The current predominant self-review mechanism by policy-making bodies suffers from deficiencies such as insufficient motivations, limited review capabilities, and weak external supervision. Third-party assessment, cha...The current predominant self-review mechanism by policy-making bodies suffers from deficiencies such as insufficient motivations, limited review capabilities, and weak external supervision. Third-party assessment, characterized by independence and specialization, is designed to mitigate these shortcomings. However, the implementation of third-party assessment faces challenges too. This paper intends to improve the third-party assessment system and to realize the legislative purpose of the system. Based on social research, discussions and exchanges with relevant parties, and the existing research results, this paper analyzes the challenges and possible optimization measures for the third-party assessment. The challenges include repulsion from policy-making bodies, insufficient independence of assessment bodies, disparity of assessment quality, and limited application of assessment outcomes. Possible optimization measures include promoting fair competition culture, increasing the acceptance of third-party assessment from policy-making bodies, enhancing the quality of third-party assessment, clarifying the relationship between policy-making bodies and assessment bodies, ensuring the independence of third-party assessments, and promoting the application of assessment results.展开更多
The rapid development of China’s automobile industry has brought ever-increasing impact on resources,energy and environment,the energy-saving and new energy vehicles come into being accordingly.This article firstly s...The rapid development of China’s automobile industry has brought ever-increasing impact on resources,energy and environment,the energy-saving and new energy vehicles come into being accordingly.This article firstly systematically introduces the technical route of energy-saving and new energy vehicles of China,focusing on the key bottleneck problems arising from the construction process of current assessment system of the technical route for energy-saving and new energy vehicles,establishes the energy-saving and new energy vehicle business model assessment index system afterward based on the comparative analysis on energy-saving and new energy vehicle business assessment model and the full life cycle theory,and finally makes prospects and forecasts on vital problems of system boundary,dynamic optimization,simulation system of full life cycle assessment of energy-saving and new energy vehicle.展开更多
Ochratoxin A (OA) is a mycotoxin which has been found to occur in foods of plant origin, in edible animal tissues, as well as in human blood sera and tissues. The ability of OA to move up the food chain is aided by it...Ochratoxin A (OA) is a mycotoxin which has been found to occur in foods of plant origin, in edible animal tissues, as well as in human blood sera and tissues. The ability of OA to move up the food chain is aided by its long half-life in certain edible animal species. In this report, an evaluation of the health risks to Canadians due to the presence of OA in food products is presented. The first part of the report deals with the physicochemical aspects, mycology, laboratory production, analytical methods, and natural occurrence in plant products, animal products, and human tissues. The stability of OA in foods and feeds, the effects of food processing, and the removal from foods and feeds by physicochemical means are also discussed. From these data, the worst case estimate for the daily exposure of Canadians to OA, from the consumption of pork-based food products and cereal foods, is approximately 5 ng OA/kg body wt (mean of eaters) for young children, the highest consumption group on a body weight basis. The second part of the report deals with the metabolic disposition as well as the available toxicity database for OA in laboratory animals, farm animals, and humans. The major target for OA toxicity in all mammalian species tested is the kidney, and endemic nephropathies affecting livestock as well as humans have been attributed to OA. OA is also teratogenic, and in the fetus the major target is the developing central nervous system. Recent studies have provided 'clear evidence' of the carcinogenicity of OA in two rodent species. OA was found to be nonmutagenic in various microbial and mammalian gene mutation assays, but weak genotoxic activity to mammalian cells was noted. In addition, OA was found to suppress immune function. Based on the NTP carcinogenicity study with OA in rats, the estimated tolerable daily intake in humans ranges from 0.2 to 4.2 ng OA/kg body wt, depending on the method of extrapolation used. In view of the toxic properties of OA, it is recommended that exposure to OA be kept to a minimum. In Canada, further monitoring programs are required to better define the overall residue profile of OA in cereal grains, animal feeds, animal food products, and human blood. Such data are required to better assess dietary exposure and to ascertain the need for regulatory controls or other control mechanisms. (c)1989 Academic Press, Inc.展开更多
Background: With the “super-aging” of society, the prevalence of elder abuse can be expected to come under greater scrutiny. It will be important, therefore, to evaluate the presence and severity of elder abuse so a...Background: With the “super-aging” of society, the prevalence of elder abuse can be expected to come under greater scrutiny. It will be important, therefore, to evaluate the presence and severity of elder abuse so as to prevent abuse and provide greater support for families. Aim: The aim of this study is to identify acts of elder abuse from a literature review in order to develop items for an assessment tool for domestic elder abuse. Methods: For the literature search, ICHUSHI Web, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and PubMed were utilized with the keywords “elder abuse” and “elderly abuse”. A search limited to original articles over the last five years containing descriptions of elder abuse was used in this study. In addition, through hand search, books and websites concerning elder abuse were also studied. Descriptions of the acts of elder abuse from the materials were extracted and categorized by content analysis based on seven subtypes of elder abuse (physical abuse, neglect, psychological abuse, sexual abuse, economical abuse, self-neglect, and social abuse). Results & Conclusions: The final analysis included 18 original articles, two books, and eight websites on elder abuse prevention. A total of 38 acts were extracted as items for the assessment tool, which can be used to evaluate the presence and severity of elder abuse. Further research will be needed to examine the validity and reliability of the assessment tool.展开更多
Hepatocyte growth factor(HGF)and its receptor,c-Met,play important roles in the occurrence,development,and treatment of gastric cancer(GC).This review explored the function of the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway in GC and...Hepatocyte growth factor(HGF)and its receptor,c-Met,play important roles in the occurrence,development,and treatment of gastric cancer(GC).This review explored the function of the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway in GC and its potential targeted therapeutic mechanisms.As one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide,GC has a complex pathogenesis and limited therapeutic options.Therefore,a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanism of GC is very important for the development of new therapeutic methods.The HGF/c-Met signaling pathway plays an important role in the proliferation,migration,and invasion of GC cells and has become a new therapeutic target.This review summarizes the current research progress on the role of HGF/c-Met in GC and discusses targeted therapeutic strategies targeting this signaling pathway,providing new ideas and directions for the treatment of GC.展开更多
Objective: The assessment indicators of postpartum hemorrhage(PPH) were systematically reviewed to explore their relationship with blood loss as an early warning sign to identify potential PPH for prompt intervention....Objective: The assessment indicators of postpartum hemorrhage(PPH) were systematically reviewed to explore their relationship with blood loss as an early warning sign to identify potential PPH for prompt intervention.Methods: A systematic literature search of 9 databases was conducted according to inclusion and exclusion criteria using a comprehensive strategy. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology(STROBE) strategy was chosen as the tool for quality assessment of included studies, and data concerning the basic study characteristics and assessment indicators were extracted.Results: Eleven studies were included in this review. The assessment indicators in different reports covered heart rate, blood pressure, placental and birth canal check, hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(HCT),coagulation function tests, hemodynamic parameters and arterial blood gas, but no data on the assessment of postpartum uterine contraction were found. The relationship between indicators and blood loss varies.The overall quality of 9 manuscripts was comparatively high or moderate, and 2 were rated as low.Conclusions: The association between blood loss and clinical symptoms is not conclusive based on the present studies, and specific cut-off points could not be formulated to determine the approximate amount of blood loss. However, some cut-off points can be considered warning signs for the need of advanced interventions, such as heart rate, prothrombin time, and placental implantation. Further research on comprehensive assessment and cut-off points should be performed such that birth attendants can distinguish PPH as early as possible.展开更多
Objective:To ensure that only competent graduates are licensed to practice nursing,councils conduct licensing examinations,which may include among others clinical competency assessment.This review explored current pra...Objective:To ensure that only competent graduates are licensed to practice nursing,councils conduct licensing examinations,which may include among others clinical competency assessment.This review explored current practices in clinical competency assessment of nursing students as part of a larger study aimed at developing an evidence-based,context-specific framework for clinical competency assessment in a sub-Saharan African(SSA)country.Methods:A scoping guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews(PRISMA-ScR)was conducted.Results:Findings from 28 out of 1151 studies identified from Scopus,PubMed,CINAHL,Wiley Online Library,and ProQuest were included and synthesized.Results show that a good assessment system must be valid,reliable,transparent,feasible,fair,objective,and must provide feedback and continually improve to have an educational impact.Clinical competency assessment systems must be developed on sound empirical evidence,pilot tested,and involve thorough training and evaluation of the examiners.Continuous evaluation of the assessment system is also essential to ensure the quality and relevance of the assessment system.Only one of the included studies was conducted in Africa.Conclusions:The paucity of clinical competency assessment research in sub-Saharan Africa may lead to benchmarking assessment systems on research conducted outside the context.Sub-Saharan Africa has a set of circumstances that demand a context-specific clinical competency assessment framework to guide clinical competency assessment.展开更多
Among the two commonly identified ways of assessment,summative assessment aims to measure,or summarize,what a student has grasped,and typically occurs at the end of a course or unit of instruction.While the formative ...Among the two commonly identified ways of assessment,summative assessment aims to measure,or summarize,what a student has grasped,and typically occurs at the end of a course or unit of instruction.While the formative assessment,which is characterized by the needs of insiders,is distinct in that it focuses on learning through assessment and the role of the learners in this process.As is well known,teachers' role in the classroom assessment is geared to formulating and scaffolding learning on the basis of on-going feedback from internal and external assessment sources.Peer review,on the other hand,is also an important component of the process of developing assessment.During the formative assessment in the EFL classroom,classroom teachers' evaluation as well as students' active peer scaffolding in group works play important roles in the decision making process.Although the formative and for learning perspective is quite different from the summative and of learning perspective in terms of theoretical and educational orientation.Neither students nor teachers should be ignored in the whole process for formative assessment.展开更多
China’s recently announced directive on tackling climate change,namely,to reach carbon peak by 2030 and to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060,has led to an unprecedented nationwide response among the academia and indu...China’s recently announced directive on tackling climate change,namely,to reach carbon peak by 2030 and to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060,has led to an unprecedented nationwide response among the academia and industry.Under such a directive,a rapid increase in the grid penetration rate of solar in the near future can be fully anticipated.Although solar radiation is an atmospheric process,its utilization,as to produce electricity,has hitherto been handled by engineers.In that,it is thought important to bridge the two fields,atmospheric sciences and solar engineering,for the common good of carbon neutrality.In thisüberreview,all major aspects pertaining to solar resource assessment and forecasting are discussed in brief.Given the size of the topic at hand,instead of presenting technical details,which would be overly lengthy and repetitive,the overarching goal of this review is to comprehensively compile a catalog of some recent,and some not so recent,review papers,so that the interested readers can explore the details on their own.展开更多
This paper compares the effectiveness of one-semester-long instruction of teacher-student collaborative assessment(TSCA)and trained peer review assessment(TPRA).Dependent variables include occurrence of structural ele...This paper compares the effectiveness of one-semester-long instruction of teacher-student collaborative assessment(TSCA)and trained peer review assessment(TPRA).Dependent variables include occurrence of structural elements of the simplified Toulmin model,and improvement of argumentation substance which refers to the quality of reasoning reflected in Toulmin structural elements.Eighty-one sophomore English majors from TSCA group(n=41)and TPRA group(n=40)were asked to construct two argumentative essays at both the beginning and the end of the semester.The results reveal that the TSCA group produced significantly more counterargument claims and rebuttal data.Additionally,the TSCA group significantly outperformed TPRA group in constructing stronger counterargument claim,rebuttal claim and rebuttal data.展开更多
Neonatal pain is a problem that is easily overlooked.According to the status quo of neonatal pain management,commonly 9 scales are used for evaluation of neonatal pain;details of the specific indicators,such as the ap...Neonatal pain is a problem that is easily overlooked.According to the status quo of neonatal pain management,commonly 9 scales are used for evaluation of neonatal pain;details of the specific indicators,such as the applicable neonatal gestational age range,score,and the type of pain,for the domestic references are provided so as to provide reference for the proper evaluation and standardized management of neonatal pain,as well as to promote the management level of neonatal pain.展开更多
This article take cold regions of nlral residential building envelope as the research object, suitability technical theory as the theoretical basis, we evaluation of rural residential energy envelope because China＇s ...This article take cold regions of nlral residential building envelope as the research object, suitability technical theory as the theoretical basis, we evaluation of rural residential energy envelope because China＇s rural areas is chmacterized by large regional differences and to find a solution for the envelope. It could be considered as the useful reference for retrofit design of similar projects.展开更多
文摘The current predominant self-review mechanism by policy-making bodies suffers from deficiencies such as insufficient motivations, limited review capabilities, and weak external supervision. Third-party assessment, characterized by independence and specialization, is designed to mitigate these shortcomings. However, the implementation of third-party assessment faces challenges too. This paper intends to improve the third-party assessment system and to realize the legislative purpose of the system. Based on social research, discussions and exchanges with relevant parties, and the existing research results, this paper analyzes the challenges and possible optimization measures for the third-party assessment. The challenges include repulsion from policy-making bodies, insufficient independence of assessment bodies, disparity of assessment quality, and limited application of assessment outcomes. Possible optimization measures include promoting fair competition culture, increasing the acceptance of third-party assessment from policy-making bodies, enhancing the quality of third-party assessment, clarifying the relationship between policy-making bodies and assessment bodies, ensuring the independence of third-party assessments, and promoting the application of assessment results.
文摘The rapid development of China’s automobile industry has brought ever-increasing impact on resources,energy and environment,the energy-saving and new energy vehicles come into being accordingly.This article firstly systematically introduces the technical route of energy-saving and new energy vehicles of China,focusing on the key bottleneck problems arising from the construction process of current assessment system of the technical route for energy-saving and new energy vehicles,establishes the energy-saving and new energy vehicle business model assessment index system afterward based on the comparative analysis on energy-saving and new energy vehicle business assessment model and the full life cycle theory,and finally makes prospects and forecasts on vital problems of system boundary,dynamic optimization,simulation system of full life cycle assessment of energy-saving and new energy vehicle.
文摘Ochratoxin A (OA) is a mycotoxin which has been found to occur in foods of plant origin, in edible animal tissues, as well as in human blood sera and tissues. The ability of OA to move up the food chain is aided by its long half-life in certain edible animal species. In this report, an evaluation of the health risks to Canadians due to the presence of OA in food products is presented. The first part of the report deals with the physicochemical aspects, mycology, laboratory production, analytical methods, and natural occurrence in plant products, animal products, and human tissues. The stability of OA in foods and feeds, the effects of food processing, and the removal from foods and feeds by physicochemical means are also discussed. From these data, the worst case estimate for the daily exposure of Canadians to OA, from the consumption of pork-based food products and cereal foods, is approximately 5 ng OA/kg body wt (mean of eaters) for young children, the highest consumption group on a body weight basis. The second part of the report deals with the metabolic disposition as well as the available toxicity database for OA in laboratory animals, farm animals, and humans. The major target for OA toxicity in all mammalian species tested is the kidney, and endemic nephropathies affecting livestock as well as humans have been attributed to OA. OA is also teratogenic, and in the fetus the major target is the developing central nervous system. Recent studies have provided 'clear evidence' of the carcinogenicity of OA in two rodent species. OA was found to be nonmutagenic in various microbial and mammalian gene mutation assays, but weak genotoxic activity to mammalian cells was noted. In addition, OA was found to suppress immune function. Based on the NTP carcinogenicity study with OA in rats, the estimated tolerable daily intake in humans ranges from 0.2 to 4.2 ng OA/kg body wt, depending on the method of extrapolation used. In view of the toxic properties of OA, it is recommended that exposure to OA be kept to a minimum. In Canada, further monitoring programs are required to better define the overall residue profile of OA in cereal grains, animal feeds, animal food products, and human blood. Such data are required to better assess dietary exposure and to ascertain the need for regulatory controls or other control mechanisms. (c)1989 Academic Press, Inc.
文摘Background: With the “super-aging” of society, the prevalence of elder abuse can be expected to come under greater scrutiny. It will be important, therefore, to evaluate the presence and severity of elder abuse so as to prevent abuse and provide greater support for families. Aim: The aim of this study is to identify acts of elder abuse from a literature review in order to develop items for an assessment tool for domestic elder abuse. Methods: For the literature search, ICHUSHI Web, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and PubMed were utilized with the keywords “elder abuse” and “elderly abuse”. A search limited to original articles over the last five years containing descriptions of elder abuse was used in this study. In addition, through hand search, books and websites concerning elder abuse were also studied. Descriptions of the acts of elder abuse from the materials were extracted and categorized by content analysis based on seven subtypes of elder abuse (physical abuse, neglect, psychological abuse, sexual abuse, economical abuse, self-neglect, and social abuse). Results & Conclusions: The final analysis included 18 original articles, two books, and eight websites on elder abuse prevention. A total of 38 acts were extracted as items for the assessment tool, which can be used to evaluate the presence and severity of elder abuse. Further research will be needed to examine the validity and reliability of the assessment tool.
文摘Hepatocyte growth factor(HGF)and its receptor,c-Met,play important roles in the occurrence,development,and treatment of gastric cancer(GC).This review explored the function of the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway in GC and its potential targeted therapeutic mechanisms.As one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide,GC has a complex pathogenesis and limited therapeutic options.Therefore,a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanism of GC is very important for the development of new therapeutic methods.The HGF/c-Met signaling pathway plays an important role in the proliferation,migration,and invasion of GC cells and has become a new therapeutic target.This review summarizes the current research progress on the role of HGF/c-Met in GC and discusses targeted therapeutic strategies targeting this signaling pathway,providing new ideas and directions for the treatment of GC.
基金supported by Shanghai Nursing Association(No.2016SD-B03)
文摘Objective: The assessment indicators of postpartum hemorrhage(PPH) were systematically reviewed to explore their relationship with blood loss as an early warning sign to identify potential PPH for prompt intervention.Methods: A systematic literature search of 9 databases was conducted according to inclusion and exclusion criteria using a comprehensive strategy. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology(STROBE) strategy was chosen as the tool for quality assessment of included studies, and data concerning the basic study characteristics and assessment indicators were extracted.Results: Eleven studies were included in this review. The assessment indicators in different reports covered heart rate, blood pressure, placental and birth canal check, hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(HCT),coagulation function tests, hemodynamic parameters and arterial blood gas, but no data on the assessment of postpartum uterine contraction were found. The relationship between indicators and blood loss varies.The overall quality of 9 manuscripts was comparatively high or moderate, and 2 were rated as low.Conclusions: The association between blood loss and clinical symptoms is not conclusive based on the present studies, and specific cut-off points could not be formulated to determine the approximate amount of blood loss. However, some cut-off points can be considered warning signs for the need of advanced interventions, such as heart rate, prothrombin time, and placental implantation. Further research on comprehensive assessment and cut-off points should be performed such that birth attendants can distinguish PPH as early as possible.
文摘Objective:To ensure that only competent graduates are licensed to practice nursing,councils conduct licensing examinations,which may include among others clinical competency assessment.This review explored current practices in clinical competency assessment of nursing students as part of a larger study aimed at developing an evidence-based,context-specific framework for clinical competency assessment in a sub-Saharan African(SSA)country.Methods:A scoping guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews(PRISMA-ScR)was conducted.Results:Findings from 28 out of 1151 studies identified from Scopus,PubMed,CINAHL,Wiley Online Library,and ProQuest were included and synthesized.Results show that a good assessment system must be valid,reliable,transparent,feasible,fair,objective,and must provide feedback and continually improve to have an educational impact.Clinical competency assessment systems must be developed on sound empirical evidence,pilot tested,and involve thorough training and evaluation of the examiners.Continuous evaluation of the assessment system is also essential to ensure the quality and relevance of the assessment system.Only one of the included studies was conducted in Africa.Conclusions:The paucity of clinical competency assessment research in sub-Saharan Africa may lead to benchmarking assessment systems on research conducted outside the context.Sub-Saharan Africa has a set of circumstances that demand a context-specific clinical competency assessment framework to guide clinical competency assessment.
文摘Among the two commonly identified ways of assessment,summative assessment aims to measure,or summarize,what a student has grasped,and typically occurs at the end of a course or unit of instruction.While the formative assessment,which is characterized by the needs of insiders,is distinct in that it focuses on learning through assessment and the role of the learners in this process.As is well known,teachers' role in the classroom assessment is geared to formulating and scaffolding learning on the basis of on-going feedback from internal and external assessment sources.Peer review,on the other hand,is also an important component of the process of developing assessment.During the formative assessment in the EFL classroom,classroom teachers' evaluation as well as students' active peer scaffolding in group works play important roles in the decision making process.Although the formative and for learning perspective is quite different from the summative and of learning perspective in terms of theoretical and educational orientation.Neither students nor teachers should be ignored in the whole process for formative assessment.
文摘China’s recently announced directive on tackling climate change,namely,to reach carbon peak by 2030 and to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060,has led to an unprecedented nationwide response among the academia and industry.Under such a directive,a rapid increase in the grid penetration rate of solar in the near future can be fully anticipated.Although solar radiation is an atmospheric process,its utilization,as to produce electricity,has hitherto been handled by engineers.In that,it is thought important to bridge the two fields,atmospheric sciences and solar engineering,for the common good of carbon neutrality.In thisüberreview,all major aspects pertaining to solar resource assessment and forecasting are discussed in brief.Given the size of the topic at hand,instead of presenting technical details,which would be overly lengthy and repetitive,the overarching goal of this review is to comprehensively compile a catalog of some recent,and some not so recent,review papers,so that the interested readers can explore the details on their own.
基金supported by China Foreign Language Education Fund(10th Batch)granted by Beijing Foreign Studies University,directed by Prof.Xiaoyan XU[Grant Number:ZGWYJYJJ10A130]Sichuan Research Center of Foreign Languages and LiteratureHigher Education Press,directed by Yuexin ZHONG[Grant Number:SCWYGJ21-10]。
文摘This paper compares the effectiveness of one-semester-long instruction of teacher-student collaborative assessment(TSCA)and trained peer review assessment(TPRA).Dependent variables include occurrence of structural elements of the simplified Toulmin model,and improvement of argumentation substance which refers to the quality of reasoning reflected in Toulmin structural elements.Eighty-one sophomore English majors from TSCA group(n=41)and TPRA group(n=40)were asked to construct two argumentative essays at both the beginning and the end of the semester.The results reveal that the TSCA group produced significantly more counterargument claims and rebuttal data.Additionally,the TSCA group significantly outperformed TPRA group in constructing stronger counterargument claim,rebuttal claim and rebuttal data.
文摘Neonatal pain is a problem that is easily overlooked.According to the status quo of neonatal pain management,commonly 9 scales are used for evaluation of neonatal pain;details of the specific indicators,such as the applicable neonatal gestational age range,score,and the type of pain,for the domestic references are provided so as to provide reference for the proper evaluation and standardized management of neonatal pain,as well as to promote the management level of neonatal pain.
文摘This article take cold regions of nlral residential building envelope as the research object, suitability technical theory as the theoretical basis, we evaluation of rural residential energy envelope because China＇s rural areas is chmacterized by large regional differences and to find a solution for the envelope. It could be considered as the useful reference for retrofit design of similar projects.
