Study on Water Consumption Coefficient of People's Living and Its Regional Disparity in the North of China

By employing the information-reshufflingmethod that integrates census data, precipitation dataand inquiry data of water consumption, this paperdiscusses 5 (water consumption coefficient of people’sliving) in allusion to different precipitation zones anddifferent periods of time. The study shows that 5-(water consumption coefficient of urban people’sliving), 5. (water consumption coefficient of ruralpeople’s living) and increase with time passing, andthe increasing extent of 5 is 1.84, 2.62, 2.84 and 2.68times respectively from the west to the east, whichresults from the total quantity of water resources andthe speed of urbanization. 5- and 5. of eachprecipitation zone increased with 5- increasing morequickly than 5., and the difference between the twoalso increased when time passed. In the past fifty years(1950-2000), the increasing extent of 5- was 1.71,2.96, 2.41 and 2.33 times respectively from the westto the east, in which 200-400mm precipitation zoneincreased more than others. Meanwhile the increasingextent of 5. is 1.55, 1.60, 1.53 and 1.64 timesrespectively from the west to the east with eachprecipitation zone increasing similarly. The change of5-is due to the speed of urbanization and the stabilityof water resources. This study provides basis forcalculating the water demand of people’s living andrevealing the impact of water demand of people’s livingon ecological drought in different zones.

Current Situation, Reasons and Suggestions of Income and Consumption of Rural Residents

Based on the empirical analysis of rural residents’ income and consumption, we are going to discuss the reasons for the weak income growth and lagging consumption of rural residents in China. Finally, we propose relevant suggestions and measures to increase rural residents’ income, promote rural residents’ consumption and develop rural markets.

The Relation between Age Structure of Population and Resident Consumption Based on Endogenous Growth Theory

Within the framework of endogenous growth theory,the dynamic relation between age structure of population and resident consumption was studied,and explicit relation between resident consumption and dependency coefficient was obtained through Hamiltonian function method. Then,an empirical study was carried out based on panel data of 31 provinces of China in 2000-2013. The study gave following results: there is negative correlation between child dependency coefficient and resident consumption and there is positive correlation between elderly dependency coefficient and resident consumption; urbanization level weakens the negative effect of child dependency coefficient on resident consumption but it increases the positive effect of elderly dependency coefficient on resident consumption; social expenditure weakens the negative effect of child dependency coefficient on resident consumption,but it intensifies positive effect of elderly dependency coefficient on resident consumption. These results indicate that current population structure of China is favorable for growth of resident consumption demand,but in such aging population structure,economic development may lose demographic dividends.

The Empirical Research of Relationship between Consumption and Income for Chinese Urban Residents

This paper studied the clustering analysis of panel data, the specification test of panel data model and its parameter estimation. By carrying out clustering analysis on panel data, we finally decided to study the relationship of Chinese urban residents’ eight income levels between consumption and income from 2007 to 2012. Based on analysis of covariance in panel data model, we built the variable coefficient panel data model and then estimated the model parameters. In this work, we can identify the relationship between consumption and income in recent years. According to the estimation results, we drew the conclusion that income disparities have important influence on urban residents’ consumption behavior.

Difference of Urban-rural Residents' Income and Consumption in Chongqing City from 2000 to 2009

By selecting the relevant indices of data concerning the income and consumption of urban residents and rural residents in Chongqing City from 2000 to 2009,we adopt empirical analysis method and comparative analysis method to conduct comparative analysis from overall level,consumption structure and regional difference.The results show that income level is the most direct and fundamental factor impacting urban-rural residents' consumption,and eventually determines the consumption level and consumption structure of urban-rural residents;the consumption structure of urban-rural residents in Chongqing City takes on prominent dual structure,with conspicuous gap between urban areas and rural areas;the level of income and consumption of urban-rural residents in Chongqing City is lower than the national average,especially for the rural residents;the gap of income per capita and consumption per capita of rural residents in " One-hour Economic Circle" and "Two Wings" of Chongqing City is prominent.Corresponding policy suggestions are put forward as follows:improve financial transfer payment system;quicken the pace of urbanization;coordinate urban-rural industrial development;guide farmers to establish correct consumption idea.

Method for acquiring part load distribution coefficient of air conditioning system

This paper presents a method to acquire runtime distribution ratio of building air conditioning system under part load condition (part load coefficient of system) through practical energy consumption data. By utilizing monthly energy consumption data of the entire year as the analysis object,this paper identifies data distribution,verifies distribution characteristics and analyzes distribution probability density for the issue of running time distribution ratio of air conditioning system in part load zones in the whole operation period,thus providing a basic calculation basis for an overall analysis of energy efficiency of air conditioning system. In view of the general survey of public building energy consumption carried by the government of Chongqing,this paper takes the governmental office building as an example,the part load ratio coefficient corresponding to practical running of air conditioning system of governmental office building in Chongqing is obtained by utilizing the above probability analysis and the solving method of probability density function. By utilizing the ratio coefficient obtained using this method,the part load coefficient with any running ratio of air conditioning system can be obtained according to the requirement of analysis,which can be used in any load ratio for analyzing running energy efficiency of air conditioning system.

The Analysis of Limitation of Engel's Coefficient——A Case Study of Rural Areas in Hebei Province

On the basis of introducing relevant theories of Engel's coefficient,this paper analyzes the limitation of these theories in practical application currently in China,for example,continuing to use original theory,not in line with reality of China;comparison invalidity in length and breadth,is not conducive to relevant analysis;culling out the special factors easily causes distortion of conclusion.Taking rural areas in Hebei Province as an example,this paper analyzes the limitation of Engel's coefficient in analyzing the gap of rural economy:in terms of region horizontally,Engel's coefficient neglects the difference of consumption structure among regions,and difference of economic stages among regions;in terms of time vertically,Engel's coefficient neglects the periodic change of consumption structure and the ratio change of different families in different periods.According to the reality of China's rural areas,the correction model of Engel's coefficient is established as follows.Firstly,Engel's coefficient=Percentage of expenditure variation(food+ education+ medical service) /Percentage of total expenditure variation;Engel's coefficient=Percentage of expenditure variation(food+ education+ medical service) /Percentage of income variation.Secondly,Engel's coefficient=Percentage of expenditure variation of food/Percentage of variation of(total expenditure educational expenditure-medical expenditure.Thirdly,Engel's coefficient=Percentage of expenditure variation of food/Percentage of total expenditure variation.

Engel Coeffient Lowered along with Consumption Upgrading

Retail sales of consumer goods nationwide totaled RMB 38.1 trillion in 2018,an increase of nine percent year-on-year,said Gao Feng,spokesman for the Ministry of Commerce,recently.As a result,consumer spending contributed 76.2 percent to economic growth,18.6 percentage points higher than 2017,and consumption remained the top engine driving China’s economy.

The Empirical Analysis of the Impacts of Income Distribution Gap on Consumption Demand:Based on the Statistic Data of Chinese Urban Residents in 2000-2010

This paper analyzes the impact of income distribution gap on consumption demand from a theoretical view,and draws the conclusion that there is an inverse relationship between income distribution gap and consumption demand.Then,the paper finds that the existing widening income distribution gap in China has a negative impact on consumption demand,but this is not the key factor for the insufficient consumption demand because of the low level of per capital income.At last,it suggests that governments should improve the income level of entire residents and adjust income distribution structure simultaneously.

油田注汽锅炉产汽单耗的计算方法与影响因素分析

为有效降低油田注汽锅炉产汽单耗,通过系统分析油田注汽锅炉生产工艺、生产设备、能耗水平及产汽单耗的计算方法,确定影响产汽单耗水平的关键因素包括温度、压力、干度、过热度、运行管理水平、锅炉热效率等,对各项因素的影响效果进行了分析验证。采用实际测试结果与理论计算数据对比的方法,得出了常见工况下油田注汽锅炉产汽单耗的变化规律,在此基础上明确了注汽锅炉节能提效的重点方向和技术措施,分析各项措施提效降耗的基本效果,对油田注汽锅炉的节能提效、降低产汽单耗和企业生产成本提供了良好借鉴。

装配式被动房墙体传热系数测试与能耗模拟

以河北省保定市某装配式被动房为研究对象,采用热流计法对其东、西两侧围护结构主体部位的传热系数进行现场测试。基于测试结果,利用DeST能耗模拟软件模拟该建筑理论计算和实测传热系数下的全年能耗,得出理论计算与实测条件下利用传热系数计算的能耗偏差。结果表明该装配式被动房东、西两侧围护结构主体部位的实测传热系数相比.于理论计算值分别偏高偏差为103%。以期通过传热系数现场测试过程与能耗误差值的范围为今后进一步研究装配式被动建筑提供参考。

一种带曲率补偿的低功耗带隙基准设计

为了改善传统带隙基准中运放输入失调影响电压精度和无运放带隙基准电源抑制差的问题,设计了一款基于0.35μm BCD工艺的自偏置无运放带隙基准电路。提出的带隙基准源区别于传统运放箝位,通过负反馈网络输出稳定的基准电压,使其不再受运算放大器输入失调电压的影响;在负反馈环路与共源共栅电流镜的共同作用下,增强了输出基准的抗干扰能力,使得电源抑制能力得到了保证;同时采用指数曲率补偿技术,使得所设计的带隙基准源在宽电压范围内有良好的温度特性;且采用自偏置的方式,降低了静态电流。仿真结果表明,在5 V电源电压下,输出带隙基准电压为1.271 V,在-40~150℃工作温度范围内,温度系数为5.46×10^(-6)/℃,电源抑制比为-87 dB@DC,静态电流仅为2.3μA。该设计尤其适用于低功耗电源管理芯片。

再论中小学变压器指标调研

根据近年来中小学工程设计,对现阶段不同类型的中小学校在不同季节、不同时间段、不同类别建筑用电情况进行调查、研究、总结,绘制调研中小学的全年总用电量变化曲线图,不同季节某日变压器负载变化曲线图,教学楼、宿舍、食堂等不同类型建筑不同季节某日用电功率变化曲线图,分析其特点,总结调研学校各类别用电负荷的单位面积用电量指标、用电时段、需要系数,供设计参考。

应用热电蒸馏系统生产蒸馏水的试验研究

【目的】为了解决实验室制取蒸馏水的高能耗和低效率问题,设计了一种基于热电模块(thermoelectric module, TEM)生产蒸馏水的蒸馏装置。【方法】首先选取自来水作为蒸馏目标进行试验分析;然后利用TEM实现蒸发和冷凝过程的结合,进而降低蒸馏的能耗;最后考察了在不同电压和温差下TEM的热力学特性对系统能效比(coefficient of performance, COP)及比能耗的影响。【结果】当循环水的流速为36 L/h、温差为24.4℃、电压为13 V时,蒸馏水的产量最大,为400.2 mL/h,系统的能效比最大,为2.25,蒸馏水的比能耗最低,为0.63 kW·h/L。【结论】本研究结果可为水蒸馏过程中降低能耗和提高产量提供参考。

考虑分区域动态电价机制引导的电动汽车充电优化策略

为应对大规模电动汽车无序充电引起的配电网运行损耗增加问题,提出一种分区域动态电价机制引导的电动汽车(electric vehicle,EV)充电优化策略。该动态电价机制是根据不同区域内的负荷特点建立不同的动态电价,从而优化对应区域的EV充电。其中商业区建立计及充电站充电总功率的动态电价模型,居民区和办公区采用计及风光出力的动态电价模型。同时,提出充电效益系数模型以提升在居民区和办公区用户的充电时间满意度。最后,在IEEE33节点系统上进行仿真验证。结果表明,所提出的基于分区域动态电价机制的EV充电优化策略能够在保证车主利益的同时,降低网损、提高配网电压质量、促进风光消纳以及提升配网的经济性。

基于热电制冷的空气制水器的试验研究

【目的】为了解决从空气中取水的高能耗和低效率问题,设计了一种利用热电制冷器(thermoelectric cooler,TEC)进行空气制水的装置。【方法】首先结合空气冷凝制水原理,利用TEC将散热翅片表面温度降低至露点温度以下;然后使装置与空气进行热量交换,从而实现空气中水蒸气的冷凝;最后考察了在不同输入电压和散热翅片面积下TEC的热力学参数对系统的能效比(coefficient of performance,COP)及比能耗的影响。【结果】当输入电压为4 V、热端循环冷却水流速为0.3 L/min、散热翅片面积为20320 mm 2时,空气制水器比能耗最低,为2135.27 kW·h/m 3,系统的最佳COP为2.7。相对于现有研究,本试验通过对空气制水装置输入电压和散热翅片面积等参数的优化,将从空气中制水的能耗有效降低了13.8%。【结论】本研究结果为降低空气制水过程中的高能耗和提高空气制水过程中的系统效率提供了一定的技术支持。

中国制造业服务化的区域差异及其收敛性——基于省级投入产出表的比较分析

基于中国省级层面投入产出表数据,运用完全消耗系数法测算省级层面制造业服务化系数,系统考察制造业服务化的区域差异及其收敛性影响。测算结果发现,中国三大区域及整体系数呈现明显的“U”型趋势,其中,东、西部地区系数均存在小幅下降,年均降幅分别为-0.13%和-0.17%;中部地区系数则出现小幅上升,年均增幅为0.25%。收敛性分析表明,三大区域均通过绝对β检验,但仅有中部地区存在δ收敛特征,中部地区具有“俱乐部收敛”特征。

装配式混凝土墙体抗侧性能研究

为了研究装配式混凝土墙体抗侧性能,文中结合试验测试及虚拟仿真的手段,分析了轴压比对装配式预制混凝土墙体承载力、刚度及能耗系数的影响。结果表明,所有轴压比下的骨架曲线均呈“S”形,随着轴压比的增加,骨架曲线后期出现下降;所有轴压比下,装配式混凝土墙体层间抗侧刚度均随着层间位移角的增大而呈现先快速降低后稳定的相关关系。相同位移角下,轴压比越大,层间抗侧刚度越大。能耗系数随着层间位移角的增加而先快速下降后维持稳定,轴压比对能耗系数与层间位移角的影响无明显规律。

合肥市某会展中心空调冷热源改造方案碳排放分析

空调系统碳排放是建筑能源消耗的重要一环,但空调冷热源系统选择通常从其初投资、运行费用等经济性角度分析,很少从碳排放角度分析其特点。利用实际改造项目,从碳排放角度分析不同冷热源方案的空调系统年碳排放量,为空调冷热源系统选择提供参考。结合合肥市某会展中心调研情况,提出四种空调冷热源方案,根据空调系统的年碳排放量分析不同冷热源系统方案的特点,为项目冷热源系统选择提供参考。