Energy-Efficient and Cost-Effective Approaches through Energy Modeling for Hotel Building

Hotel buildings are currently among the largest energy consumers in the world.Heating,ventilation,and air conditioning are the most energy-intensive building systems,accounting for more than half of total energy consumption.An energy audit is used to predict the weak points of a building’s energy use system.Various factors influence building energy consumption,which can be modified to achieve more energy-efficient strategies.In this study,an existing hotel building in Central Taiwan is evaluated by simulating several scenarios using energy modeling over a year.Energy modeling is conducted by using Autodesk Revit 2025.It was discovered from the results that arranging the lighting schedule based on the ASHRAE Standard 90.1 could save up to 8.22%of energy consumption.And then the results also revealed that changing the glazing of the building into double-layer lowemissivity glass could reduce energy consumption by 14.58%.While the energy consumption of the building could also be decreased to 7.20%by changing the building orientation to the north.Meanwhile,moving the building location to Northern Taiwan could also minimize the energy consumption of the building by 3.23%.The results revealed that the double layer offers better thermal insulation,and low-emissivity glass can lower energy consumption,electricity costs,and CO_(2)emissions by up to 15.27%annually.While adjusting orientation and location can enhance energy performance,this approach is impractical for existing buildings,but this could be considered for designing new buildings.The results showed the relevancy of energy performance to CO_(2)emission production and electricity expenses.

Heavy ion energy influence on multiple-cell upsets in small sensitive volumes:from standard to high energies

The 28 nm process has a high cost-performance ratio and has gradually become the standard for the field of radiation-hardened devices.However,owing to the minimum physical gate length of only 35 nm,the physical area of a standard 6T SRAM unit is approximately 0.16μm^(2),resulting in a significant enhancement of multi-cell charge-sharing effects.Multiple-cell upsets(MCUs)have become the primary physical mechanism behind single-event upsets(SEUs)in advanced nanometer node devices.The range of ionization track effects increases with higher ion energies,and spacecraft in orbit primarily experience SEUs caused by high-energy ions.However,ground accelerator experiments have mainly obtained low-energy ion irradiation data.Therefore,the impact of ion energy on the SEU cross section,charge collection mechanisms,and MCU patterns and quantities in advanced nanometer devices remains unclear.In this study,based on the experimental platform of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou,low-and high-energy heavy-ion beams were used to study the SEUs of 28 nm SRAM devices.The influence of ion energy on the charge collection processes of small-sensitive-volume devices,MCU patterns,and upset cross sections was obtained,and the applicable range of the inverse cosine law was clarified.The findings of this study are an important guide for the accurate evaluation of SEUs in advanced nanometer devices and for the development of radiation-hardening techniques.

Energy Efficiency and Rebound Effect:Does Energy Efficiency Save Energy?

The aim of this study is to examine the theoric and empirical literature about “rebound effect”. This study summarizes energy efficiency policy and programs in general and in Turkey. Also it gives defination of the “rebound effect” concept. The rebound effect is related to consumer’s tendency to consume more energy due to economic benefit from efficiency improvement. The ‘rebound effect’ is the focus of a long-running dispute of energy economics but it is very new concept in the most developing countries. In literature according to some economist gains in energy efficiency will also reduce the real per unit price of energy services and hence the consumption of energy will rise and partially offset the initial reduction in the usage of energy sources. However for others size of the rebound effect is too small to take attention. The empirical literature shows that the size of rebound effect can change from country to country and sector to sector.

The Optical Properties of Black Coatings and Their Estimated Cooling Effect and Cooling Energy Savings Potential

The optical properties of coatings pigmented with different black colorants were systematically investigated and their surface temperatures and cooling energy savings were estimated. The black coatings pigmented with chromite iron nickel black and manganese ferrite black spinel colorants are not cool enough to be energy efficient cool black coatings. The cool black coatings pigmented with NIR-transmitting perylene black and dioxazine purple colorants possess a green shade and a violet shade, respectively. The estimated surface temperature reduction values and annual cooling energy savings in Beijing range from 3.0°C and 1.21 kWhm-2yr-1 for the black coating pigmented with chromite iron nickel colorant to 13.8°C and 5.52 kWhm-2yr-1 for the black coating pigmented with dioxazine purple colorant, respectively.

Effect of the catalyzing combustion of coke breeze on the energy saving in sinter process

The mechanism of additive ZC 1 for catalyzing combustion of coke breeze in sintering of iron ore fines was studied by using X ray Diffraction, TGA and GC(Gas Chromatographer), by which energy saving was achieved on sinter pot test. The results show that the distance between cleavage planes is enlarged and the π electrons are re distributed because of the insertion of cations/molecules of ZC 1 into the cleavage planes of carbon , resulting in the weakening of C-C bond, improving the adsorption of oxygen and lowering the activation energy of gasification of carbon from 25.8 kJ/mol to 18.9 kJ/mol , and the burning rate being increased and combustion residual reduced, all of which can lead to lower solid fuel consumption . Compared with the sintering test without addition of additives , the solid fuel consumption is reduced by 16.0%, meanwhile, the rate of finished sinter, the output of finished sinter and the tumbling index are increased by 2.03%, 7.0% and 3.71% , respectively, with incorporating 0.2% of additive ZC 1 in the sintering mixture, which is in agreement with the catalyzing mechanism of ZC 1.

Energy-Saving Effect of Discolored Decorative Boards in Flexible Interior Space

Green,energy conservation and environmental protection have increasingly become the theme of the sustained and healthy development of cities against the background of new urbanization,which indicates that the problem of building energy consumption has received growing attention.This paper explores the impact of energy-saving decorations in flexible interior space on energy-saving effect of buildings so as to broaden the horizon of energy conservation in building,thereby alleviating the problem of energy shortage in China.

Strategies for Introducing Energy Saving Idea into Residential Planning and Design in Urban and Rural Areas of China

Currently,energy saving design has been conducted on single building but not on the whole residential community in urban and rural areas.So,the paper has proposed energy saving measures for residential planning from the perspective of site selection and layout of buildings.Specific measures are as follows.Firstly,buildings should be constructed on the sunny side and leeside;secondly,buildings on the south should be lower than those on the north;the east side of the building should be open while the west side should be closed;thirdly,climate protection unit should be set;fourthly,buildings should be of northsouth direction primarily,and the main room should be set on the east side and the assistant rooms or passage on the west side in the buildings of east-west direction;fifthly,it should select compact and wellarranged households and the units should not be combined in point and dislocation and jointing.

Experimental study and energy saving analysis of a novel radiant ceiling heating system

In order to have an in-depth understanding of the metal ceiling radiant panel with capillary tubes, a radiant ceiling heating system is constructed to study the actual heating performance and thermal comfort by experiments. In addition, the energy saving potential of the novel heating system is discussed in terms of the COP （coefficient of performance） of the ground source heat pump and the exergy efficiency of the radiant terminal. The results indicate that the heating system shows high thermal stability and thermal comfort. When the system reaches a stable condition, the radiant heat transfer accounts for 62.7% of the total heat transfer, and the total heat transfer can meet the heating demands of most buildings. Compared to a radiant floor heating system, it offers advantages in a shorter preheating time, a lower supply water temperature and a stronger heating capability. The COP of the ground source heat pump is increased greatly when the supply water temperature is 28 to 33 ℃, and the exergy efficiency of the metal ceiling with capillary tubes is 1.6 times that of the radiant floor when the reference temperature is 5 ℃ The novel radiant ceiling heating system shows a tremendous energy saving potential.

Energy saving analysis of a hybrid ground-coupled heat pump project

A hybrid ground-coupled heat pump（HGCHP）project in Nanjing,China is chosen to analyze the building energy-consumption properties in terms of different control strategies,building envelope and the terminal air-conditioning system.The HGCHP uses a supplemental heat rejecter to dissipate extra thermal energy to guarantee underground soil heat balance.The software EnergyPlus is employed to simulate the project and design the heat flow of the cooling tower and the borehole heat exchanger（BHE）.Then two feasible control strategies for the cooling tower and the borehole heat exchanger are proposed.The energy-saving potential of the building envelope is analyzed in terms of the surface color of the wall/roof.With the same terminal system,it is found that in the cooling season the heat flow of the insulated building with black wall/roof is 1.2 times more than that with white wall/roof.With the same insulated building and gray wall/roof,it is concluded that the heat pump units for a primary air fan-coil system show an annual energy consumption increase of 44.7 GJ compared with a radiant floor system.

Low-carbon and Energy-saving Designs Preserving Primitive Ecological Conditions——With the Planning of Ancient Banyan Park in Mengshan County,Guangxi,China as a Case Study

It was proposed that park planning should be based on local economic development,should focus on the preservation of primitive ecological conditions and the application of low-carbon and energy-saving concepts.The planning of Ancient Banyan Park in Mengshan County by following the principles of respecting local history and culture,improving functions and supporting facilities,human-centered,overall planning and all-around consideration,respecting characteristics of the local area(the planning site),satisfying operation requirements of the park,applying low-carbon and energy-saving concepts,and avoiding over-engineering,aimed at protecting natural images of the park,primitive history,culture and characteristics of the local area and providing a space for local residents' various activities.Modern aesthetic forms were combined,cultural connotation of natural environment stressed to build a landscape space system of the Ancient Banyan Park that matches well with environment of the planning site.The park was designed into 4 functional areas:sport area,fitness plaza area,garden recreational area and ancient banyan cultural area.Different functions of these subareas were taken into consideration to create conservation-minded garden landscapes which were both independent and unified.

Energy-saving Architectural Designs for Relocation Residential Districts in North Jiangsu Province of China

By investigating present relocation residential districts for peasants whose houses are removed for the unified planning of rural areas in north Jiangsu Province, as well as residents' feelings about the environment of residential district, main architectural structures and energy consumption conditions, the indoor thermal environment, use of main heating and cooling facilities, residents' satisfaction on the acoustical and luminous environment, major space-enclosing structures and calculation of energy-saving designs are analyzed, and suggestions are given for the architectural design of relocation residential districts in the study area. It is stressed that the relationship between energy conservation and architectural layout, orientation, lighting, ventilation, selection of enclosing-structure materials, facade, color and style should be properly handled in the planning, and the focus is to control building orientation and shape coefficient, on the basis of which energy-saving designs of windows, exterior walls and roofs can be done. Energy consumption of present residential buildings is calculated and analyzed to bring forth new ideas to the energy-saving designs for relocation residential districts in north Jiangsu Province, and establish an architectural energy-saving system suitable for climatic and natural conditions of north Jiangsu to instruct the energy-saving designs of relocation residential districts in the study area.

Freezing on demand: A new concept for mine safety and energy savings in wet underground mines

The artificial ground freezing(AGF)systems are designed to operate continuously for an extended period of time to control the groundwater seepage and to strengthen the groundwater structure surrounding excavation areas.This mode of operation requires a massive amount of energy to sustain the thickness of the frozen body.Therefore,it is of great interest to propose new concepts to reduce energy consumption while providing sufficient structural stability and safe operation.This paper discusses the principle of the freezing on demand(FoD)by means of experiment and mathematical model.A lab-scale rig that mimics the AGF process is conceived and developed.The setup is equipped with more than 80 thermocouples,flow-meters,and advanced instrumentation system to analyze the performance of the AGF process under the FoD concept.A mathematical model has been derived,validated,and utilized to simulate the transient FoD concept.The results suggest that the overall energy saving notably depends on the coolant’s temperature;the energy saving increases while decreasing the coolant inlet temperature.Moreover,applying the FoD concept in an AGF system leads to a significant drop in energy consumption.

Study on shift schedule saving energy of automatic transmission of ground vehicles

To improve ground vehicle efficiency, shift schedule energy saving was proposed for the ground vehicle automatic transmission by studying the function of the torque converter and transmission in the vehicular drivetrain. The shift schedule can keep the torque converter working in the high efficiency range under all the working conditions except in the low efficiency range on the left when the transmission worked at the lowest shift, and in the low efficiency range on the right when the transmission worked at the highest shift. The shift quality key factors were analysed. The automatic trans-mission's bench-test adopting this shift schedule was made on the automatic transmission's test-bed. The experimental results showed that the shift schedule was correct and that the shift quality was controllable.

The assessment of extactable tidal energy and the effect of tidal energy turbine deployment on the hydrodynamics in Zhoushan

In this study, we construct one 2-dimensional tidal simulation, using an unstructured Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model （FVCOM）. In the 2-D model, we simulated the tidal turbines through adding additional bottom drag in the element where the tidal turbines reside. The additional bottom drag was calculated from the relationship of the bottom friction dissipation and the rated rotor efficiency of the tidal energy turbine. This study analyzed the effect of the tidal energy turbine to the hydrodynamic environment, and calculated the amount of the extractable tidal energy resource at the Guishan Hangmen Channel, considering the rotor wake effect.

The Five-Year Plan: A new tool for energy saving and emissions reduction in China

China has achieved economic growth while great carbon emissions reduction in recent years. Amid China＇s effort to reduce emissions, the Five-Year Plans have guided and motivated local and foreign forces from the government, industries, and society to work together. This paper showed that a mediumehigh economic growth gate, industry structure adjustment, and energy structure adjustment, which are guaranteed under the Five-Year Plan, all contribute to energy saving in China. The economy entered a stable growing phase during the 12 th Five-Year Plan, while the economic growth rate declined to 7.8% from 11.2% in the 11 th Five-Year Plan. Simultaneously, the CO2 emissions growth rate declined from8.32%（2009-2012 mean） to 1.82%（2012-2014 mean）. Industrial structure adjustment canceled out nearly one-third of the CO2 emissions caused by economic growth. Under the 13 th Five-Year Plan, China will continue its energy saving efforts on the green development path, with greener quotas, a stricter implementation process, and more key projects.

Geometrical Evaluation on the Viscous Effect of Point-Absorber Wave-Energy Converters

The fluid viscosity is known to have a significant effect on the hydrodynamic characteristics which are linked to the power conversion ability of the wave energy converter(WEC). To overcome the disadvantages of case-by-case study through the experiments and numerical computations employed by the former researches, the viscous effect is studied comprehensively for multiple geometries in the present paper. The viscous effect is expressed as the viscous added mass and damping solved by the free-decay method. The computational fluid dynamics(CFD) method is employed for the calculation of the motion and flow field around the floater. The diameter to draft ratio and bottom shape are considered for the geometrical evaluation on the viscous effect. The results show that a slenderer floater presents a stronger viscous effect. Through the comparisons of the floaters with four different bottom shapes, the conical bottom is recommended in terms of low viscous effect and simple geometry for manufacture. A viscous correction formula for a series of cylindrical floaters is put forward, for the first time, to help the engineering design of outer-floaters of point-absorber WECs.

Energy Saving Cooperative Communication over Fading Channels with Relay Selection and Power Control

In order to save energy and make more efficient use of wireless channel, this article puts forward an energy saving cooperative relaying scheme which actuates the cooperative transmis- sion only when the feedback from the destination indicates failure of the direct transmission. The proposed scheme selects the optimal relay and its corresponding transmission power in each time slot based on channel condition and residual ener- gy with the objective of minimizing energy con- sumption and extending network lifetime. In the study, the f＇mite-state Markov channel model is used to characterize the correlation structure of channel fading in wireless networks, and the pro- cedure of relay selection and transmission power decision is formulated as a M arkov decision process. Numerical and simulation results show that the proposed scheme consumes less energy and prolongs the network lifetime.

Incident flow effects on the performance of piezoelectric energy harvesters from galloping vibrations

In this paper, we investigate experimentally the concept of energy har- vesting from galloping oscillations with a focus on wake and turbulence effects. The .harvester is composed of a unimorph piezoelectric cantilever beam with a square cross-section tip mass. In one case, the harvester is placed in the wake of another galloping harvester with the objective of determining the wake effects on the response of the harvester. In the second case, meshes were placed upstream of the harvester with the objective of investigating the effects of upstream turbulence on the response of the harvester. The results show that both wake effects and up- stream turbulence significantly affect the response of the harvester. Depending on the spacing between the two squares and the opening size of the mesh, wake and upstream turbulence can positively enhance the level of the harvested power.

Self-sustained Oscillation Pulsed Air Blowing System for Energy Saving

Currently, many studies have been made for years on dimensions of pneumatic nozzle, which influence the flow characteristic of blowing system. For the purpose of outputting the same blowing force, the supply pressure could be reduced by decreasing the ratio of length to diameter of nozzle. The friction between high speed air and pipe wall would be reduced if the nozzle is designed to be converging shape comparing with straight shape. But the volume flow and pressure, discussed in these studies, do not describe energy loss of the blowing system directly. Pneumatic power is an innovative principle to estimate pneumatic system’s energy consumption directly. Based on the above principle, a pulse blowing method is put forward for saving energy. A flow experiment is carried out, in which the high speed air flows from the pulse blowing system and continuous blowing system respectively to a plate with grease on top. Supply pressure and the volume of air used for removing the grease are measured to calculate energy consumption. From the experiment result, the pulse blowing system performs to conserve energy comparing with the continuous blowing system. The frequency and duty ratio of pulse flow influence the blowing characteristic. The pulse blowing system performs to be the most efficient at the specified frequency and duty ratio. Then a pneumatic self-oscillated method based on air operated valve is put forward to generate pulse flow. A simulation is made about dynamic modeling the air operated valve and calculating the motion of the valve core and output pressure. The simulation result verifies the system to be able to generate pulse flow, and predicts the key parameters of the frequency and duty ratio measured by experiment well. Finally, on the basis of simplifying and solution of the pulse blowing system’s mathematic model, the relationship between system’s frequency duty ratio and the dimensions of components is simply described with four algebraic equations. The system could be designed with specified frequency and duty ratio according to the four equations. This study provides theoretical basis for designing energy-saving air blowing system.

Nonlinear beam formulation incorporating surface energy and size effect:application in nano-bridges

A nonlinear beam formulation is presented based on the Gurtin-Murdoch surface elasticity and the modified couple stress theory. The developed model theoretically takes into account coupled effects of the energy of surface layer and microstructures size- dependency. The mid-plane stretching of a beam is incorporated using von-Karman nonlinear strains. Hamilton＇s principle is used to determine the nonlinear governing equation of motion and the corresponding boundary conditions. As a case study, pull-in instability of an electromechanical nano-bridge structure is studied using the proposed formulation. The nonlinear governing equation is solved by the analytical reduced order method （ROM） as well as the numerical solution. Effects of various parameters including surface layer, size dependency, dispersion forces, and structural damping on the pull- in parameters of the nano-bridges are discussed. Comparison of the results with the literature reveals capability of the present model in demonstrating the impact of nano- scale phenomena on the pull-in threshold of the nano-bridges.