Model Identification and Control of Electromagnetic Actuation in Continuous Casting Process With Improved Quality

This paper presents an original theoretical framework to model steel material properties in continuous casting line process. Specific properties arising from non-Newtonian dynamics are herein used to indicate the natural convergence of distributed parameter systems to fractional order transfer function models. Data driven identification from a real continuous casting line is used to identify model of the electromagnetic actuator device to control flow velocity of liquid steel. To ensure product specifications, a fractional order control is designed and validated on the system. A projection of the closed loop performance onto the quality assessment at end production line is also given in this paper.

Design and fabrication of a bistable electromagnetic microactuator

An electromagnetic microactuator with two stable positions is presented. The actuator consists of a cantilever beam with two free ends, a torsional beam with two fixed ends, planar coils and permanent magnets. The cantilever beam has two stable positions due to the use of permanent magnets. With electromagnetic actuation arising from the planar coils, the cantilever beam will switch from one stable position to the other. Mechanical and magnetic analysis are carried out on the actuator, and the device with a size of 2.2 mm × 2.5 mm is fabricated with the UV-LIGA technology. The test results show that a current pulse with an amplitude of 70 mA is needed for actuator＇ s switching between the two stable states, and the switching time is no more than 6 ms. Displacement of the end of cantilever is about 15 μm.

The Performance of a Novel Latching-Type Electromagnetic Actuator for Single-Port Laparoscopic Surgery

This paper reports on the performance evaluation of a novel latching-type electromagnetic actuator which is designed to be embedded at selected joints along single-port laparoscopic surgical instruments (SLS). The aim of this actuator is to allow these instruments to become articulated with a push of a button in order to provide the optimum angulation required during SLS operations. This new actuator is comprised of electromagnetic coil elements, soft magnetic frames and a permanent magnet. Unlike conventional electromagnetic actuators, latching-type electromagnetic actuators could maintain their positions at either end of the actuation stroke without any power application requirement. In the current design, magnetic attraction forces initiated between the permanent magnet and the magnetic frame are utilised to lock the position of the actuator whilst a certain angulation position of the actuator is achieved as a result of the magnetic repulsion forces established between the permanent magnet and the coil elements. The performance of the new actuator in terms of the output force, maximum angulation and patient’s safety, was evaluated experimentally and the results were found to compare well with those acquired numerically using finite element methods. This actuator was seen to exhibit sufficient actuation forces and hence, it was capable of providing adaptable angulation characteristics for SLS tools. Finally, thermal evaluation of the actuator’s operation was conducted, which was found to be within safety limits specified by clinicians.

Dynamic performance of linear electromagnetic actuators in a stray magnetic field:theoretical analysis and experimental verification

Linear electromagnetic actuators(LEAs) are widely used in tokamaks,but they are extremely sensitive to and are prone to fail in a high-strength stray magnetic field(SMF),which is usually a concomitant with tokamaks.In this paper,a multi-physics coupling analysis model of LEA,including magnetic field,electric circuit and mechanical motion,is proposed,and the dynamic characteristics of LEAs in SMFs are studied in detail based on the proposed model.The failure mechanism of LEAs in SMFs is revealed,and the influence of SMFs on the dynamic performance of LEAs is studied and quantified.It is shown that the failure threshold of the LEA selected in this work under the rated condition is 27 mT and 14 mT in the positive and negative direction,respectively.Under a typical SMF of 10 mT in the negative direction,the closing time of the LEA will be extended by 40%,while its opening time will be shortened by about 10%.Experimental tests are also conducted,which verify the validity of the proposed model and the analysis results.This paper provides a basis for the diamagnetic optimization design of LEA,and it is of great significance to ensure the reliable operation of the tokamak.

Design and Optimization of the Electromagnetic Actuator in Active-Passive Hybrid Vibration Isolator

The design and optimization of actuators are difficult andcritical for the active-passive hybrid vibration control system. Inthis paper, an electromagnetic actuator model is establishedbased on Ohm’s Law for magnetic circuit considering theleakage flux. The 600N electromagnetic actuators are designedand optimized based on ANSYS simulation according to theengineering request. Its transient characteristics are studied. Theeffects of different structural parameters on its output force areanalyzed. The experimental results show that the structureparameters and output force characteristics of the designedelectromagnetic actuators satisfy the practical requirement.

Loss Analysis of Electromagnetic Linear Actuator Coupling Control Electromagnetic Mechanical System

As an energy converter,electromagnetic linear actuators(EMLAs)have been widely used in industries.Multidisciplinary methodology is a preferred tool for the design and optimization of EMLA.In this paper,a multidisciplinary method was proposed for revealing the influence mechanism of load on EMLA’s loss.The motion trajectory of EMLA is planned through tracking differentiator,an adaptive robust control was adopted to compensate the influence of load on motion trajectory.A control-electromagnetic-mechanical coupling model was established and verified experimentally.The influence laws of load change on EMLA’s loss,loss composition and loss distribution were analyzed quantitatively.The results show that the data error of experiment,and simulation result of input energy,mechanical work,and iron loss is less than 3%.The iron loss accounts for less than 54.9%of the total loss under no-load condition,while the iron loss increases with the increase of load.For iron loss distribution,only the percentage of inner yoke keeps increasing with the increase of load.The composition and distribution of loss are the basis of thermal analysis and design.

Modeling and Configuration Design of Electromagnetic Actuation Coil for a Magnetically Controlled Microrobot

Non-contact actuated microbeads have attracted a lot of attention in recent years because of its enormous potential in medical, biological, and industrial applications. Researchers have proposed a multitude of electromagnetic actuation(EMA) systems consisting of a variety of coil pairs. However, a unified method to design and optimize a coil pair according to technical specifications still does not exist. Initially, this paper presented the modeling of an untethered ferromagnetic particle actuated by externally applied magnetic field. Based on the models, a simple method of designing and optimizing the EMA coil pair according to technical specifications, was proposed. A loop-shaped coil pair generating uniform magnetic and gradient fields was chosen to demonstrate this method clearly and practically. The results of the optimization showed that the best distance to radius ratio of a loop-shaped coil pair is 1.02 for a uniform magnetic field and 1.75 for a uniform gradient field. The applicability of the method to other shapes of coil configuration was also illustrated. The best width to distance ratio for a square-shaped coil pair is 0.558 and 0.958 for uniform magnetic and gradient fields, respectively. The best height to width ratio and distance to width ratio for a rectangle-shaped coil pair is h/w =[0.9,1.1], d/w =[0.5,0.6] for uniform magnetic field and h/w =[1.0,1.2], d/w =[0.9,1.1] for uniform gradient field. Furthermore, simulations of a microparticle tracking the targeted trajectory were conducted to analyze the performance of the newly designed coils. The simulations suggested the ability of manipulating microparticles via the coils designed by our proposed method. The research mainly proposed a unified design and optimization method for a coil pair, which can support researchers while designing a specific coil pair according to the technical requirements. This study is aimed at researchers who are interested in EMA system and microrobots.

Tailorable,Lightweight and Superelastic Liquid Metal Monoliths for Multifunctional Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

Liquid metal(LM)has become an emerging material paradigm in the electromagnetic interference shielding field owing to its excellent electrical conductivity.However,the processing of lightweight bulk LM composites with finite package without leakage is still a great challenge,due to high surface tension and pump-out issues of LM.Here,a novel confined thermal expansion strategy based on expandable microsphere(EM)is proposed to develop a new class of LM-based monoliths with 3D continuous conductive network.The EM/LM monolith(EM/LMm)presents outstanding performance of lightweight like metallic aerogel(0.104 g cm^(-1)),high strength(3.43 MPa),super elasticity(90%strain),as well as excellent tailor ability and recyclability,rely on its unique gas-filled closed-cellular structure and refined LM network.Moreover,the assembled highly conducting EM/LMm exhibits a recorded shielding effectiveness(98.7 dB)over a broad frequency range of 8.2-40 GHz among reported LM-based composites at an ultra-low content of LM,and demonstrates excellent electromagnetic sealing capacity in practical electronics.The ternary EM/LM/Ni monoliths fabricated by the same approach could be promising universal design principles for multifunctional LM composites,and applicable in magnetic responsive actuator.

EMC design for actuators in the FAST reflector

An active reflector is one of the three main innovations incorporated in the Five-hundredmeter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope（FAST）.The deformation of such a huge spherically shaped reflector into different transient parabolic shapes is achieved by using 2225 hydraulic actuators which change the position of the 2225 nodes through the connected down tied cables.For each different tracking process of the telescope,more than 1/3 of these 2225 actuators must be in operation to tune the parabolic aperture accurately and meet the surface error restriction.This means that some of these actuators are inevitably located within the main beam of the receiver,and Electromagnetic Interference（EMI）from the actuators must be mitigated to ensure the scientific output of the telescope.Based on the threshold level of interference detrimental to radio astronomy described in ITU-R Recommendation RA.769 and EMI measurements,the shielding efficiency（SE）requirement for each actuator is set to be 80 d B in the frequency range from 70 MHz to 3 GHz.Therefore,Electromagnetic Compatibility（EMC）was taken into account in the actuator design by measures such as power line filters,optical fibers,shielding enclosures and other structural measures.In 2015,all the actuators had been installed at the FAST site.Till now,no apparent EMI from the actuators has been detected by the receiver,which demonstrates the effectiveness of these EMC measures.

Simulated Experiments for Teaching CAD Techniques Using Analytic and Finite Element Solutions of Electromagnetic Two-Dimensional Problems with Longitudinal Symmetry

The paper describes an approach to teaching low-frequency electromagnetic CAD techniques to undergraduate students pursuing a degree course in electrical engineering. The simulated experiments make use of a two-dimensional open-access software based on the finite-element method. At the laboratory meetings, the problems are initially solved analytically. Upon this, students learn how to create the numeric model and how to define the sequence of field problems that lead to the required solution. Simulation tasks based on a force-producing electromagnet are used to introduce numeric techniques to determine magnetic field distribution, evaluation of energy storage and generation of magnetic forces. The nature of the magnetic force generated in the air gaps of the C-core electromagnet is explained in detail. Magnetic forces are calculated by the classical and weighted versions of the method of Maxwell stress tensor. The paper provides all the basic elements required for further exploration of devices with longitudinal symmetry.

Experimental investigation on using the piezoelectric and electromagnetic vibration absorbers in milling

The paper presents an active control system that counteracts the development of chatter vibration. The vibration amplitude depends on the dynamic properties of the machine tool, cutting tool and work-piece. In the paper we analyze the case when the loss of machining stability is caused by the work-piece. The proposed active control system employs electromagnet or piezoelectric actuator to suppress vibration during milling. The active control introduces damping into the system, thereby raising the critical depth of cut and reducing forced vibration amplitude. It enables stable cutting under a much wider range of cutting parameters that for the uncontrolled system. Cutting tests are performed on JAFO FYN-50 machine with mill DIN 845 B-25 K-N HSS to demonstrate an effectiveness of the proposed systems.

Electromagnetic control of the instability in the liquid metal flow over a backward-facing step

The tile-type electromagnetic actuator(TEA)and stripe-type electromagnetic actuator(SEA)are applied to the active control of the perturbation energy in the liquid metal flow over a backward-facing step(BFS).Three control strategies consisting of base flow control(BFC),linear model control(LMC)and combined model control(CMC)are considered to change the amplification rate of the perturbation energy.CMC is the combination of BFC and LMC.SEA is utilized in BFC to produce the streamwise Lorentz force thus adjusting the amplification rate via modifying the flow structures,and the magnitude of the maximum amplification rate could reach to 6 orders.TEA is used in LMC to reduce the magnitude of the amplification rate via the wall-normalwise Lorentz force,and the magnitude could be decreased by 2 orders.Both TEA and SEA are employed in CMC where the magnitude of the amplification rate could be diminished by 3 orders.In other words,the control strategy of CMC could capably alter the flow instability of the liquid metal flow.

电火花加工用磁悬浮驱动器控制系统

针对传统电火花加工时,主轴不能及时调整极间间隙导致加工效率低下的问题,提出了一种多自由度磁悬浮驱动器代替传统电火花主轴运动。分析了该磁悬浮驱动器的结构及原理并建立了磁悬浮驱动器的动力学模型,运用有限元仿真软件对该驱动器所产生的电磁力进行仿真分析,通过设计传统PID控制系统及模糊PID控制系统对磁悬浮驱动器的控制效果进行仿真与实验验证。结果表明,该磁悬浮驱动器具有较好的跟随特性和快速的响应速度及符合要求的电磁力,满足微细电火花加工要求。

车用电磁悬架系统的结构设计与优化

针对汽车传统被动悬架道路适应性差、安全性不高、减振效果不理想的缺陷,设计一种新型的车用电磁悬架系统。在被动悬架系统中加入车用电磁悬架系统作动器,与汽车弹簧和液压阻尼器并联,可以增加悬架系统的阻尼力,极大程度降低汽车车身由于路面起伏而引起的振动,提升汽车的安全性以及驾驶平顺性。设计车用电磁悬架系统作动器的3种初始结构,结合Ansys/Maxwell磁场分析软件,研究了不同结构对车用电磁悬架系统作动器产生主动力的影响。结合正交试验法,分析车用电磁悬架系统作动器各部分尺寸参数对主动力的影响,然后对仿真结果进行极差分析,选出该作动器产生主动力最大的一组尺寸参数为:线圈1径向长度8 mm,线圈2轴向长度42 mm,线圈1、3轴向长度20.5 mm,导磁环2轴向长度13 mm,导磁环1、3轴向长度5 mm,使其结构达到相对最优。

快速真空开关合闸触头弹跳暂态过程研究

以电磁斥力驱动器作为操动机构的快速真空开关具有分闸速度快,分合闸时间短和分合闸时间分散性小的优势,目前已广泛应用于多种电力设备中。目前对于快速真空开关的分闸过程已有众多研究,但合闸过程的相关问题尚属空白。文中研究了快速真空开关合闸过程中触头弹跳问题。建立了多物理场耦合仿真模型,完整描述了快速真空开关的合闸过程。得到了快速真空开关的v1与Dmax的关系,其中v1为合闸过程中动静触头首次接触的瞬时速度,Dmax为动触头的最大弹跳距离。根据这一关系式,确定了合闸过程中无触头弹跳情况下的临界瞬时合闸速度vcri。根据vcri限制,设计了一种新型的油阻尼器来调节快速真空开关的合闸行程曲线,实现无触头弹跳合闸。研制了装备新型油缓冲器的快速真空开关,搭建了机械特性测试平台,对其合闸特性进行了测试。测试结果表明:测量结果与仿真结果之间的误差不超过10%,且实现了无触头弹跳合闸。

MSMA自感知执行器的优化设计及试验验证

以磁控形状记忆合金为核心元件的自感知执行器是一种能够自我感知并自主响应的执行器,其具有很高的灵活性和智能性。针对现有自感知执行器的结构进行了优化设计。基于电磁理论分析和数学分析软件,以减小自感知执行器的磁路磁阻和励磁功率、增大气隙磁感应强度为优化目标,对自感知执行器的铁心和永磁体尺寸进行了优化设计;优化后的自感知执行器磁路磁阻减小,气隙磁感应强度增大,磁场分布均匀;通过搭建试验平台对自感知执行器的性能进行试验测试和分析,结果表明:在外加磁场大小相同和励磁线圈匝数相同时,优化后的自感知执行器与优化前的自感知执行器相比可显著提高感应电压峰-峰值并降低励磁功率,验证了自感知执行器结构优化设计的正确性与合理性。

大力值电磁作动器电磁热耦合分析与性能优化

电磁作动器在工作中产生的欧姆损耗会导致温度升高,加快电磁作动器中磁铁的失磁现象,降低气隙处的磁感应强度,减少作动器的寿命。阐述电磁作动器产生欧姆损耗的形成机理,推导欧姆损耗中涡流损耗的公式,创新设计了一种双线圈电磁作动器来减小涡流损耗,并进行了电-磁-热多物理场耦合仿真。通过对比电磁作动器的电磁场与温度场可知,优化后的双线圈电磁作动器的控制性能得到了很大提升。

基于电磁式惯性作动器的四面固支板前馈补偿线性自抗扰振动主动控制

针对基于电磁式惯性作动器的四面固支板振动系统中存在的由相位滞后、功率放大器等模拟器件、数据采集卡的采样时间等因素导致的时间延迟,本文提出了一种基于跟踪微分器(Tracking Differentiator, TD)的前馈补偿自抗扰控制方法.首先,利用振动理论和电磁感应原理,建立了基于惯性作动器四面固支板的振动模型;其次,利用跟踪微分器获得输入信号的跟踪信号及其微分信号,以实现相位超前功能,并根据控制信号与系统输出同步的原则设计了扩张状态观测器(Extended State Observer, ESO)来估计系统状态和总干扰.最后,搭建了一套基于NI PCIe采集系统的振动控制平台,验证所提出的振动主动控制策略的控制性能.开展了传统三阶-线性自抗扰控制、预测估计器的线性自抗扰控制和所提的振动控制策略的对比试验,结果表明了所提的基于TD的前馈补偿自抗扰控制器具有最佳的抗扰和振动抑制性能.

车用电磁线圈匝间耐压测试方法初探

电磁线圈作为车用电磁执行器、各种电动机的基础零件,匝间或层间耐压指标的稳定性直接影响电磁执行器和电动机产品的运行可靠性。匝间或层间耐压测试有多种方法,影响因素也很复杂。选取了典型结构的线圈产品,用不同测试方法对不同测试环境条件的试验结果进行比较,确定了生产线中检测效率高、缺陷发现准确的测试方法,显著提高了产品质量。