The Mandatory Energy Efficiency Standard for Distribution Transformer soon Publicized in China

Owning to the rapid economy development in China and sharp increase of energy consumption in recent years, energy shortage is increasingly apparent and becoming an important obstacle to the sustainable development of our economy. With the aim to relieve the problem of energy shortage, the State Development and Reform Commission places the great emphasis of energy-saving work on improving energy efficiency of industrial energy-consuming products in energy-saving work. The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China(AQSIQ) has issued and implemented two energy efficiency standards for three-phase induction motors and displacement air compressor, and will soon issue another two energy efficiency standards for clean- water centrifugal pumps and ventilation fans. The transformer is a kind of electric equipment widely used in many industries in national economy, with features of great amount of use, long period of operation and tremendous potential of energy-saving. So, it is necessary to develop the standard of energy efficiency for distribution transformers.It has been an issue of common concern for all countries in the world to reduce the consumption of transformers and upgrade their distribution efficiency.

ARCADE 2 Spatial Roar, What Theory of Relation Reveals

The theory of Relation provides an explanation for the Arcade 2 excess. It assumes that the isotropic radio emission measured by the Arcade 2 Collaboration, which is 5 - 6 times brighter than the expected contributions from known extra-galactic sources, is the residue of an immense primitive energy of ordinary matter released by a relativistic bang almost 100 million years after the big bang, which gave the mass-energy the missing gravity to activate contraction. This relativistic bang, via a Lorentz energy transformation, would have released enormous energy held to be the source of the powerful radio noise detected by the NASA researchers. This transformation would have simultaneously triggered the formation of the first stars from dense gas and the reionization of less dense neutral gas. This departs from the idea that continuous reionization began after the formation of the first stars. We emphasize the importance of primordial magnetic fields, which would have generated significant density fluctuations during recombination and acted as a direct seed for cosmic structures. The first stars and galaxies were bathed in strong magnetic fields that gave rise to the radio microwave din (boom) discovered by Arcade 2. These intense magnetic fields alter the trajectory of charged particles zooming near the speed of light, triggering the space roar and emitting radiation that forms a synchrotron radio background. The theory of Relation offers an alternative to the Lambda-CDM cosmological model, which has become the standard model of the big bang, which leads straight to the vacuum catastrophe.

Energy transformation analysis during friction welding of superalloy lnconel 718

By detecting and analyzing the variations of energy parameters-torque and temperature field during friction welding, this paper describes that during quasi-stationary heating phase, quite a little mechanical work is transformed into plastic deformation work, thus the efficiency of heat excited by friction is low.

The Energy Transformation and Efficiency of the May 12,2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake

The energy transformation and efficiency is now a hot topic among researches of scientific drilling into fault zones （Tanaka et al., 2006; Ma et al., 2006）. This study conducted temperature measurements and fault gouge particle analysis of borehole WFSD-1 from the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Science Drilling Project （WFSD）, and discussed the earthquake energy budget. The research progress is illuminated as follows.

About Nonlinear Mechanism of Energy Transformation at Ion Implantation

The peculiarities of energy dissipation transferred by solitary waves on defects such as freesurface, grain boundary, region with high concentration of vacancies are studied. One of theways of description of the long range effect taking place at ion implantation in metallic materialsis suggested.

A research on the path and policy of urban energy transformation:A case study of Huzhou city in Zhejiang province

Urban energy transformation is important to promote China’s energy transformation,to facilitate ecological civilization construction,and to achieve the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality.In recent years,Huzhou,a city of Zhejiang Province,has actively promoted the"ecology+power"city construction.It has explored an innovative mode of urban energy transformation and gained rich practical experience,which has widely attracted attention at home and abroad.Based on field research,this paper makes a comprehensive collation of policies and practical experience of Huzhou’s"ecology+power"mode and summarizes the mode characteristics and promotion value of Huzhou’s urban energy transformation.Finally,taking Huzhou as a sample,we put forward some policy suggestions of China’s urban energy transformation.

New power system development path mechanism design

Carrying out green energy transformation,implementing clean energy power replacement and supply,and developing a new power system are some primary driving forces needed to fulfill China’s carbon-peak and carbon-neutral strategic goals.The construction of new power systems in China’s provinces and cities is developing rapidly,and the lack of a typical model promotes the application.The new power system path design should be based on the actual development of the power grid in different regions,energy use characteristics,and other actual needs to carry out the differentiated path design.In this context,this study analyzes the characteristics of the new domestic power system based on the policy background of the new domestic power system,constructs a new model for power system development stage identification,and proposes the overall design of the new power system development path from the power supply,transmission and distribution,and load sides.It also uses the Hebei South Network as an example to explore the development stage of the Hebei South Grid based on actual development needs.Finally,this study designs a novel power system development path for the entire supply and demand chain for the Hebei South Grid to propose ideas for constructing a new power system in China and to help green energy transformation.

The Interplay of Gravity and Lorentz Transformation Collaborating with ChatGPT

This paper presents a short exploration of the phenomena of mass and heat increase, shedding light on the remarkable notion of an expanding universe. Aimed at physicists and mathematicians, this investigation draws on an innovative collaboration with ChatGPT, an AI language model trained using scientific knowledge, to enrich our understanding of these fundamental concepts. By delving into the Gravitational Constant, we unveil compelling evidence for an increase in mass and heat for all celestial objects within an isotropic and homogenous universe as a result of the Lorentz Transformation of mass energy (LTME). Traditionally, LTME has been considered relevant primarily for subatomic particles at high velocities. However, this study posits that LTME is equally applicable to celestial bodies, even at relatively low velocities. The journey commences with an examination of the Gamma Factor in the LTME, illuminating its significance in comprehending the expansion of the cosmos. Ultimately, this paper offers a comprehensive validation of “Expanding Matter” with responses from ChatGPT, illuminating the ever-growing nature of our universe. As physicists, embarking on this journey will lead to new perspectives on the profound mysteries that shape cosmic reality. This pursuit contemplates the possibility of an infinitely energetic universe, where energy metamorphoses into mass through M = E/c2. This interpretation proposes the existence of a Process of Continuously Created Matter, manifesting as an ongoing accretion, augmentation, and expansion, harmonizing with the universe’s ever-expansive nature. The study further incorporates state-of-the-art observational technologies to substantiate its claims, thereby opening new avenues for future research in both theoretical physics and cosmology.

Carbon peak and carbon neutrality in China:Goals,implementation path and prospects

Climate change is a common problem in human society.The Chinese government promises to peak carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and strives to achieve carbon neutralization by 2060.The proposal of the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutralization has led China into the era of climate economy and set off a green change with both opportunities and challenges.On the basis of expounding the objectives and specific connotation of China’s carbon peak and carbon neutralization,this paper systematically discusses the main implementation path and the prospect of China’s carbon peak and carbon neutralization.China’s path to realizing carbon neutralization includes four directions:(1)in terms of carbon dioxide emission control:energy transformation path,energy conservation,and emission reduction path;(2)for increasing carbon sink:carbon capture,utilization,and storage path,ecological governance,and land greening path;(3)in key technology development:zero-carbon utilization,coal new energy coupling,carbon capture utilization and storage(CCUS),energy storage technology and other key technology paths required to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutralization;(4)from the angle of policy development:Formulate legal guarantees for the government to promote the carbon trading market;Formulate carbon emission standards for enterprises and increase publicity and education for individuals and society.Based on practicing the goal and path of carbon peak and carbon neutralization,China will vigorously develop low carbon and circular economy and promote green and high-quality economic development;speed up to enter the era of fossil resources and promoting energy transformation;accelerate the integrated innovation of green and low-carbon technologies and promote carbon neutrality.

The Chinese Carbon-Neutral Goal:Challenges and Prospects

On 22 September 2020,within the backdrop of the COVID-19 global pandemic,China announced its climate goal for peak carbon emissions before 2030 and to reach carbon neutrality before 2060.This carbon-neutral goal is generally considered to cover all anthropogenic greenhouse gases.The planning effort is now in full swing in China,but the pathway to decarbonization is unclear.The needed transition towards non-fossil fuel energy and its impact on China and the world may be more profound than its reform and development over the past 40 years,but the challenges are enormous.Analysis of four representative scenarios shows significant differences in achieving the carbon-neutral goal,particularly the contribution of non-fossil fuel energy sources.The high target values for nuclear,wind,and bioenergy have approached their corresponding resource limitations,with solar energy being the exception,suggesting solar’s critical role.We also found that the near-term policies that allow for a gradual transition,followed by more drastic changes after 2030,can eventually reach the carbon-neutral goal and lead to less of a reduction in cumulative emissions,thus inconsistent with the IPCC 1.5°C scenario.The challenges and prospects are discussed in the historical context of China’s socio-economic reform,globalization,international collaboration,and development.

Phase transformation behavior of titanium during carbothermic reduction of titanomagnetite ironsand

The reduction of titanomagnetite（TTM） ironsand, which contains 11.41wt% TiO_2 and 55.63wt% total Fe, by graphite was performed using a thermogravimetric analysis system under an argon gas atmosphere at 1423–1623 K. The behavior and effects of titanium in TTM ironsand during the reduction process were investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. During the reduction procedure, the titanium concentrated in the slag phase, where the phase transformation followed this sequence： Fe O ＋ FeTiO_3 → Fe_2 TiO_4 → FeTiO_3 → FeTi_2O_5 → TiO_2. The calculated results for the reduction kinetics showed that the carbothermic reduction was controlled by the diffusion of ions through the product layer. Furthermore, the apparent activation energy was 170.35 k J·mol^（-1）.

Study on the influence of armature on the efficiency of reluctance accelerator

The armature is an important part affecting the energy conversion efficiency of a reluctance accelerator.In this paper,six kinds of soft magnetic materials are chosen and four structures are designed for the armature.At first,the circuit and magnetic force are theoretically analyzed.Then the armatures with different materials and structures are used in the simulation,and the performances are compared and analyzed.At last,the experiment verifies the theory analysis and simulation design.It is concluded that the saturation flux density and conductivity of the material are the key factors affecting the armature force,and the optimization of armature structure can effectively restrain the eddy current,reduce negative force and improve efficiency.Compared with cutting slits in solid armatures,laminating the sheets radially can reduce the eddy current more efficiently.Although slitting can prevent the eddy current to a certain extent,meanwhile,it will decrease the magnetic force because of the losing of magnetized volume and the surface area.Hence,choosing the high saturation flux density material and making out the armature with radially_laminated sheets will improve the efficiency of the reluctance accelerator.In this paper,the silicon steel radially_laminated armature is a better choice for the armature design of the reluctance accelerator.

THEORETICAL PREDICTION OF THE KINETICS CURVES OFPEARLITIC TRANSFORMATION IN HYPO-PROEUTECTOID STRUCTURAL STEELS

Supposing carbon contents of ferrite phases in pearlite precipitating from austenite in multicomponent steel at temperature T and in Fe-C ystem at T' are the same the pearlite formation temperature diference, can be calculated from the FeX phase diagrams and the equilibrium temperature Al. Using Tp and Fe-C binary thermodynamic model, the driving forces for phase transformation from austenite to pearlite in multicomponent steels have been successfully calculated. Through the combination of simplified Zener and Hillert's model for pearlite growth with Johnson-Mehl equation, using data from known TTT diagrams, the interfacial energy parameter and activation energy for pearlite formation can be determined and expressed as functions of chemical composition in steels by regression analysis. The calculated starting curves of pearlitic transformation in some commercial steels agree well with the experimental data.

FEM COUPLING FIELD ITERATION AND ITS CONVERGENCE FOR A GMM ACTURATOR

The coupling iteration (CI) of the finite element method(FEM) is used to simulate the magnetic and mechanical characteristics for a GMM actuator. The convergent ability under different prestress and different load types is investigated. Then the calculated deformations are compared with the experimental values. The results convince that the CI of FEM is suitable for the simulation of energy coupling and transformation mechanism of the GMM. At last, the output deformation properties are studied under different input currents, showing that there is a good compromise between good linearity and large strain under the prestress 6 MPa.

Preparation and Fluorescent Property of Eu-Doped High Silica Glasses

A method to fabricate europium ions doped-high silica glass for transparent fluorescence materials based on the fabrication and sintering technique of nano-porous silica glass was reported. Glasses impregnated with Eu ions and sintered at above 1150℃in a reduction atmosphere show a very strong blue light from an emission band at about 430 nm due to the 4f65d→4f7(8S7/2) transition of the Eu2+ ions. On the other hand, the Eu-doped glass obtained by co-impregnated with Y3+ and V5+ ions and sintering in oxidation atmosphere behaves a very strong red emission band at about 615 nm with a UV excitation. An appearance of vanadate band in the excitation spectrum of Eu3+ , Y3+ .and V5+ ions co-doped high silica glass implies an effective energy transferring from VO43- to Eu3+ and effective excitation of Eu3+ by about 500 nm strong broad emission of VO43- .

The Reality and Application of Yin and Yang

Ancient Chinese philosophers discovered Yin and Yang and the laws of Yin and Yang movement during their exploration and practice of nature more than two thousand years ago, and applied them to life, science, philosophy and medicine, playing an important role in the achievement of ancient Chinese civilization. Through historical changes, yin and yang have gradually been regarded as a concept or theory, thus making it difficult for people to understand the connotation of Yin-Yang and make new discoveries and progress. Nowadays, many scholars in China and the West are interested in studying the treasures of ancient Chinese civilization. We illustrate the actual function of Yin and Yang by explaining the essential state of matter, the law of physical movement, the transformation of energy, and then illustrate the practical application in life and science. In conclusion, yin-yang is a key to unlocking the treasures of traditional Chinese civilization, which can help to bring into play its original values, and continue to provide new insights and directions for the development of modern science and the advancement of humanities.

Penny-shaped interfacial crack between dissimilar magnetoelectroelastic layers

A penny-shaped interfacial crack between dissimilar magnetoelectroelastic layers subjected to magnetoelectromechanical loads is investigated,where the magnetoelectrically impermeable crack surface condition is adopted. By using Hankel transform technique,the mixed boundary value problem is firstly reduced to a system of singular integral equations,which are further reduced to a system of algebraic equations. The field intensity factors and energy release rate are finally derived. Numerical results elucidate the eects of crack configuration,electric and/or magnetic loads,and material parameters of the magnetoelectroelastic layers on crack propagation and growth. This work should be useful for the design of magnetoelectroelastic composite structures.

Significant intervals of energy transforms in bubbles freely oscillating in liquids

A wall motion of a bubble freely oscillating in a liquid is studied from the point of view of energy conversions at different instants. It is shown that the time of the bubble oscillation can be divided into two distinct intervals. In the first long interval （here called PK and KP intervals） the prevailing energy conversion is between the potential energy of the bubble and the kinetic energy of the liquid. In the second short interval （here called KI and IK intervals） the kinetic energy of the liquid is transformed into the internal energy of the gas/vapor in the bubble interior and into some other forms of energy. By observing the bubble wall motion in the PK and KP intervals, it is shown that only the value of the maximum bubble radius in the corresponding oscillation can be determined. However, only the knowledge of the maximum bubble radii is insufficient for formulation of a correct theoretical model. Unfortunately this fact is often not noticed in the literature.

Effects of tantalum on austenitic transformation kinetics of RAFM steel

The RAFM（reduced activation ferritic/martensitic）steels containing different tantalum contents（0wt.%,0.027wt.%,0.073wt.%）were designed and cast.Differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy were employed to explore the influence of tantalum content on the austenitic transformation of RAFM steels.The austenitic transformation kinetics was described by aphase-transformation model.The model,involving site saturation nucleation,diffusion-controlled growth and impingement correction,was established based on the classical Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov model.The phase-transformation kinetics parameters,including D_0（pre-exponential factor for diffusion）and Q_d（activation energy for diffusion）,were calculated by fitting the experimental data and the kinetic model.The results indicated that the average grain size is decreased with the increase of tantalum.The values of A_（c1） and A_（c3） （onset and finish temperature of austenitic transformation,respectively）are increased by increasing the tantalum content.The increase of tantalum caused the decrease of D_0.However,Q_d is increased with the increase of tantalum.In addition,as a carbides forming element,tantalum would reduce the carbon diffusion coefficient and slow down the austenitic transformation rate.

Benchmark assessment of performance indices of a selection of hybrid nanofluids in a hybrid photovoltaic/thermal system

This research is a study assessing the performance of hybrid nanofluids in hybrid photovoltaic(PV)-thermal systems.This study addresses 10 hybrid nanofluids applied to hybrid PV-thermal systems.The transition to carbon-free energy can mitigate the worst effects of climate change,ensuring that global sustainability is addressed.Clean energy is now responsible for one-third of the global capacity,of which 20%is attributed to solar energy.Renewables continue to be economically viable,with declining costs driving growth.This study aims to compare the yearly performances of a model hybrid PV-thermal system using 10 different hybrid nanofluids.Hybrid nanofluids constitute two or more dissimilar materials stably suspended in a base fluid(e.g.water).MATLAB and COMSOL Multiphysics®computational fluid dynamics software are employed together for the benchmarking assessment with good agreement observed.Various fluid inlet temperatures(Tin∈[300,360]K),nanofluid volume concentrations(φ∈[0,4]%)and storage-tank volumes(V∈[50,300]L)were simulated.The meteorological data applied were those for Lagos,Nigeria(6°27’55.5192”N,3°24’23.2128”E).The assessment based on analytical-numerical solutions reveals that the thermal enhancement by hybrid nanofluids ranges from 6.7%(graphene oxide[GO]-multiwalled carbon nanotube[MWCNT]/water)to 7%(ZnO-Mn-ZnFe2O4/water)forφ=2%and V=300 L.The yearly exergy efficiency ranges from 2.8%(ZnO-Mn-ZnFe2O4/water)to 2.9%(GO-MWCNT/water),also forφ=2%and V=300 L.These findings have implications for a vast range of industrial processes,expanding the knowledge that is critical to a sustainable future.