Aviation turbine engine oils require excellent thermal-oxidative stability because of their high-temperature environments.High-temperature bearing deposit testing is a mandatory method for measuring the thermal-oxidat...Aviation turbine engine oils require excellent thermal-oxidative stability because of their high-temperature environments.High-temperature bearing deposit testing is a mandatory method for measuring the thermal-oxidative performance of aviation lubricant oils,and the relevant apparatus was improved in the present study.Two different commercial aviation turbine engine oils were tested,one with standard performance(known as the SL oil)and the other with high thermal stability,and their thermal-oxidative stability characteristics were evaluated.After 100 h of high-temperature bearing testing,the SL oil was analyzed by using various analytical techniques to investigate its thermal-oxidative process in the bearing test,with its thermal-oxidative degradation mechanism also being discussed.The results indicate that the developed high-temperature bearing apparatus easily meets the test requirements of method 3410.1 in standard FED-STD-791D.The viscosity and total acid number(TAN)of the SL oil increased with the bearing test time,and various deposits were produced in the bearing test,with the micro-particles of the carbon deposits being sphere-like,rod-like,and sheet-like in appearance.The antioxidant additives in the oil were consumed very rapidly in the first 30 h of the bearing test,with N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine being consumed faster than dioctyldiphenylamine.Overall,the oil thermal-oxidative process involves very complex physical and chemical mechanisms.展开更多
A research tool has been developed that utilizes the Thermo-Oxidation Engine Oil Simulation Test (TEOST) MHT-4 to collect information on engine oil oxidation and deposit formation. The technique capitalizes on the t...A research tool has been developed that utilizes the Thermo-Oxidation Engine Oil Simulation Test (TEOST) MHT-4 to collect information on engine oil oxidation and deposit formation. The technique capitalizes on the traditional TEOST features as a deposit formation test, but also generates additional oxidation information by monitoring peak increase in the carbonyl region of the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (FT-IR) of TEOST used oils and volatiles. The data on overall oxidation and deposit formation is used to generate a "robustness" model for modern engine oil degradation. The tool is used to study low phosphorus Group Ⅱ passenger car engine oils formulated with different types of antioxidants and a molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC). The model shows that improved oxidation and deposit control can be achieved by formulating with the molybdenum compound, and that the most effective stabilization system is composed of the organo-molybdenum compound,an alkylated diphenylamine (NDPA), and the hindered phenolic antioxidant 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) (MBDTBP).展开更多
Global economic and pollution concerns are having a major impact on how modern engine oils are being formulated.Modern engine oil specifications mandate reduced levels of phosphorus and sulfur to protect the efficacy ...Global economic and pollution concerns are having a major impact on how modern engine oils are being formulated.Modern engine oil specifications mandate reduced levels of phosphorus and sulfur to protect the efficacy of pollution control devices.In addition,modern engine oil must also be more fuel efficient than earlier generations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the impact of high priced gasoline and diesel fuel to the consumer.At the same time,oxidation,wear,and corrosion performance of the oil must not be compromised.Multifunctional additives are useful formulation tools that help formulators meet these tough new challenges.One such additive is the organo-borate ester/amide.Originally conceived as an organic friction modifier,this patented technology is really a multifunctional additive that addresses the global economic and pollution concerns.With the addition of boron,this unique commercial organic friction modifier also imparts antioxidancy,antiwear and anticorrosion properties to engine oil.In addition,the organo-borate ester/amide is compatible with pollution control devices because it does not contain sulfur or phosphorus.Work is on going to uncover additional beneficial properties of this chemistry.展开更多
The present article aims to examine the heat and mass distribution in a free convection flow of electrically conducted,generalized Jeffrey nanofluid in a heated rotatory system.The flow analysis is considered in the p...The present article aims to examine the heat and mass distribution in a free convection flow of electrically conducted,generalized Jeffrey nanofluid in a heated rotatory system.The flow analysis is considered in the presence of thermal radiation and the transverse magnetic field of strength B0.The medium is porous accepting generalized Darcy’s law.The motion of the fluid is due to the cosine oscillations of the plate.Nanofluid has been formed by the uniform dispersing of the Silver nanoparticles in regular engine oil.The problem has been modeled in the form of classical partial differential equations and then generalized by replacing time derivative with Atangana–Baleanu(AB)time-fractional derivative.Upon taking the Laplace transform technique(LTT)and using physical boundary conditions,exact expressions have been obtained for momentum,energy,and concentration distributions.The impact of a number of parameters on fluid flow is shown graphically.The numerical tables have been computed for variation in the rate of heat and mass transfer with respect to rooted parameters.Finally,the classical solution is recovered by taking the fractional parameter approaching unity.It is worth noting that by adding silver nanoparticles in regular engine oil,its heat transfer rate increased by 14.59%,which will improve the life and workability of the engine.展开更多
Modification of asphalt using polymers, oils and other additives has been an option to improve asphalt pavement performance and extend its lifespan. The present work aims to evaluate the influence of the addition of e...Modification of asphalt using polymers, oils and other additives has been an option to improve asphalt pavement performance and extend its lifespan. The present work aims to evaluate the influence of the addition of engine oil on the consistency and thermal properties of HDPE-modified asphalt. For this study, compositions containing asphalt, engine oil and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) were prepared, varying the concentration of engine oil by 2.5 wt%, 5 wt%, 7.5 wt% and 10 wt% and keeping the concentration of HDPE at 5 wt%. The samples were characterized by conventional tests of penetration, softening point and viscosity, aging in a Rotational Thin Film Oven (RTFO), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). According to the results, the addition of HDPE to virgin asphalt causes an increase in the consistency of the virgin asphalt, which then decreases linearly as the engine oil is added into the matrix. Conventional tests showed improvements in the applicability of the asphalt in terms of resistance to cracks and permanent deformation. TGA showed a slight increase in stability for the modified asphalt samples at elevated temperatures. The RTFO showed mass gain and loss for samples with and without engine oil, respectively.展开更多
The Daqing exploration area in the northern Songliao Basin has great potential for unconventional oil and gas resources,among which the total resources of tight oil alone exceed 109 t and is regarded as an important r...The Daqing exploration area in the northern Songliao Basin has great potential for unconventional oil and gas resources,among which the total resources of tight oil alone exceed 109 t and is regarded as an important resource base of Daqing oilfield.After years of exploration in the Qijia area,Songliao Basin,NE China,tight oil has been found in the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation.To work out tight oil’s geological characteristics,taking tight oil in Gaotaizi oil layers of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in northern Songliao Basin as an example,this paper systematically analyzed the geological characteristics of unconventional tight oil in Gao3 and Gao4 layers of the Qijia area,based on the data of the geological survey,well drilling journey,well logging,and test.It is that three sets of hydrocarbon source rocks(K2qn1,K2qn2+3,and K2n1)develop in the examined area,and exhibit excellent type I and II kerogens,high organic matter abundance,and moderate maturity.The reservoir is generally composed of thin-bedded mudstone,siltstone,and sandstone,and presents poor porosity(average 8.5 vol.%)and air permeability(average 4 mD).The main reservoir space primarily includes intergranular pores,secondary soluble pores,and intergranular soluble pores.Three types of orifice throats were identified,namely fine throat,extra-fine throat,and micro-fine throat.The siltstone is generally oil-bearing,the reservoirs with slime and calcium become worse oil-bearing,and the mudstone has no obvious oil-bearing characteristics.The brittleness indices of the sandstone in the tight oil reservoir range from 40%to 60%,and those of the mudstone range from 40%to 45%,indicating a better brittleness of the tight oil reservoir.Based on the study of typical core hole data,this paper gives a comprehensive evaluation of the properties of the tight oil and establishes a tight oil single well composite bar chart as well as the initial evaluation system with the core of properties in the tight oil reservoir.This study has theoretical guiding significance and practical application value for tight oil exploration and evaluation in the Qijia area.展开更多
Black shales are important products of material cycling and energy exchange among the lithosphere,atmosphere,hydrosphere,and biosphere.They are widely distributed throughout geological history and provide essential en...Black shales are important products of material cycling and energy exchange among the lithosphere,atmosphere,hydrosphere,and biosphere.They are widely distributed throughout geological history and provide essential energy and mineral resources for the development of human society.They also record the evolution process of the earth and improve the understanding of the earth.This review focuses on the diagenesis and formation mechanisms of black shales sedimentation,composition,evolution,and reconstruction,which have had a significant impact on the formation and enrichment of shale oil and gas.In terms of sedimentary environment,black shales can be classified into three types:Marine,terrestrial,and marine-terrestrial transitional facies.The formation processes include mechanisms such as eolian input,hypopycnal flow,gravity-driven and offshore bottom currents.From a geological perspective,the formation of black shales is often closely related to global or regional major geological events.The enrichment of organic matter is generally the result of the interaction and coupling of several factors such as primary productivity,water redox condition,and sedimentation rate.In terms of evolution,black shales have undergone diagenetic evolution of inorganic minerals,thermal evolution of organic matter and hydrocarbon generation,interactions between organic matter and inorganic minerals,and pore evolution.In terms of reconstruction,the effects of fold deformation,uplift and erosion,and fracturing have changed the stress state of black shale reservoirs,thereby having a significant impact on the pore structure.Fluid activity promotes the formation of veins,and have changed the material composition,stress structure,and reservoir properties of black shales.Regarding resource effects,the deposition of black shales is fundamental for shale oil and gas resources,the evolution of black shales promotes the shale oil and gas formation and storage,and the reconstruction of black shales would have caused the heterogeneous distribution of oil and gas in shales.Exploring the formation mechanisms and interactions of black shales at different scales is a key to in-depth research on shale formation and evolution,as well as the key to revealing the mechanism controlling shale oil and gas accumulation.The present records can reveal how these processes worked in geological history,and improve our understanding of the coupling mechanisms among regional geological events,black shales evolution,and shale oil and gas formation and enrichment.展开更多
Utilizing oil extracted from waste engine oil and waste plastics, by pyrolysis, as a filel for internal combustion engines has been demonstrated to be one of the best available waste management methods. Separate blend...Utilizing oil extracted from waste engine oil and waste plastics, by pyrolysis, as a filel for internal combustion engines has been demonstrated to be one of the best available waste management methods. Separate blends of fuel from waste engine oil and waste plastic oil was prepared by mixing with diesel and experimental investigation is conducted to study engine performance, combustion and exhaust emissions. It is observed that carbon monoxide (CO) emission increases by 50% for 50% waste plastic oil (50WPO:50D) and by 58% for 50% waste engine oil (50WEO:50D) at full load as compared to diesel. Unburnt hydrocarbon (HC) emission increases by 16% for 50WPO:50D and by 32% for 50WEO:50D as compared to diesel at maximum load. Smoke is fotmd to decrease at all loading conditions for 50WPO:50D operation, but it is comparatively higher for 50WEO:50D operation. 50WPO:50D operation shows higher brake thermal efficiency for all loads as compared to 50WEO:50D and diesel fuel operation. Exhaust gas temperature is higher at all loads tbr 50WPO:50D and 50WEO:50D as compared to diesel fuel operation.展开更多
This paper summarizes the important progress in the field of oil and gas production engineering during the"Thirteenth Five-Year Plan"period of China,analyzes the challenges faced by the current oil and gas p...This paper summarizes the important progress in the field of oil and gas production engineering during the"Thirteenth Five-Year Plan"period of China,analyzes the challenges faced by the current oil and gas production engineering in terms of technological adaptability,digital construction,energy-saving and emission reduction,and points out the future development direction.During the"Thirteenth Five-Year Plan"period,series of important progresses have been made in five major technologies,including separated-layer injection,artificial lift,reservoir stimulation,gas well de-watering,and workover,which provide key technical support for continuous potential tapping of mature oilfields and profitable production of new oilfields.Under the current complex international political and economic situation,oil and gas production engineering is facing severe challenges in three aspects:technical difficulty increases in oil and gas production,insignificant improvements in digital transformation,and lack of core technical support for energy-saving and emission reduction.This paper establishes three major strategic directions and implementation paths,including oil stabilization and gas enhancement,digital transformation,and green and low-carbon development.Five key research areas are listed including fine separated-layer injection technology,high efficiency artificial lift technology,fine reservoir stimulation technology,long term gas well de-watering technology and intelligent workover technology,so as to provide engineering technical support for the transformation,upgrading and high-quality development of China’s oil and gas industry.展开更多
WebGIS is the result of combining the technology of Internet with that of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This paper aims at some problems in the development of GIS, such as the system of development is instable...WebGIS is the result of combining the technology of Internet with that of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This paper aims at some problems in the development of GIS, such as the system of development is instable, and presents the method of adopting component technology to accomplish WebGIS middleware which has been successfully applied to the Oil Production Engineering information visible system. It showed in practice that the WebGIS middleware can be casily embedded in the web pages to accomplish GIS application system in a network environment. On the one hand, its application can reduce complexity of system and speed up the pace of development. On the other hand, it is certain to reduce the development costs and improve the maintainability. Key words WebGIS - middleware - oil production engineering CLC number TP 31 Biography: LIU Quan (1969-), male, Ph. D. candidate, research direction: include automated resoning, WebGIS.展开更多
The Qiangtang Basin of the Tibetan Plateau,located in the eastern Tethys tectonic domain,is the largest new marine petroliferous region for exploration in China.The scientific drilling project consisting primarily of ...The Qiangtang Basin of the Tibetan Plateau,located in the eastern Tethys tectonic domain,is the largest new marine petroliferous region for exploration in China.The scientific drilling project consisting primarily of well QK-1 and its supporting shallow boreholes for geological surveys(also referred to as the Project)completed in recent years contributes to a series of new discoveries and insights into the oil and gas preservation conditions and source rock evaluation of the Qiangtang Basin.These findings differ from previous views that the Qiangtang Basin has poor oil and gas preservation conditions and lacks high-quality source rocks.As revealed by well QK-1 and its supporting shallow boreholes in the Project,the Qiangtang Basin hosts two sets of high-quality regional seals,namely an anhydrite layer in the Quemo Co Formation and the gypsum-bearing mudstones in the Xiali Formation.Moreover,the Qiangtang Basin has favorable oil and gas preservation conditions,as verified by the comprehensive study of the sealing capacity of seals,basin structure,tectonic uplift,magmatic activity,and groundwater motion.Furthermore,the shallow boreholes have also revealed that the Qiangtang Basin has high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks in the Upper Triassic Bagong Formation,which are thick and widely distributed according to the geological and geophysical data.In addition,the petroleum geological conditions,such as the type,abundance,and thermal evolution of organic matter,indicate that the Qiangtang Basin has great hydrocarbon-generating potential.展开更多
A simulating experimental device for journal bearings of engines is established by use of the mechanism of ultrasonic vibration This device can make the pressure inside the oil film changed at ultrasonic frequency,wh...A simulating experimental device for journal bearings of engines is established by use of the mechanism of ultrasonic vibration This device can make the pressure inside the oil film changed at ultrasonic frequency,which enable the specimen surface to be damaged by cavitation erosion in a comparatively short time Connecting with the bubbly oil producing device,this rig can investigate the influence of bubbly oil on the cavitation erosion Through detailed experimental research it is found that the bubbly oil decreases the cavitation erosion in journal bearings of engines This result is analyzed reasonably from mechanism of cavitation erosion.展开更多
The physical performance of recycled asphalt was used as the main evaluation index to study the optimal range of a self-made rejuvenator.Through the penetration,viscosity and gel permeation chromatography(GPC)tests,th...The physical performance of recycled asphalt was used as the main evaluation index to study the optimal range of a self-made rejuvenator.Through the penetration,viscosity and gel permeation chromatography(GPC)tests,the diffusion degree of the rejuvenator under different temperatures and time process was analyzed,and the diffusion efficiency of the rejuvenator was evaluated from the macro and micro perspective.The regeneration mechanism of the rejuvenator in the aged asphalt was also analyzed using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),scanning electron microscope(SEM)and chemical composition tests.The research results showed that the optimum rejuvenator content was about 3%.Higher temperature and longer time were beneficial to improving the permeability and diffusion of the rejuvenator.During the aging process,the light components were reduced,and more macromolecular asphaltenes were generated as well as a large number of carbonyl and sulfoxide.After diffusion and regeneration,the light components in the asphalt were supplemented,the wrinkles and gullies of the aged asphalt were almost improved to the surface state of the matrix asphalt.展开更多
Sedimentary process research is of great significance for understanding the distribution and characteristics of sediments.Through the detailed observation and measurement of the Sangyuan outcrop in Luanping Basin,this...Sedimentary process research is of great significance for understanding the distribution and characteristics of sediments.Through the detailed observation and measurement of the Sangyuan outcrop in Luanping Basin,this paper studies the depositional process of the hyperpycnal flow deposits,and divides their depositional process into three phases,namely,acceleration,erosion and deceleration.In the acceleration phase,hyperpycnal flow begins to enter the basin nearby,and then speeds up gradually.Deposits developed in the acceleration phase are reverse.In addition,the original deposits become unstable and are taken away by hyperpycnal flows under the eroding force.As a result,there are a lot of mixture of red mud pebbles outside the basin and gray mud pebbles within the basin.In the erosion phase,the reverse deposits are eroded and become thinner or even disappear.Therefore,no reverse grading characteristic is found in the proximal major channel that is closer to the source,but it is still preserved in the middle branch channel that is far from the source.After entering the deceleration phase,normally grading deposits appear and cover previous deposits.The final deposits in the basin are special.Some are reverse,and others are normal.They are superimposed with each other under the action of hyperpycnal flow.The analysis of the Sangyuan outcrop demonstrates the sedimentary process and distribution of hyperpycnites,and reasonably explain the sedimentary characteristics of hyperpycnites.It is helpful to the prediction of oil and gas exploration targets in gravity flow deposits.展开更多
Oil and gas resources are short in Pakistan and no commercially viable oil and gas sources have been yet discovered in its offshore areas up to now.In this study,the onshore-offshore stratigraphic correlation and seis...Oil and gas resources are short in Pakistan and no commercially viable oil and gas sources have been yet discovered in its offshore areas up to now.In this study,the onshore-offshore stratigraphic correlation and seismic data interpretation were conducted to determine the oil and gas resource potential in the Offshore Indus Basin,Pakistan.Based on the comprehensive analysis of the results and previous data,it is considered that the Cretaceous may widely exist and three sets of source rocks may be developed in the Offshore Indus Basin.The presence of Miocene mudstones has been proven by drilling to be high-quality source rocks,while the Cretaceous and Paleocene–Eocene mudstones are potential source rocks.Tectonic-lithologic traps are developed in the northwestern part of the basin affected by the strike-slip faults along Murray Ridge.Furthermore,the Cretaceous and Paleocene–Eocene source rocks are thick and are slightly affected by volcanic activities.Therefore,it can be inferred that the northwestern part of Offshore Indus Basin enjoys good prospects of oil and gas resources.展开更多
To meet the requirements of marine natural gas hydrate exploitation,it is necessary to improve the penetration of completion sand control string in the large curvature borehole.In this study,large curvature test wells...To meet the requirements of marine natural gas hydrate exploitation,it is necessary to improve the penetration of completion sand control string in the large curvature borehole.In this study,large curvature test wells were selected to carry out the running test of sand control string with pre-packed screen.Meanwhile,the running simulation was performed by using the Landmark software.The results show that the sand control packer and screen can be run smoothly in the wellbore with a dogleg angle of more than 20°/30 m and keep the structure stable.Additionally,the comprehensive friction coefficient is 0.4,under which and the simulation shows that the sand control string for hydrate exploitation can be run smoothly.These findings have important guiding significance for running the completion sand control string in natural gas hydrate exploitation.展开更多
Diesel engine technology innovation causes excessive soot accumulated in engine oil.Due to its detrimental effect on lubricant and diesel engine,improving the dispersibility of engine oil to restrain soot aggregation ...Diesel engine technology innovation causes excessive soot accumulated in engine oil.Due to its detrimental effect on lubricant and diesel engine,improving the dispersibility of engine oil to restrain soot aggregation efficiently is the key technique for formulations.In this study,the aggregation of soot and interaction between dispersant and soot were investigated by molecular dynamic simulation.It was found that the molecular interaction between the dispersant and the soot aggregation system had a significant influence on disrupting the soot aggregation.Bis-PIBSI was more beneficial to having more interaction sites with soot molecules,while the mono-PIBSI with a high proportion of polar groups had stronger interaction with soot molecules.According to the simulation result,suggestions for use of additives were proposed.Carbon black dispersancy test was exploited to verify the dispersion effect of different dispersants on carbon black.The results indicate that mono-PIBSI and bis-PIBSI added at suitable mixture ratio to lubricant could perform good dispersion ability.展开更多
Durability has always been the primary function of an engine oil.This continues to be the case,but fuel economy improvement has risen in importance as a feature of a lubricant.This is most easily achieved by lower vis...Durability has always been the primary function of an engine oil.This continues to be the case,but fuel economy improvement has risen in importance as a feature of a lubricant.This is most easily achieved by lower viscosity lubricants,which could endanger the durability of the engine if not properly formulated.Additionally,fuel economy from the lubricant is also considered over the course of a drain interval and the cost optimal point of servicing the oil explored,independent of other durability concerns.Durability is even more critical when the operating severities of the Chinese market are taken into account.Data are presented which demonstrate the differences in severity and the implications this will have on the lubricant,demonstrating the need for high quality lubricants that will protect Chinese vehicles in operation and,in addition,achieve some level of fuel economy improvement.展开更多
Shenhu Area is located in the Baiyun Sag of Pearl River Mouth Basin,which is on the northern continental slope of the South China Sea.Gas hydrates in this area have been intensively investigated,achieving a wide cover...Shenhu Area is located in the Baiyun Sag of Pearl River Mouth Basin,which is on the northern continental slope of the South China Sea.Gas hydrates in this area have been intensively investigated,achieving a wide coverage of the three-dimensional seismic survey,a large number of boreholes,and detailed data of the seismic survey,logging,and core analysis.In the beginning of 2020,China has successfully conducted the second offshore production test of gas hydrates in this area.In this paper,studies were made on the structure of the hydrate system for the production test,based on detailed logging data and core analysis of this area.As to the results of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)logging and sonic logging of Well GMGS6-SH02 drilled during the GMGS6 Expedition,the hydrate system on which the production well located can be divided into three layers:(1)207.8–253.4 mbsf,45.6 m thick,gas hydrate layer,with gas hydrate saturation of 0–54.5%(31%av.);(2)253.4–278 mbsf,24.6 m thick,mixing layer consisting of gas hydrates,free gas,and water,with gas hydrate saturation of 0–22%(10%av.)and free gas saturation of 0–32%(13%av.);(3)278–297 mbsf,19 m thick,with free gas saturation of less than 7%.Moreover,the pore water freshening identified in the sediment cores,taken from the depth below the theoretically calculated base of methane hydrate stability zone,indicates the occurrence of gas hydrate.All these data reveal that gas hydrates,free gas,and water coexist in the mixing layer from different aspects.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3809005)by SINOPEC(120060-6,121027,and 122042).
文摘Aviation turbine engine oils require excellent thermal-oxidative stability because of their high-temperature environments.High-temperature bearing deposit testing is a mandatory method for measuring the thermal-oxidative performance of aviation lubricant oils,and the relevant apparatus was improved in the present study.Two different commercial aviation turbine engine oils were tested,one with standard performance(known as the SL oil)and the other with high thermal stability,and their thermal-oxidative stability characteristics were evaluated.After 100 h of high-temperature bearing testing,the SL oil was analyzed by using various analytical techniques to investigate its thermal-oxidative process in the bearing test,with its thermal-oxidative degradation mechanism also being discussed.The results indicate that the developed high-temperature bearing apparatus easily meets the test requirements of method 3410.1 in standard FED-STD-791D.The viscosity and total acid number(TAN)of the SL oil increased with the bearing test time,and various deposits were produced in the bearing test,with the micro-particles of the carbon deposits being sphere-like,rod-like,and sheet-like in appearance.The antioxidant additives in the oil were consumed very rapidly in the first 30 h of the bearing test,with N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine being consumed faster than dioctyldiphenylamine.Overall,the oil thermal-oxidative process involves very complex physical and chemical mechanisms.
文摘A research tool has been developed that utilizes the Thermo-Oxidation Engine Oil Simulation Test (TEOST) MHT-4 to collect information on engine oil oxidation and deposit formation. The technique capitalizes on the traditional TEOST features as a deposit formation test, but also generates additional oxidation information by monitoring peak increase in the carbonyl region of the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (FT-IR) of TEOST used oils and volatiles. The data on overall oxidation and deposit formation is used to generate a "robustness" model for modern engine oil degradation. The tool is used to study low phosphorus Group Ⅱ passenger car engine oils formulated with different types of antioxidants and a molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC). The model shows that improved oxidation and deposit control can be achieved by formulating with the molybdenum compound, and that the most effective stabilization system is composed of the organo-molybdenum compound,an alkylated diphenylamine (NDPA), and the hindered phenolic antioxidant 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) (MBDTBP).
文摘Global economic and pollution concerns are having a major impact on how modern engine oils are being formulated.Modern engine oil specifications mandate reduced levels of phosphorus and sulfur to protect the efficacy of pollution control devices.In addition,modern engine oil must also be more fuel efficient than earlier generations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the impact of high priced gasoline and diesel fuel to the consumer.At the same time,oxidation,wear,and corrosion performance of the oil must not be compromised.Multifunctional additives are useful formulation tools that help formulators meet these tough new challenges.One such additive is the organo-borate ester/amide.Originally conceived as an organic friction modifier,this patented technology is really a multifunctional additive that addresses the global economic and pollution concerns.With the addition of boron,this unique commercial organic friction modifier also imparts antioxidancy,antiwear and anticorrosion properties to engine oil.In addition,the organo-borate ester/amide is compatible with pollution control devices because it does not contain sulfur or phosphorus.Work is on going to uncover additional beneficial properties of this chemistry.
文摘The present article aims to examine the heat and mass distribution in a free convection flow of electrically conducted,generalized Jeffrey nanofluid in a heated rotatory system.The flow analysis is considered in the presence of thermal radiation and the transverse magnetic field of strength B0.The medium is porous accepting generalized Darcy’s law.The motion of the fluid is due to the cosine oscillations of the plate.Nanofluid has been formed by the uniform dispersing of the Silver nanoparticles in regular engine oil.The problem has been modeled in the form of classical partial differential equations and then generalized by replacing time derivative with Atangana–Baleanu(AB)time-fractional derivative.Upon taking the Laplace transform technique(LTT)and using physical boundary conditions,exact expressions have been obtained for momentum,energy,and concentration distributions.The impact of a number of parameters on fluid flow is shown graphically.The numerical tables have been computed for variation in the rate of heat and mass transfer with respect to rooted parameters.Finally,the classical solution is recovered by taking the fractional parameter approaching unity.It is worth noting that by adding silver nanoparticles in regular engine oil,its heat transfer rate increased by 14.59%,which will improve the life and workability of the engine.
文摘Modification of asphalt using polymers, oils and other additives has been an option to improve asphalt pavement performance and extend its lifespan. The present work aims to evaluate the influence of the addition of engine oil on the consistency and thermal properties of HDPE-modified asphalt. For this study, compositions containing asphalt, engine oil and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) were prepared, varying the concentration of engine oil by 2.5 wt%, 5 wt%, 7.5 wt% and 10 wt% and keeping the concentration of HDPE at 5 wt%. The samples were characterized by conventional tests of penetration, softening point and viscosity, aging in a Rotational Thin Film Oven (RTFO), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). According to the results, the addition of HDPE to virgin asphalt causes an increase in the consistency of the virgin asphalt, which then decreases linearly as the engine oil is added into the matrix. Conventional tests showed improvements in the applicability of the asphalt in terms of resistance to cracks and permanent deformation. TGA showed a slight increase in stability for the modified asphalt samples at elevated temperatures. The RTFO showed mass gain and loss for samples with and without engine oil, respectively.
基金funded by the shale oil and gas geological survey project in Quemoco sag,Qiangtang Basin of China Geological Survey(DD20221855,DD20230315).
文摘The Daqing exploration area in the northern Songliao Basin has great potential for unconventional oil and gas resources,among which the total resources of tight oil alone exceed 109 t and is regarded as an important resource base of Daqing oilfield.After years of exploration in the Qijia area,Songliao Basin,NE China,tight oil has been found in the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation.To work out tight oil’s geological characteristics,taking tight oil in Gaotaizi oil layers of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in northern Songliao Basin as an example,this paper systematically analyzed the geological characteristics of unconventional tight oil in Gao3 and Gao4 layers of the Qijia area,based on the data of the geological survey,well drilling journey,well logging,and test.It is that three sets of hydrocarbon source rocks(K2qn1,K2qn2+3,and K2n1)develop in the examined area,and exhibit excellent type I and II kerogens,high organic matter abundance,and moderate maturity.The reservoir is generally composed of thin-bedded mudstone,siltstone,and sandstone,and presents poor porosity(average 8.5 vol.%)and air permeability(average 4 mD).The main reservoir space primarily includes intergranular pores,secondary soluble pores,and intergranular soluble pores.Three types of orifice throats were identified,namely fine throat,extra-fine throat,and micro-fine throat.The siltstone is generally oil-bearing,the reservoirs with slime and calcium become worse oil-bearing,and the mudstone has no obvious oil-bearing characteristics.The brittleness indices of the sandstone in the tight oil reservoir range from 40%to 60%,and those of the mudstone range from 40%to 45%,indicating a better brittleness of the tight oil reservoir.Based on the study of typical core hole data,this paper gives a comprehensive evaluation of the properties of the tight oil and establishes a tight oil single well composite bar chart as well as the initial evaluation system with the core of properties in the tight oil reservoir.This study has theoretical guiding significance and practical application value for tight oil exploration and evaluation in the Qijia area.
基金supported by the projects of the China Geological Survey(DD20230043,DD20240048)the project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42102123)。
文摘Black shales are important products of material cycling and energy exchange among the lithosphere,atmosphere,hydrosphere,and biosphere.They are widely distributed throughout geological history and provide essential energy and mineral resources for the development of human society.They also record the evolution process of the earth and improve the understanding of the earth.This review focuses on the diagenesis and formation mechanisms of black shales sedimentation,composition,evolution,and reconstruction,which have had a significant impact on the formation and enrichment of shale oil and gas.In terms of sedimentary environment,black shales can be classified into three types:Marine,terrestrial,and marine-terrestrial transitional facies.The formation processes include mechanisms such as eolian input,hypopycnal flow,gravity-driven and offshore bottom currents.From a geological perspective,the formation of black shales is often closely related to global or regional major geological events.The enrichment of organic matter is generally the result of the interaction and coupling of several factors such as primary productivity,water redox condition,and sedimentation rate.In terms of evolution,black shales have undergone diagenetic evolution of inorganic minerals,thermal evolution of organic matter and hydrocarbon generation,interactions between organic matter and inorganic minerals,and pore evolution.In terms of reconstruction,the effects of fold deformation,uplift and erosion,and fracturing have changed the stress state of black shale reservoirs,thereby having a significant impact on the pore structure.Fluid activity promotes the formation of veins,and have changed the material composition,stress structure,and reservoir properties of black shales.Regarding resource effects,the deposition of black shales is fundamental for shale oil and gas resources,the evolution of black shales promotes the shale oil and gas formation and storage,and the reconstruction of black shales would have caused the heterogeneous distribution of oil and gas in shales.Exploring the formation mechanisms and interactions of black shales at different scales is a key to in-depth research on shale formation and evolution,as well as the key to revealing the mechanism controlling shale oil and gas accumulation.The present records can reveal how these processes worked in geological history,and improve our understanding of the coupling mechanisms among regional geological events,black shales evolution,and shale oil and gas formation and enrichment.
文摘Utilizing oil extracted from waste engine oil and waste plastics, by pyrolysis, as a filel for internal combustion engines has been demonstrated to be one of the best available waste management methods. Separate blends of fuel from waste engine oil and waste plastic oil was prepared by mixing with diesel and experimental investigation is conducted to study engine performance, combustion and exhaust emissions. It is observed that carbon monoxide (CO) emission increases by 50% for 50% waste plastic oil (50WPO:50D) and by 58% for 50% waste engine oil (50WEO:50D) at full load as compared to diesel. Unburnt hydrocarbon (HC) emission increases by 16% for 50WPO:50D and by 32% for 50WEO:50D as compared to diesel at maximum load. Smoke is fotmd to decrease at all loading conditions for 50WPO:50D operation, but it is comparatively higher for 50WEO:50D operation. 50WPO:50D operation shows higher brake thermal efficiency for all loads as compared to 50WEO:50D and diesel fuel operation. Exhaust gas temperature is higher at all loads tbr 50WPO:50D and 50WEO:50D as compared to diesel fuel operation.
基金Supported by the Basic Science Center Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(72088101)National Natural Science Funded Project(52074345)CNPC Scientific Research and Technology Development Project(2020D-5001-21)。
文摘This paper summarizes the important progress in the field of oil and gas production engineering during the"Thirteenth Five-Year Plan"period of China,analyzes the challenges faced by the current oil and gas production engineering in terms of technological adaptability,digital construction,energy-saving and emission reduction,and points out the future development direction.During the"Thirteenth Five-Year Plan"period,series of important progresses have been made in five major technologies,including separated-layer injection,artificial lift,reservoir stimulation,gas well de-watering,and workover,which provide key technical support for continuous potential tapping of mature oilfields and profitable production of new oilfields.Under the current complex international political and economic situation,oil and gas production engineering is facing severe challenges in three aspects:technical difficulty increases in oil and gas production,insignificant improvements in digital transformation,and lack of core technical support for energy-saving and emission reduction.This paper establishes three major strategic directions and implementation paths,including oil stabilization and gas enhancement,digital transformation,and green and low-carbon development.Five key research areas are listed including fine separated-layer injection technology,high efficiency artificial lift technology,fine reservoir stimulation technology,long term gas well de-watering technology and intelligent workover technology,so as to provide engineering technical support for the transformation,upgrading and high-quality development of China’s oil and gas industry.
文摘WebGIS is the result of combining the technology of Internet with that of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This paper aims at some problems in the development of GIS, such as the system of development is instable, and presents the method of adopting component technology to accomplish WebGIS middleware which has been successfully applied to the Oil Production Engineering information visible system. It showed in practice that the WebGIS middleware can be casily embedded in the web pages to accomplish GIS application system in a network environment. On the one hand, its application can reduce complexity of system and speed up the pace of development. On the other hand, it is certain to reduce the development costs and improve the maintainability. Key words WebGIS - middleware - oil production engineering CLC number TP 31 Biography: LIU Quan (1969-), male, Ph. D. candidate, research direction: include automated resoning, WebGIS.
基金funded by projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91955204,42241202)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(2019QZKK080301)a project entitled Tectonics,Sedimentation,Evolution,and Basic Petroleum Geology of the Qiangtang Basin(2021DJ0801)of the Forward-looking Basic Subjects of PetroChina’s 14th Five-Year Plan.
文摘The Qiangtang Basin of the Tibetan Plateau,located in the eastern Tethys tectonic domain,is the largest new marine petroliferous region for exploration in China.The scientific drilling project consisting primarily of well QK-1 and its supporting shallow boreholes for geological surveys(also referred to as the Project)completed in recent years contributes to a series of new discoveries and insights into the oil and gas preservation conditions and source rock evaluation of the Qiangtang Basin.These findings differ from previous views that the Qiangtang Basin has poor oil and gas preservation conditions and lacks high-quality source rocks.As revealed by well QK-1 and its supporting shallow boreholes in the Project,the Qiangtang Basin hosts two sets of high-quality regional seals,namely an anhydrite layer in the Quemo Co Formation and the gypsum-bearing mudstones in the Xiali Formation.Moreover,the Qiangtang Basin has favorable oil and gas preservation conditions,as verified by the comprehensive study of the sealing capacity of seals,basin structure,tectonic uplift,magmatic activity,and groundwater motion.Furthermore,the shallow boreholes have also revealed that the Qiangtang Basin has high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks in the Upper Triassic Bagong Formation,which are thick and widely distributed according to the geological and geophysical data.In addition,the petroleum geological conditions,such as the type,abundance,and thermal evolution of organic matter,indicate that the Qiangtang Basin has great hydrocarbon-generating potential.
文摘A simulating experimental device for journal bearings of engines is established by use of the mechanism of ultrasonic vibration This device can make the pressure inside the oil film changed at ultrasonic frequency,which enable the specimen surface to be damaged by cavitation erosion in a comparatively short time Connecting with the bubbly oil producing device,this rig can investigate the influence of bubbly oil on the cavitation erosion Through detailed experimental research it is found that the bubbly oil decreases the cavitation erosion in journal bearings of engines This result is analyzed reasonably from mechanism of cavitation erosion.
基金Funded by the Science and Technology Project of Henan Department of Transportation(No.2020J-2-3)Shaanxi Transportation Science and Technology Project(Nos.17-05K,19-10K,19-28K)。
文摘The physical performance of recycled asphalt was used as the main evaluation index to study the optimal range of a self-made rejuvenator.Through the penetration,viscosity and gel permeation chromatography(GPC)tests,the diffusion degree of the rejuvenator under different temperatures and time process was analyzed,and the diffusion efficiency of the rejuvenator was evaluated from the macro and micro perspective.The regeneration mechanism of the rejuvenator in the aged asphalt was also analyzed using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),scanning electron microscope(SEM)and chemical composition tests.The research results showed that the optimum rejuvenator content was about 3%.Higher temperature and longer time were beneficial to improving the permeability and diffusion of the rejuvenator.During the aging process,the light components were reduced,and more macromolecular asphaltenes were generated as well as a large number of carbonyl and sulfoxide.After diffusion and regeneration,the light components in the asphalt were supplemented,the wrinkles and gullies of the aged asphalt were almost improved to the surface state of the matrix asphalt.
基金the Scientific research and technology development project of Petro China(2021DJ5303)。
文摘Sedimentary process research is of great significance for understanding the distribution and characteristics of sediments.Through the detailed observation and measurement of the Sangyuan outcrop in Luanping Basin,this paper studies the depositional process of the hyperpycnal flow deposits,and divides their depositional process into three phases,namely,acceleration,erosion and deceleration.In the acceleration phase,hyperpycnal flow begins to enter the basin nearby,and then speeds up gradually.Deposits developed in the acceleration phase are reverse.In addition,the original deposits become unstable and are taken away by hyperpycnal flows under the eroding force.As a result,there are a lot of mixture of red mud pebbles outside the basin and gray mud pebbles within the basin.In the erosion phase,the reverse deposits are eroded and become thinner or even disappear.Therefore,no reverse grading characteristic is found in the proximal major channel that is closer to the source,but it is still preserved in the middle branch channel that is far from the source.After entering the deceleration phase,normally grading deposits appear and cover previous deposits.The final deposits in the basin are special.Some are reverse,and others are normal.They are superimposed with each other under the action of hyperpycnal flow.The analysis of the Sangyuan outcrop demonstrates the sedimentary process and distribution of hyperpycnites,and reasonably explain the sedimentary characteristics of hyperpycnites.It is helpful to the prediction of oil and gas exploration targets in gravity flow deposits.
基金This work was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(91858208,41406080,42076069)China Geological Survey(DD20190581).
文摘Oil and gas resources are short in Pakistan and no commercially viable oil and gas sources have been yet discovered in its offshore areas up to now.In this study,the onshore-offshore stratigraphic correlation and seismic data interpretation were conducted to determine the oil and gas resource potential in the Offshore Indus Basin,Pakistan.Based on the comprehensive analysis of the results and previous data,it is considered that the Cretaceous may widely exist and three sets of source rocks may be developed in the Offshore Indus Basin.The presence of Miocene mudstones has been proven by drilling to be high-quality source rocks,while the Cretaceous and Paleocene–Eocene mudstones are potential source rocks.Tectonic-lithologic traps are developed in the northwestern part of the basin affected by the strike-slip faults along Murray Ridge.Furthermore,the Cretaceous and Paleocene–Eocene source rocks are thick and are slightly affected by volcanic activities.Therefore,it can be inferred that the northwestern part of Offshore Indus Basin enjoys good prospects of oil and gas resources.
基金supported jointly by one of the major projects of Basic and Applied Basic Research in Guangdong Province“Key Basic Theory Research for Natural Gas Hydrate Trial Production in Shenhu Pilot Test Area”(2020B0301030003)the project from Southern Marine Science&Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Guangzhou City“Research on New Closed Circulation Drilling Technology without Riser”(GML2019ZD0501)the special project for hydrate from China Geological Survey“Trial Production Implementation for Natural Gas Hydrate in Shenhu Pilot Test Area”(DD20190226)。
文摘To meet the requirements of marine natural gas hydrate exploitation,it is necessary to improve the penetration of completion sand control string in the large curvature borehole.In this study,large curvature test wells were selected to carry out the running test of sand control string with pre-packed screen.Meanwhile,the running simulation was performed by using the Landmark software.The results show that the sand control packer and screen can be run smoothly in the wellbore with a dogleg angle of more than 20°/30 m and keep the structure stable.Additionally,the comprehensive friction coefficient is 0.4,under which and the simulation shows that the sand control string for hydrate exploitation can be run smoothly.These findings have important guiding significance for running the completion sand control string in natural gas hydrate exploitation.
基金We gratefully acknowledge the support from the China Petrochemical Corporation funding(Sinopec Group,No.117022)on this work.
文摘Diesel engine technology innovation causes excessive soot accumulated in engine oil.Due to its detrimental effect on lubricant and diesel engine,improving the dispersibility of engine oil to restrain soot aggregation efficiently is the key technique for formulations.In this study,the aggregation of soot and interaction between dispersant and soot were investigated by molecular dynamic simulation.It was found that the molecular interaction between the dispersant and the soot aggregation system had a significant influence on disrupting the soot aggregation.Bis-PIBSI was more beneficial to having more interaction sites with soot molecules,while the mono-PIBSI with a high proportion of polar groups had stronger interaction with soot molecules.According to the simulation result,suggestions for use of additives were proposed.Carbon black dispersancy test was exploited to verify the dispersion effect of different dispersants on carbon black.The results indicate that mono-PIBSI and bis-PIBSI added at suitable mixture ratio to lubricant could perform good dispersion ability.
文摘Durability has always been the primary function of an engine oil.This continues to be the case,but fuel economy improvement has risen in importance as a feature of a lubricant.This is most easily achieved by lower viscosity lubricants,which could endanger the durability of the engine if not properly formulated.Additionally,fuel economy from the lubricant is also considered over the course of a drain interval and the cost optimal point of servicing the oil explored,independent of other durability concerns.Durability is even more critical when the operating severities of the Chinese market are taken into account.Data are presented which demonstrate the differences in severity and the implications this will have on the lubricant,demonstrating the need for high quality lubricants that will protect Chinese vehicles in operation and,in addition,achieve some level of fuel economy improvement.
基金Jointly funded by a major research plan of National Natural Science Foundation of China(51991365)titled“Multi-Field Spatial-Temporal Evolution Laws of Phase Transition and Seepage of Natural Gas Hydrate in Reservoirs”and a geological survey project initiated by China Geological Survey(DD20190226)titled“Implementation of Natural Gas Hydrate Production Test in Pilot Test Area in Shenhu Area”.
文摘Shenhu Area is located in the Baiyun Sag of Pearl River Mouth Basin,which is on the northern continental slope of the South China Sea.Gas hydrates in this area have been intensively investigated,achieving a wide coverage of the three-dimensional seismic survey,a large number of boreholes,and detailed data of the seismic survey,logging,and core analysis.In the beginning of 2020,China has successfully conducted the second offshore production test of gas hydrates in this area.In this paper,studies were made on the structure of the hydrate system for the production test,based on detailed logging data and core analysis of this area.As to the results of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)logging and sonic logging of Well GMGS6-SH02 drilled during the GMGS6 Expedition,the hydrate system on which the production well located can be divided into three layers:(1)207.8–253.4 mbsf,45.6 m thick,gas hydrate layer,with gas hydrate saturation of 0–54.5%(31%av.);(2)253.4–278 mbsf,24.6 m thick,mixing layer consisting of gas hydrates,free gas,and water,with gas hydrate saturation of 0–22%(10%av.)and free gas saturation of 0–32%(13%av.);(3)278–297 mbsf,19 m thick,with free gas saturation of less than 7%.Moreover,the pore water freshening identified in the sediment cores,taken from the depth below the theoretically calculated base of methane hydrate stability zone,indicates the occurrence of gas hydrate.All these data reveal that gas hydrates,free gas,and water coexist in the mixing layer from different aspects.