming market mechanisms, and strengthening management. The reform will bring far-reaching effects upon the entire chain and the participants of the oil and gas industry. It will help to improve the market-oriented allocation of resources, allow enterprises to interact as competitors, and enhance the national oil and gas security.

Listing of Longyuan,Transformation of Guodian

China Longyuan Power was listed on the main board of Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 2009.The successful listing proved the correctness and timeliness of China Guodian's strategy of "leading enterprises to transformation by exploring new energy resources energetically."

The Mandatory Energy Efficiency Standard for Distribution Transformer soon Publicized in China

Owning to the rapid economy development in China and sharp increase of energyconsumption in recent years, energy shortage is increasingly apparent and becoming an importantobstacle to the sustainable development of our economy. With the aim to relieve the problem ofenergy shortage, the State Development and Reform Commission places the great emphasis ofenergy-saving work on improving energy efficiency of industrial energy-consuming products inenergy-saving work. The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine ofthe People's Republic of China (AQSIQ) has issued and implemented two energy efficiency standardsfor three-phase induction motors and displacement air compressor, and will soon issue another twoenergy efficiency standards for clean- water centrifugal pumps and ventilation fans. The transformeris a kind of electric equipment widely used in many industries in national economy, with featuresof great amount of use, long period of operation and tremendous potential of energy-saving. So, itis necessary to develop the standard of energy efficiency for distribution transformers.

Response of Indonesian mineral supply to global renewable energy generation:Analysis based on gravity model approach

The captivating surge of energy transitions in the major industrialized nations has elevated the global demand for critical minerals.The demand pattern has enabled mineral-abundant emerging economies like Indonesia to enter the international market by exporting mineral goods.Accordingly,we investigate the Indonesian mineral export supply's response to the renewable energy production of the 18 clean energy-generating countries,considering crude oil and mineral prices,exchange rates,and economic growth of the resource and importer countries from 1990 to 2020.In doing so,we apply the Poisson Pseudo-maximum Likelihood(PPML)approach to measuring the panel gravity model for mineral exports in Indonesia.As a result,we observe a significant response of Indonesia's mineral export supply to the renewable energy generation of the 18 mineral importing countries.Besides,mineral and crude oil prices are insignificant,whereas the importer countries'exchange rates and income growth positively influence Indonesia's mineral export growth.However,Indonesia's income factor negatively affects its mineral export supply.Finally,we validate our results using an alternative estimator,the Driscoll-Kraay robust standard error estimation technique.Therefore,our findings suggest implementing Indonesia's existing mineral policy to produce finished mineral goods to materialize the worldwide vision of energy transitions toward a crossroad of net-zero emissions by the middle of the current century.

Carbon peak and carbon neutrality in China:Goals,implementation path and prospects

Climate change is a common problem in human society.The Chinese government promises to peak carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and strives to achieve carbon neutralization by 2060.The proposal of the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutralization has led China into the era of climate economy and set off a green change with both opportunities and challenges.On the basis of expounding the objectives and specific connotation of China’s carbon peak and carbon neutralization,this paper systematically discusses the main implementation path and the prospect of China’s carbon peak and carbon neutralization.China’s path to realizing carbon neutralization includes four directions:(1)in terms of carbon dioxide emission control:energy transformation path,energy conservation,and emission reduction path;(2)for increasing carbon sink:carbon capture,utilization,and storage path,ecological governance,and land greening path;(3)in key technology development:zero-carbon utilization,coal new energy coupling,carbon capture utilization and storage(CCUS),energy storage technology and other key technology paths required to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutralization;(4)from the angle of policy development:Formulate legal guarantees for the government to promote the carbon trading market;Formulate carbon emission standards for enterprises and increase publicity and education for individuals and society.Based on practicing the goal and path of carbon peak and carbon neutralization,China will vigorously develop low carbon and circular economy and promote green and high-quality economic development;speed up to enter the era of fossil resources and promoting energy transformation;accelerate the integrated innovation of green and low-carbon technologies and promote carbon neutrality.

The Chinese Carbon-Neutral Goal:Challenges and Prospects

On 22 September 2020,within the backdrop of the COVID-19 global pandemic,China announced its climate goal for peak carbon emissions before 2030 and to reach carbon neutrality before 2060.This carbon-neutral goal is generally considered to cover all anthropogenic greenhouse gases.The planning effort is now in full swing in China,but the pathway to decarbonization is unclear.The needed transition towards non-fossil fuel energy and its impact on China and the world may be more profound than its reform and development over the past 40 years,but the challenges are enormous.Analysis of four representative scenarios shows significant differences in achieving the carbon-neutral goal,particularly the contribution of non-fossil fuel energy sources.The high target values for nuclear,wind,and bioenergy have approached their corresponding resource limitations,with solar energy being the exception,suggesting solar’s critical role.We also found that the near-term policies that allow for a gradual transition,followed by more drastic changes after 2030,can eventually reach the carbon-neutral goal and lead to less of a reduction in cumulative emissions,thus inconsistent with the IPCC 1.5°C scenario.The challenges and prospects are discussed in the historical context of China’s socio-economic reform,globalization,international collaboration,and development.

Study on the influence of armature on the efficiency of reluctance accelerator

The armature is an important part affecting the energy conversion efficiency of a reluctance accelerator.In this paper,six kinds of soft magnetic materials are chosen and four structures are designed for the armature.At first,the circuit and magnetic force are theoretically analyzed.Then the armatures with different materials and structures are used in the simulation,and the performances are compared and analyzed.At last,the experiment verifies the theory analysis and simulation design.It is concluded that the saturation flux density and conductivity of the material are the key factors affecting the armature force,and the optimization of armature structure can effectively restrain the eddy current,reduce negative force and improve efficiency.Compared with cutting slits in solid armatures,laminating the sheets radially can reduce the eddy current more efficiently.Although slitting can prevent the eddy current to a certain extent,meanwhile,it will decrease the magnetic force because of the losing of magnetized volume and the surface area.Hence,choosing the high saturation flux density material and making out the armature with radially_laminated sheets will improve the efficiency of the reluctance accelerator.In this paper,the silicon steel radially_laminated armature is a better choice for the armature design of the reluctance accelerator.