Comparative evaluation of energy and resource consumption for vacuum carbothermal reduction and Pidgeon process used in magnesium production

With the fast development of the application of magnesium based alloys,the demand for primary magnesium is increasing dramatically all over the world.The Pidgeon process is the most widely used process for producing magnesium in China,but suffers from problems such as high energy,resource consumption and environmental pollution.While the process of vacuum carbothermal reduction to produce magnesium(VCTRM)has attracted more and more attention as its advantages,but it has not been well-practiced in industrial applications and there also is no comprehensive and quantitative analysis of this process.This study quantified the flows of resource and energy for the Pidgeon process and the VCTRM process,then compared and analyzed these two processes with each other from three aspects.The VCTRM process results in 63.14%and 69.16%lower of non-renewable mineral resources and energy consumptions when compared to the Pidgeon process,respectively.Moreover,the low energy consumption(2.675 tce vs.8.681 tce)and material to magnesium ratio(2.953:1 vs.6.429:1)of the VCTRM process,which lead to lower greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions(8.777 t vs.26.337 t)and solid waste generation(0.522 t vs.5.465 t)with a decrease of 66.67%and 90.45%,respectively.Results indicate that the VCTRM process is a more environmentally friendly process for magnesium production with high efficiency but low cost and low pollution,and it shows a good potential to be industrialized in the future after solving the bottleneck problem of the reverse reaction.

Reducing Electrical Consumption in Stationary Long-Haul Trucks

On average, long-haul trucks in the U.S. use approximately 667 million gallons of fuel each year just for idling. This idling primarily facilitates climate control operations during driver rest periods. To mitigate this, our study explored ways to diminish the electrical consumption of climate control systems in class 8 trucks through innovative load reduction technologies. We utilized the CoolCalc software, developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), which integrates heat transfer principles with extensive weather data from across the U.S. to mimic the environmental conditions trucks face year-round. The analysis of the CoolCalc simulations was performed using MATLAB. We assessed the impact of various technologies, including white paint, advanced curtains, and Thinsulate insulation on reducing electrical demand compared to standard conditions. Our findings indicate that trucks operating in the eastern U.S. could see electrical load reductions of up to 40%, while those in the western regions could achieve reductions as high as 55%. Such significant decreases in energy consumption mean that a 10 kWh battery system could sufficiently manage the HVAC needs of these trucks throughout the year without idling. Given that many long-haul trucks are equipped with battery systems of around 800 Ah (9.6 kWh), implementing these advanced technologies could substantially curtail the necessity for idling to power air conditioning systems.

Energy Consumption Analysis and Optimization of Electric Submersible Pump System

Electric submersible pumps account for a considerable proportion in the development of the Bohai Oilfield. Improving the system efficiency of the electric submersible pump wells, ensuring that the units operate in the high-efficiency zone, is essential. Analysis shows that the efficiency of the electric submersible pump system depends on the wear and tear of each component of the submersible pump equipment, the setting of operational parameters, and more importantly, the production status and daily management level of the oil well. Therefore, improving the structural performance of the submersible pump product, optimizing the parameters setting of the oil well, strengthening daily management, establishing a scientific management system, and improving the production management process and system can effectively improve the production efficiency and economic benefits of the oil well, and further achieve the goal of energy saving and emission reduction. In addition, it is necessary to actively promote the concept and technology of energy saving and emission reduction, encourage oilfield enterprises to explore effective measures to reduce the energy consumption of the electric submersible pump system by strengthening the scientific management system, and achieve a green, low-carbon, and high-quality development of oilfield production to achieve the unity of economic benefits, social benefits, and environmental benefits. This article applies the above measures in the P oilfield to achieve energy optimization of submersible electric pump systems, reducing the daily power consumption of single well submersible electric pump systems by 371 kWh per day, increasing the submersible electric pump's lifespan by 200 days, generating considerable project benefits.

Energy-Saving Scheduling in a Flexible Flow Shop Using a Hybrid Genetic Algorithm

Many researches discussing reduced energy consumption for environmental protection focus on machine efficiency or process redesign. To optimize the machine operation time can also save the energy, and these researches have received great interests in recent years. This study considers three different states of machines, among processing there are two different speeds, to solve the problem of minimizing energy costs under time-of-use tariff with no tardy jobs in flexible flow shop. This problem is basically NP-hard, we proposed a hybrid genetic algorithm (GA) to solve problems in reasonable timeliness. The result shows that to optimize different states of machines under time-of use tariff can reduce energy costs significantly in on-time delivery.

Research on a TOPSIS energy efficiency evaluation system for crude oil gathering and transportation systems based on a GA-BP neural network

As the main link of ground engineering,crude oil gathering and transportation systems require huge energy consumption and complex structures.It is necessary to establish an energy efficiency evaluation system for crude oil gathering and transportation systems and identify the energy efficiency gaps.In this paper,the energy efficiency evaluation system of the crude oil gathering and transportation system in an oilfield in western China is established.Combined with the big data analysis method,the GA-BP neural network is used to establish the energy efficiency index prediction model for crude oil gathering and transportation systems.The comprehensive energy consumption,gas consumption,power consumption,energy utilization rate,heat utilization rate,and power utilization rate of crude oil gathering and transportation systems are predicted.Considering the efficiency and unit consumption index of the crude oil gathering and transportation system,the energy efficiency evaluation system of the crude oil gathering and transportation system is established based on a game theory combined weighting method and TOPSIS evaluation method,and the subjective weight is determined by the triangular fuzzy analytic hierarchy process.The entropy weight method determines the objective weight,and the combined weight of game theory combines subjectivity with objectivity to comprehensively evaluate the comprehensive energy efficiency of crude oil gathering and transportation systems and their subsystems.Finally,the weak links in energy utilization are identified,and energy conservation and consumption reduction are improved.The above research provides technical support for the green,efficient and intelligent development of crude oil gathering and transportation systems.

Simplified prediction model for lighting energy consumption in office building scheme design

At the scheme design stage,the potential of daylighting is significant due to the saving for electric lighting use. There are few simple tools for architects to optimize the daylighting design. Therefore,it is useful to develop a design guideline related to the evaluation of lighting energy saving potential and sunlight design strategies. This paper analyzes the impacts of different artificial lighting control methods and design parameters on daylighting. A direct correlation between lighting energy consumption and parameters such as orientations,window to wall ratio (WWR) and perimeter depth is established. A simplified prediction model is proposed to estimate lighting energy consumption with the given perimeter depth,WWR,and window transparency. Validation of the model is carried out compared with detailed lighting simulation software for an office building. After the variation analysis for these parameters,design advises for the daylighting design at scheme design phase are summarized.

Research on the Trusted Energy-Saving Transmission of Data Center Network

According to the high operating costs and a large number of energy waste in the current data center network architectures, we propose a kind of trusted flow preemption scheduling combining the energy-saving routing mechanism based on typical data center network architecture. The mechanism can make the network flow in its exclusive network link bandwidth and transmission path, which can improve the link utilization and the use of the network energy efficiency. Meanwhile, we apply trusted computing to guarantee the high security, high performance and high fault-tolerant routing forwarding service, which helps improving the average completion time of network flow.

Exploration and Application Practice of Energy Conservation Theory and Method in Steel Manufacturing Process System

This article briefly discusses the theoretical basis and overall goals of energy conservation in the steel manufacturing process system.It is proposed that in the process of implementing system energy conservation,it is necessary to fully recognize and utilize the characteristics and functional advantages of the steel manufacturing process,pay more attention to energy quality,firmly grasp the overall goal of system optimization,focus on the integrated optimization of gas,steam,and waste heat systems,and propose the idea of constructing a"steel chemi-cal gas electricity heating cooling multi generation system".Based on practice,the main principles,models,and effects of implementing systematic energy conservation in steel enterprises have been proposed.

保供降碳目标下能源转型模式及转型时点分析

应对气候变化目标要求全球能源系统进行广泛而深刻的转型。由于资源禀赋、能源战略、技术水平等差异,各国能源转型进程呈现出明显的异质性特征。通过对主要国家能源转型特征与减煤路径的分析,归纳了4种典型模式:能效提高模式、增气减煤模式、煤炭洁净利用模式、新能源替代模式,不同模式在不同时间点上与经济社会发展交互影响形成了国际能源转型的内在驱动机制。采用面板数据模型识别了影响能源转型模式的重要因素,并利用历史趋势分析方法对我国化石能源消费“拐点”与减煤时间节点进行研究。研究表明,当人均GDP达到25500美元时,发达国家即出现化石能源减少拐点。国家创新指数和城镇化与煤炭消费占比呈负相关,第二产业增加值占比与煤炭消费占比呈正相关。我国预计减煤时间范围在2028-2035年,化石能源消费减少时点在2040年左右。考虑到我国以煤炭为主的能源资源禀赋,我国能源转型目标的实现须依赖于煤炭洁净利用为主的转型路径,大力发展低碳化现代煤基能源体系,改变传统煤炭利用理念与方式,为未来多能耦合的新型能源体系提供重要支撑。

数字普惠金融对能源环境效率的影响机制与空间效应

在“双碳”约束日益紧迫和经济下行压力加大的现实背景下,数字普惠金融成为城市经济绿色低碳高质量发展的新动能和可持续增长极。使用非径向方向距离函数测算中国2011-2020年273个地级市能源环境效率,实证检验数字普惠金融对能源环境效率的空间效应及其影响机制。研究发现:(1)能源环境效率呈现出正向空间依赖特征,本地区能源环境效率的提高可以对空间关联地区的能源环境效率产生积极影响。(2)数字普惠金融提高了本地区的能源环境效率,且对周边地区的能源环境效率具有显著正向的空间溢出效应。(3)数字普惠金融主要通过推动节能降耗、促进绿色技术创新和优化产业结构三条途径提高能源环境效率,并且数字普惠金融能通过这三条途径同时提高本地区和周边地区的能源环境效率。(4)数字普惠金融对能源环境效率的正向空间溢出效应在使用深度和数字化程度维度、500km范围内、大型城市、非老工业基地和东部城市更加明显。研究结论为中国能源绿色低碳转型的金融服务优化路径提供了科学决策依据。

中国水泥行业2011-2022年二氧化碳和大气污染物排放分析

2011—2021年,熟料产量呈波动上升趋势。水泥行业整体生产运行水平不断提高,熟料单条生产线平均规模由43.8万t/条提升至115.3万t/条,熟料单位产品综合能耗下降14.4%,熟料单位产品CO_(2)排放强度下降6.3%,但CO_(2)排放总量增加了13.8%,与氮氧化物减排趋势形成较大反差,碳污治理水平差距明显。熟料生产中石灰石分解和煤炭燃烧过程的CO_(2)排放合计占比为92.9%~93.8%,是CO_(2)排放的主要来源。由于熟料系数偏高、非碳酸盐原料替代不足、综合能耗仍然较高等原因,安徽等7个熟料产量大的省份的CO_(2)排放强度高于全国。建议实行碳酸盐熟料产量总量控制,逐步降低熟料应用比例,加快建材市场熟料产品和非碳酸盐原料替代,降低高标号水泥使用比例。应大力推广水泥行业节能降耗增效技术,加快熟料落后产能淘汰。对熟料产量大、碳排放强度高的地区,应结合当地碳排放特点,实行差别化降碳策略。各大气污染防治重点区域应因地施策推进水泥行业减污降碳工作。

沈阳地区典型办公建筑运行阶段碳减排潜力研究

以沈阳某办公建筑为例,将GB 50189—2015《公共建筑节能设计标准》作为节能基准,对比分析多种近零能耗建筑技术情形对建筑碳排放的影响,并对其碳减排潜力进行评估测算。利用模拟软件Design Builder对沈阳市某办公建筑建立典型模型,通过模拟计算得到几种不同技术情形下的能耗强度。碳排放强度由不同类型能源碳排放因子与能耗强度计算得出。结果表明:可再生能源利用技术和暖通空调设备能效提升技术可明显减少碳排放,碳减排率分别可达到44.88%和39.99%;另外,建筑围护结构改造以及自然通风和自然采光结合技术,减排率分别为8.18%、7.22%。按照近零能耗建筑技术要求,综合6种技术情形,办公建筑运行阶段的减排率可达51.08%。

“双碳”目标下山东省能源现状及减碳对策

为加快山东省新旧动能转换,山东省亟需发展高比例新能源,建设新型能源体系。基于山东省统计年鉴数据,借助IPCC测算法、Tapio脱钩理论,统计分析了山东省2017—2022年能源消费现状、碳排放总量及特征,针对能源碳排放量持续上升和能源消费比例不合理提出对应的减碳对策。结果发现,2017—2022年山东省碳排放总量逐年上升,山东省煤炭消费占比约为世界平均水平的2倍,高于全国平均水平,清洁能源消费占比偏低。尽管全省碳排放强度因能源强度下降而持续优化,但是碳脱钩系数一直是弱脱钩的状态,碳脱钩系数距离强脱钩尚有一定距离。从调整能源结构、优化产业结构等角度,提出了大力发展绿色低碳能源、积极推进光伏发电项目、加快非常规天然气的开发、推动清洁能源产业与可再生能源的发展的相应对策。进一步促进高比例新能源发展、新型能源体系建设是提高山东省能源利用效率、推动经济发展的正确手段。

医疗机构能源费用托管创新模式探索

介绍了中国医科大学附属盛京医院概况及能源管理需求;从能源费用托管模式的特点、托管内容两方面介绍了能源费用托管的设计方案;从能源费用托管审计、节能技术改造、提升后勤服务及安全水平等方面阐述了托管模式实施的具体举措;分析了能源费用托管所产生的效果及价值。

高安屯再生水厂碳中和实践措施及效果

高安屯再生水厂位于北京市,水处理规模20万m^(3)/d,主体工艺为AAO+砂滤池,污泥处理中心规模1836 t/d(污泥含水率80%),主体工艺为热水解+厌氧消化+板框脱水。对比了不同碳核算标准,确定了高安屯再生水厂碳排放计算边界。高安屯再生水厂碳中和项目采用节能降耗、回收能源、利用清洁能源的方法,是泥水共治、餐厨协同、多能耦合、能源自给的大型碳中和示范工程。

原油集输系统能耗影响因素的综合判定模型

随着油田生产能源需求的不断增长,原油集输系统在能源供应链中所起的作用日渐显著,其能耗所占比重在整体油田生产中也日益增加,而系统能耗又受到多种因素的制约,如何科学合理地分析集输系统能耗影响因素成为油田面临的重要课题。同时,部分因素之间还会存在交叉影响而造成信息重叠,这给准确把握系统能耗主要影响因素带来较大难度。结合集输系统能耗构成特点和生产实际运行状况,综合考虑产液量、含水率、油品黏度等影响集输系统能耗的客观因素,采用改进熵权法、主成分分析法以及多元逐步回归分析法对各项因素的影响程度进行定量描述,根据权重大小进行排序,并将3种方法结合进行综合判定,确定含水率和产液量为影响油田集输系统能耗的主要影响因素,最后针对主要因素变量对系统的相关制约原因进一步深入探究,并提出系统具体降耗措施,以期为原油集输系统节能提效提供理论参考。

煤矿井下供水管网智能调控策略方法研究

煤矿井下供水管网系统是保证煤矿安全生产的关键环节,针对煤矿井下供水管网系统能耗高、管网漏损率高以及调控复杂度增加等问题,以陕西亭南煤矿井下实际供水系统工况展开智能调控策开研究。综合管网影响调控因素建立两级优化调度模型,通过一级优化调度确定每个水泵房的最佳供水压力与供水量,然后以泵组的运行费用为目标函数,建立二级优化模型寻求水泵的最佳运行方案。求解模型中针对传统遗传算法易陷入局部最优解的问题,采用了组合变异算子进行改进。实验结果表明,通过优化调度后,煤矿井下供水系统的能耗明显降低,节能效果显著,在保障供水系统的安全运行的前提下平均日节能8.8%。

中国煤炭价格与碳排放权交易价格的传导路径研究

碳市场作为新兴市场易受能源价格因素干扰,在“双碳”目标下研究煤炭价格与碳排放权交易价格(以下简称为碳价)的传导路径,有利于碳市场的健康运行并助力其发挥减排作用。在梳理煤炭价格与碳价传导机理的基础上,利用DCC-GARCH模型揭示煤炭指数与碳价的动态关系,并运用VAR模型实证检验煤炭价格与碳价的传导路径及能源消费结构、能源效率与动态相关系数的因果关系。实证结果表明:煤炭价格与碳价存在显著动态相关性,并呈现复杂性和多变性;碳市场尚未充分发挥其创新激励效应,相较于能源利用效率,煤炭价格与碳价通过能源消费结构路径实现的传导更加显著;能源消费结构调整是动态相关系数变化的格兰杰原因,而能源利用效率改变则不是。

金融生态环境对碳减排的影响

基于2007—2019年各省份的面板数据,运用熵值法对金融生态环境水平进行测度,并采用双向固定效应模型、门限效应模型、偏差校正的非参数百分位Bootstrap法实证分析金融生态环境对碳减排的影响效果与作用机制。研究表明,金融生态环境的改善具有碳减排效应,金融生态环境通过促进技术创新和优化能源消费结构显著降低碳排放强度。进一步研究发现,金融生态环境的碳减排效应具有门限效应与区域异质性;随着金融生态环境的改善,金融生态环境的碳减排效应增强;金融生态环境在中部地区的碳减排效应强于东部地区,但在西部地区减排效应不显著。鉴于此,针对性地提升各地区金融生态环境水平,不仅对经济发展有正向促进作用,也有利于我国“双碳”目标的实现。

CO_(2)捕捉技术在船舶减碳中的应用分析及展望

船舶碳捕集技术成为当前减少船舶碳排放的重要解决方案之一。针对短期内减少船舶尾气CO_(2)排放的问题,本文系统梳理了CO_(2)捕捉技术及其在船岸的应用和发展;通过对比分析法得出不同方式的CO_(2)捕捉技术的成熟度及优缺点,并在此基础上深入分析了目前CO_(2)捕捉技术在船舶应用中存在的捕捉效率不高、运行成本较高、政策标准不完善等方面的问题;提出了未来船舶尾气碳捕捉技术发展方向及建议,为商船碳捕集技术的更深入研究和推广应用提供更多思路和参考依据。