Electric Vehicle Charging Capacity of Distribution Network Considering Conventional Load Composition

At present,the large-scale access to electric vehicles(EVs)is exerting considerable pressure on the distribution network.Hence,it is particularly important to analyze the capacity of the distribution network to accommodate EVs.To this end,we propose a method for analyzing the EV capacity of the distribution network by considering the composition of the conventional load.First,the analysis and pretreatment methods for the distribution network architecture and conventional load are proposed.Second,the charging behavior of an EVis simulated by combining the Monte Carlo method and the trip chain theory.After obtaining the temporal and spatial distribution of the EV charging load,themethod of distribution according to the proportion of the same type of conventional load among the nodes is adopted to integrate the EV charging load with the conventional load of the distribution network.By adjusting the EV ownership,the EV capacity in the distribution network is analyzed and solved on the basis of the following indices:node voltage,branch current,and transformer capacity.Finally,by considering the 10-kV distribution network in some areas of an actual city as an example,we show that the proposed analysis method can obtain a more reasonable number of EVs to be accommodated in the distribution network.

A Novel Ultra Short-Term Load Forecasting Method for Regional Electric Vehicle Charging Load Using Charging Pile Usage Degree

Electric vehicle(EV)charging load is greatly affected by many traffic factors,such as road congestion.Accurate ultra short-term load forecasting(STLF)results for regional EV charging load are important to the scheduling plan of regional charging load,which can be derived to realize the optimal vehicle to grid benefit.In this paper,a regional-level EV ultra STLF method is proposed and discussed.The usage degree of all charging piles is firstly defined by us based on the usage frequency of charging piles,and then constructed by our collected EV charging transactiondata in thefield.Secondly,these usagedegrees are combinedwithhistorical charging loadvalues toform the inputmatrix for the deep learning based load predictionmodel.Finally,long short-termmemory(LSTM)neural network is used to construct EV charging load forecastingmodel,which is trained by the formed inputmatrix.The comparison experiment proves that the proposed method in this paper has higher prediction accuracy compared with traditionalmethods.In addition,load characteristic index for the fluctuation of adjacent day load and adjacent week load are proposed by us,and these fluctuation factors are used to assess the prediction accuracy of the EV charging load,together with the mean absolute percentage error(MAPE).

Modeling the blast load induced by a close-in explosion considering cylindrical charge parameters

Structural damage is significantly influenced by the various parameters of a close-in explosion.To establish a close-in blast loading model for cylindrical charges according to these parameters,a series of field experiments and a systematic numerical analysis were conducted.A high-fidelity finite element model developed using AUTODYN was first validated using blast data collected from field tests conducted in this and previous studies.A quantitative analysis was then performed to determine the influence of the charge shape,aspect ratio(length to diameter),orientation,and detonation configuration on the characteristics and distributions of the blast loading(incident peak overpressure and impulse)according to scaled distance.The results revealed that the secondary peak overpressure generated by a cylindrical charge was mainly distributed along the axial direction and was smaller than the overpressure generated by an equivalent spherical charge.The effects of charge shape on the blast loading at 45°and 67.5°in the axial plane could be neglected at scaled distances greater than 2 m/kg^(1/3);the effect of aspect ratios greater than 2 on the peak overpressure in the 90°(radial)direction could be neglected at all scaled distances;and double-end detonation increased the radial blast loading by up to 60%compared to singleend detonation.Finally,an empirical cylindrical charge blast loading model was developed considering the influences of charge aspect ratio,orientation,and detonation configuration.The results obtained in this study can serve as a reference for the design of blast tests using cylindrical charges and aid engineers in the design of blast-resistant structures.

Double casing warhead with sandwiched charge:The axial distribution of fragments velocities

The double casing warhead with sandwiched charge is a novel fragmentation warhead that can produce two groups of fragments with different velocity,and the previous work has presented a calculation formula to determine the maximum fragment velocity.The current work builds on the published formula to further develop a formula for calculating the axial distribution characteristics of the fragment velocity.For this type of warhead,the simulation of the dispersion characteristics of the detonation products at different positions shows that the detonation products at the ends have a much larger axial velocity than those in the middle,and the detonation products have a greater axial dispersion velocity when they are closer to the central axis.The loading process and the fragment velocity vary with the axial position for both casing layers,and the total velocity of the fragments is the vector sum of the radial velocity and the axial velocity.At the same axial position,the acceleration time of the inner casing is greater than that of the outer casing.For the same casing,the fragments generated at the ends have a longer acceleration time than the fragments from the middle.The proposed formula is validated with the X-ray radiography results of the four warheads previously tested experimentally and the 3D smoothedparticle hydrodynamics numerical simulation results of several series of new warheads with different configurations.The formula can accurately and reliably calculate the fragment velocity when the lengthto-diameter ratio of the charge is greater than 1.5 and the thickness of the casing is less than 20%its inner radius.This work thus provides a key reference for the theoretical analysis and the design of warheads with multiple casings.

Impact of Electric Vehicle Charging on Power Load Based on TOU Price

Large-scale electric vehicle charging has a significant impact on power grid load, disorderly charging will increase power grid peak load. This article proposes an orderly charging mechanism based on TOU price. To build an orderly charging model by researching TOU price and user price reaction model. This article research the impact of electric vehicle charging on grid load by orderly charging model. With this model the grid’s peak and valley characteristics, the utilization of charging equipment, the economics of grid operation can all be improved.

Management of Charging Load of Electric Vehicles for Optimal Capacity Utilisation of Distribution Transformers

A de-centralised load management technique exploiting the flexibility in the charging of Electric Vehicles (EVs) is presented. Two charging regimes are assumed. The Controlled Charging Regime (CCR) between 16:30 hours and 06:00 hours of the next day and the Uncontrolled Charging Regime (UCR) between 06:00 hours and 16:30 hours of the same day. During the CCR, the charging of EVs is coordinated and controlled by means of a wireless two-way communication link between EV Smart Charge Controllers (EVSCCs) at EV owners’ premises and the EV Load Controller (EVLC) at the local LV distribution substation. The EVLC sorts the EVs batteries in ascending order of their states of charge (SoC) and sends command signals for charging to as many EVs as the transformer could allow at that interval based on the condition of the transformer as analysed by the Distribution Transformer Monitor (DTM). A real and typical urban LV area distribution network in Great Britain (GB) is used as the case study. The technique is applied on the LV area when its transformer is carrying the future load demand of the area on a typical winter weekday in the year 2050. To achieve the load management, load demand of the LV area network is decomposed into Non-EV load and EV load. The load on the transformer is managed by varying the EV load in an optimisation objective function which maximises the capacity utilisation of the transformer subject to operational constraints and non-disruption of daily trips of EV owners. Results show that with the proposed load management technique, LV distribution networks could accommodate high uptake of EVs without compromising the useful normal life expectancy of distribution transformers before the need for capacity reinforcement.

Effect of Hydrogen Charging on the Tensile and Constant Load Properties of an Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldment

The effect of cathodic hydrogen charging on the tensile and constant load properties was deter- mined for an austenitic stainless steel weldment comprising a 304L steel in the solution treated condition as a base metal and a 308L filler steel as a weld metal. Part of the 304L solution treated steel was separately given additional sensitization treatment to simulate the microstructure that would develop in the heat affected zone. Tests were performed at room temperature on notched round bar specimens. Hydrogen charging resulted in a pronounced embrittlement of the tested materials. This was manifested mainly as a considerable loss in the ductility of tensile specimens and a decrease in the time to failure and threshold stress of constant load specimens. The 308L weld metal exhibited the highest, and the 304L solution treated steel the lowest, resistance to hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen embrittlement was associated with the formation of strain induced martensite as well as a transition from brittle to ductile fracture morphology onwards the centre of the specimens.

Model-Based Quantification of Load Shift Potentials and Optimized Charging of Electric Vehicles

Managing the charging process of a large number of electric vehicles to decrease the pressure on the local electricity grid is of high interest to the utilities. Using efficient mathematical optimization techniques, the charging behavior of electric vehicles shall be optimally controlled taking into account network, vehicle, and customer requirements. We developed an efficient algorithm for calculating load shift potentials defined as the range of all charging curves meeting the customer’s requirements and respecting all individual charging and discharging constraints over time. In addition, we formulated a mixed integer linear program (MIP) applying semi-continuous variables to find cost-optimal load curves for every vehicle participating in a load shift. This problem can be solved by e.g. branch-and-bound algorithms. Results of two scenarios of Germany in 2015 and 2030 based on mobility studies show that the load shifting potential of EV is significant and contribute to a necessary relaxation of the future grid. The maximum charging and discharging power and the average battery capacity are crucial to the overall load shift potential.

Numerical investigation on free air blast loads generated from center-initiated cylindrical charges with varied aspect ratio in arbitrary orientation

In current guidelines, the free air blast loads(overpressure and impulse) are determined by spherical charges, although most of ordnance devices are more nearly cylindrical than spherical in geometry. This may result in a great underestimation of blast loads in the near field and lead to an unsafe design.However, there is still a lack of systematic quantitative analysis of the blast loads generated from cylindrical charges. In this study, a numerical model is developed by using the hydrocode AUTODYN to investigate the influences of aspect ratio and orientation on the free air blast loads generated from center-initiated cylindrical charges. This is done by examining the pressure contours, the peak overpressures and impulses for various aspect ratios ranged from 1 to 8 and arbitrary orientation monitored along every azimuth angle with an interval of 5°. To characterize the distribution patterns of blast loads,three regions, i.e., the axial region, the vertex region and the radial region are identified, and the propagation of blast waves in each region is analyzed in detail. The complexity of blast loads of cylindrical charges is found to result from the bridge wave and its interaction with primary waves. Several empirical formulas are presented based on curve-fitting the numerical data, including the orientation where the maximum peak overpressure emerges, the critical scaled distance beyond which the charge shape effect could be neglected and blast loads with varied aspect ratio in arbitrary orientation, all of which are useful for blast-resistant design.

Mechanical properties and charge signal characteristics in coal material failure under different loading paths

Rock burst is a catastrophic dynamic disaster caused by sudden failure and instability of coal, loading paths play an important role in the failure of coal, the coal failure process is associated with charge exception infonnation. Hence, violent coal failure mechanics and time-frequency domain distribution of charge signal such as rock burst under different loading paths should be studied in-depth. In this paper, grade and cyclic loading test were carried out for coal with impact tendency samples produced by blocks cored from 800 depth in Xiaoqing coal mine of the Tiefa coal group in northeast China. Theory discussion was carried out for the result of stress and strain, frequency-spectra analysis was conducted for the wavelet charge data, figures showing the evolution mechanism of mechanical properties and the relationship of timefrequency domain amplitude of charge signals in coal with different loading paths and stage were obtained. The failure process and characteristics of coal under different loading paths were summarized. It found that the loading path changed the manner of energy accelerate-release, there were more plastic strain generation in coal under cyclic loading than that under grade loading, the former was more likely to cause greater damage and failure, then the strength of coal under cyclic loading is generally lower than that under grade loading, an energy conversion mechanical model of stress, damage and deformation was developed and explained the effect of the loading path. Charge signal was primarily distributed in the strengthening and peak stages, where there was a high amplitude pulse at each stress drop. The charge pulse was a type of low frequency signal with a primary frequency distribution range of 1 -100Hz. Discussion on the charge generating mechanism from the perspective of friction slip, it demonstrated that the charge obtained during the coal failure process directly to stress loaded on and damage, the result verified it better. We propose that the research results in this study could be efficiently applied to daily mining activities, to provide an early warning and effectively avoid rock burst disaster.

Design and Analysis of Transmitter Charge Switch Assembly Load on Weather Radar Test Platform

This paper provides a new method for designing the load of transmitters switch components on provincial radar test platform. Based on the calculation of the specific parameters related to the actual charge switch components, the load-related data model is obtained, the simulation is carried out, and the results are consistent with the actual test results. Through the theoretical numerical analysis of the load of the charging switch components of the transmitter device in the new generation of weather radar maintenance test platform, radar maintenance personnel at all levels can deepen the thorough understanding of the CINRAD/SA transmitter and have some enlightenment and improvement on the maintenance guarantee ability of the new generation of weather radar.

考虑奖励机制的电动汽车充电优化引导策略

随着电动汽车(electric vehicle,EV)的大规模推广,其无序充电严重威胁电网的安全稳定运行,积极引导EV用户参与充电优化策略,对于提高电网的安全稳定性具有重要意义。为此,基于充电优化管理调度思路,提出一种考虑奖励机制的EV充电优化引导策略,在分时电价的基础上,计入用户在降低电网负荷波动中的奖励机制,考虑充电位置固定、不确定用户的出行需求,确定EV的充电时间及充电位置,达到用户满意度最高的目的;利用EV动态响应的实时优化算法,对所提的优化调度模型进行求解。仿真结果验证了所提策略的有效性和可行性,该优化调度策略不仅能有效改善负荷低谷时段集中充电形成新的负荷高峰的问题,而且可明显降低用户的充电成本及电网负荷波动。

考虑负荷空间均衡和充电站合作博弈的快速充电定价机制

为了平衡快速充电负荷空间分布,提高电动汽车用户充电满意度,提出考虑负荷空间均衡和充电站合作博弈的快速充电动态定价机制。首先,通过实际订单数据逆地理编码得到出行概率转移矩阵,结合路网模型和速度-流量模型建立电动汽车充电负荷时空分布模型;然后,考虑用户主观意愿,建立计及用户偏好的充电站选择决策模型,模拟用户对于充电站选择的理性决策行为;最后,以充电站节点负荷均衡性为目标,建立区域内快速充电站合作模式下的动态定价博弈模型,通过迭代算法求解均衡值,并利用Shapley值法对合作联盟所得剩余收益进行分配。仿真实例表明,所提快速充电站动态定价策略能有效降低充电站节点的负荷方差,提高充电桩利用率和充电站收益,并减小用户排队时间,提高用户满意度。

考虑充放储一体站与电动汽车互动的主从博弈优化调度策略

针对大规模电动汽车(electrical vehicle,EV)接入微电网造成的负荷压力,提出一种考虑充放储一体站(charging-discharging-storage integrated station,CDSIS)与EV互动的主从博弈优化调度策略。首先,通过建立CDSIS模型,并针对CDSIS多场景进行分段设置。其次,建立动态路网模型并结合EV出行特性,预测城市区域路网约束下的EV充电负荷时空分布。并根据预测结果建立EV及CDSIS多目标主从博弈优化调度模型,对EV用户、CDSIS收益进行多目标协调。最后,以某城市主城区域部分交通路网结合IEEE33节点配电系统进行仿真,分析电价与CDSIS储能设备容量对城市区域内EV用户和CDSIS站收益的影响。结果表明,所提主从博弈模型与调度策略能够使得EV用户与CDSIS双方得到最大收益。

考虑分布式电源时空相关及电动汽车充电负荷分布特性的有源配电网概率潮流

目前分布式电源(distribution generation,DG)和电动汽车(electric vehicle,EV)充电负荷等随机变量接入电力系统时时空特性考虑不足,会导致概率潮流计算偏离实际。因此该文提出了考虑DG时空相关及EV分布特性的有源配电网概率潮流模型。首先,利用场景生成建立时空相关的风电、光伏出力概率模型;然后,考虑路网约束和用户心理,建立考虑EV时空分布特性的负荷概率模型;最后,以Nataf变换结合奇异值分解处理相关性输入变量,运用三点估计法对概率潮流进行计算,通过Cornish-Fisher级数拟合得到累积分布函数。以IEEE-33节点系统进行测试,利用所提模型分析了DG时空相关性和EV分布特性对配电网潮流的影响。结果表明DG时空相关性主要影响系统的波动性,EV分布特性主要影响系统的运行特性。该文研究可为新型配电网的安全运行提供理论指导。

含循环换电负荷及充电站的微电网多目标优化调度

电动换电重卡由于具有充电功率高、周期性强的循环换电负荷特性,一旦短时大量接入微电网中,将带来经济性和安全性的挑战。首先讨论电动汽车充电、循环换电负荷的不同特性,建立含循环换电负荷及充电站的微电网模型;提出一种综合考虑微电网经济性及联络线功率波动性的多目标调度优化方法;采用线性加权方法将多目标问题转化为单目标问题;最后利用CPLEX工具对仿真算例进行求解,仿真算例表明,所提优化方案可有效求解综合考虑不同权重下微电网净利润、联络线交换功率及换电站内电池最优调度问题,能在尽可能减小微电网与上级电网交换功率波动性的同时,使得微电网获得最大净利润。

考虑负荷时空均衡和弹性响应的电动汽车快充电价定价策略

为了引导电动汽车有序充电,提出了一种考虑负荷时空均衡和弹性响应的电动汽车快充电价定价策略。引入交通流理论描述交通路网,建立电动汽车快充负荷时空分布模型;考虑配电网调度和电动汽车快充负荷的弹性需求,构建源-荷互动下的快充电价定价架构,并基于潮流追踪法从时空双维度推导快充电价的计算方法;在此基础上,计及电动汽车负荷弹性响应特性,以提升配电网的负荷均衡性为目标,建立快充电价定价策略,并通过迭代算法求解该定价策略。算例仿真结果表明,所提定价策略能够有效引导电动汽车进行有序快充,激励电动汽车用户与配电网友好互动,提升负荷的时空分布均衡性。

基于改进LSTM神经网络的电动汽车充电负荷预测

当前对电动汽车(EV)充电负荷预测的研究缺少真实的数据支撑,并且模型考虑场景过于简单,影响因素考虑不到位,预测结果缺乏说服力。基于此,提出一种考虑多种电动汽车充电负荷影响因素的电动汽车充电负荷预测方法。首先,考虑天气、季节、温度、工作日、节假日等因素对电动汽车充电负荷的影响,采用三标度层次分析法分析各影响因素权重;其次,建立LSTM神经网络预测模型,通过真实数据训练得到用于预测的LSTM神经网络模型,结合影响因素权重分析结果对预测模型进行修正,得到最终的改进LSTM神经网络负荷预测模型;最后,采用常州某小区的真实数据对所提预测方法进行试验验证。结果表明,所提方法可以实现电动汽车充电负荷的精确预测,且负荷预测结果可为有序充电策略研究提供参考。