Comparisons of Structured Surface Floors for Pool Boiling Enhancement at Low Heat Fluxes: Hands-On Learning Setup for Heat Transfer Classroom

Various enhanced surfaces have been proposed over the years to improve boiling heat transfer. This paper introduces an experimental setup designed for boiling demonstration in the graduate-level Heat Transfer course. The pool boiling performance of water under atmospheric pressure of 1.025 bar is investigated by using several structured surfaces at heat fluxes of 28 and 35 kW/m2. Surfaces with holes, rectangular grooves, and mushroom fins are manufactured by an NC-controlled vertical milling machine. The heat flux versus excess temperature graph is plotted by using thermocouple measurements of water and base temperatures of the boiling vessel. The separation, rise, and growth of individual vapor bubbles from the surface during boiling were recorded with a digital camera. The results for the plain surface are compared to the Rohsenow correlation. The enhancement of heat transfer coefficient (h) ranged between 15% - 44.5% for all structured surfaces. The highest heat transfer coefficient enhancement is observed between 41% - 56.5% for holed surface-3 (405 holes) compared to the plain surface. The excess temperature dropped around 29% - 34% for holed surface-3 (405 holes) compared to the plain surface. The heat transfer coefficient increases as the spacing between channels or holes decreases. While the bubbles on holed and mushroomed surfaces were spherical, the bubbles on the flat and grooved surfaces were observed as formless. The suggested economical test design could be appropriate to keep students focused and participating in the classroom.

Method of Verification for Manufacturing in Sub-Wavelength Design

We describe a post resolution-enhancement-technique verification method for use in manufacturing data flow. The goal of the method is to verify whether designs function as intended,or more precisely, whether the printed images are consistent with the design intent. The process modeling is described for the model-based verifi cation method. The performance of the method is demonstrated by experiment.

Pore-scale study of the effects of DTPA chelating agent flooding on oil recovery utilizing a clay-coated micromodel

The use of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid(DTPA)chelating agent has shown promising results for enhanced oil recovery(EOR)in prior research.Several mechanisms,mainly resulting from rock-fluid interaction,have been proposed for chelating agent flooding;however,little attention has been paid to fluid-fluid interaction thus far.The assessment of these mechanisms has primarily relied on macroscopic techniques such as core flooding.This paper aims to investigate the injection of DTPA brine and its dominant mechanisms at the pore scale using a clay-coated micromodel.The micromodel tests were performed under oil-wet and water-wet states.For a more precise examination of fluid/fluid interactions,the dynamic interfacial tension(IFT)and Zeta potential were measured.It was observed that the injection of DTPA brine in water-wet state changed the saturation distribution and increased oil recovery.Based on visual inspections,this change in saturation distribution could potentially be linked to the formation of micro-dispersions and viscoelastic interfacial phenomena.Micro-dispersions facilitate flow to unswept areas,and viscoelastic interface formation reshapes the interface between oil and brine,causing disconnected oil droplets to coalesce and thus increase recovery.Under the oil-wet state,the micro-dispersion formation and wettability alteration can be the dominant mechanisms,and the amount of recovered oil was higher than that observed in the water-wet state.Furthermore,Zeta potential measurements at the interface between brine and oil showed a more negative value for DTPA brine,which is effective in wettability alteration and micro-dispersions stability.The results indicate that IFT reduction was not significant enough to be considered the dominant mechanism,although it assists in DTPA brine penetration into the crude oil and subsequent micro-dispersion formation.

A technique for enhancing the thermal stability of hydrogen-loaded fiber Bragg grating

Heat treatment with the presence of hydrogen (H2) that react with GeE' centers (Ge≡) at high temperature will weaken the refractive index modulation of grating fabricated in hydrogen-loaded normal germanosilicate fiber. Pre-annealing treatment of the above fiber was demonstrated to be able to enhance the grating's thermal stability effectively. 0.37-nm blue-shift of the reflected Bragg wavelength was observed.