Harnessing Internet finance with innovative cyber credit management

In the last two decades,Internet technologies,such as cloud computing,mobile communications,social media,and big data analytics,have brought tremendous changes to our society and reshaped the business in various industries.Specifically,the mushrooming innovations in the financial area fertilized by information and communication technologies indicates the advent of the Internet finance era.Applying the exploratory research approach,we investigate major innovative Internet-based financial services and classify them into five categories,as of e-commerce,e-payment,e-money market,online loan services,and digital currencies.Then we propose a market structure of Internet finance extended from the traditional financial market.We claim that credit management is the key issue in the marketplace of Internet finance,characterized by big data analytics,in which cyber credit appears as whole-process,multi-dimensional,and holographic.We further suggest that cyber credit be represented in the form of vector to overcome the limits of traditional single-value measure in cyber credit management.Based on this framework,we raise main research issues in Internet finance from the perspectives of theory,technology,and governance.

The Effect of the 2007/2008 Financial Crisis on Enterprise Risk Management Disclosure of Top US Banks

We document the effect of the 2007/2008 financial crisis on the volume and the quality of enterprise risk management （ERM） disclosure in the annual reports of the largest US banks, and analyze its determinants. Using a content analysis approach of the annual reports form 10-K for the years 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009, we find that the ERM disclosure is significantly and positively associated with the crisis, bank size, board independence, duality and significantly and negatively associated with profitability, leverage, and board size. This paper seeks to fill a gap in the literature by investigating the effect of the crisis on ERM disclosure in the US banking sector context, and gives an insight into the factors affecting risk disclosure practices during the financial crisis.

Prioritizing real estate enterprises based on credit risk assessment:an integrated multi‑criteria group decision support framework

Credit risk assessment involves conducting a fair review and evaluation of an assessed subject’s solvency and creditworthiness.In the context of real estate enterprises,credit risk assessment provides a basis for banks and other financial institutions to choose suitable investment objects.Additionally,it encourages real estate enterprises to abide by market norms and provide reliable information for the standardized management of the real estate industry.However,Chinese real estate companies are hesitant to disclose their actual operating data due to privacy concerns,making subjective evalu-ation approaches inevitable,occupying important roles in accomplishing Chinese real estate enterprise credit risk assessment tasks.To improve the normative and reliability of credit risk assessment for Chinese real estate enterprises,this study proposes an integrated multi-criteria group decision-making approach.First,a credit risk assessment index for Chinese real estate enterprises is established.Then,the proposed framework combines proportional hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets and preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation II methods.This approach is suitable for processing large amounts of data with high uncertainty,which is often the case in credit risk assessment tasks of Chinese real estate enterprises involving massive subjec-tive evaluation information.Finally,the proposed model is validated through a case study accompanied by sensitivity and comparative analyses to verify its rationality and feasibility.This study contributes to the research on credit assessment for Chinese real estate enterprises and provides a revised paradigm for real estate enterprise credit risk assessment.

Credit risk constraint mechanisms in rural financial reform

To research the operating mechanisms of rural financial reform, through setting up a contract model, the constraint roles of reputation and legal intervention on the default risk arising in the operating of the credit union funds are inspected. Analysis indicates that the increase in reputation cost can reduce the probability of union member default behavior and the probability of turning to the law for the credit union funds. Meanwhile, the amount of loans and the interest rates can increase the probability of turning to the law for the credit union funds. Below the marginal values, the penalty mechanisms can reduce the balancing probabilities of member default behavior and turning to the law for the credit union funds, namely, the penalty has some "substitution effect" for turning to the law for the credit union funds.

Impact of risk management strategies on the credit risk faced by commercial banks of Balochistan

This study aims to identify risk management strategies undertaken by the commercial banks of Balochistan,Pakistan,to mitigate or eliminate credit risk.The findings of the study are significant as commercial banks will understand the effectiveness of various risk management strategies and may apply them for minimizing credit risk.This explanatory study analyses the opinions of the employees of selected commercial banks about which strategies are useful for mitigating credit risk.Quantitative data was collected from 250 employees of commercial banks to perform multiple regression analyses,which were used for the analysis.The results identified four areas of impact on credit risk management(CRM):corporate governance exerts the greatest impact,followed by diversification,which plays a significant role,hedging and,finally,the bank’s Capital Adequacy Ratio.This study highlights these four risk management strategies,which are critical for commercial banks to resolve their credit risk.

Fuzzy-Neuro Model for Intelligent Credit Risk Management

This paper presents hybrid fuzzy logic and neural network algorithm to solve credit risk management problem. Credit risk is the risk of loss due to a debtor’s non-payment of a loan or other line of credit. A method of evaluating the credit worthiness of a customer is complex and non-linear due to the diverse combinations of risk involve. To address this problem a credit scoring method is proposed in this paper using hybrid fuzzy logic-neural network (HFNN) model. The model will be implemented, tested, and validated for individual auto loans using real life bank data. The neural network is used as the learner and the fuzzy logic is used as the implementer. The neural network will fine tune the fuzzy sets, remove redundant input variables, and extract fuzzy rules. The extracted fuzzy rules are evaluated to retain the best k number of rules that will give final and intelligent decisions. The experiment results show that the perform-ance of the proposed HFNN model is very accurate, robust, and reliable. Comparison of these results to other previous published works is also presented in this paper.

Risks in Credit Financial Analyze

This article aims to study the indicators used in the financial analysis for credit and explain them. Also it checks the impact of each indicator in credit analysis and what happens if the pointer is changed deliberately to get the loan, giving some possible ways to do it and analyzing them. It proposes a new model to evaluate the indicators and the assignment of weights in formula evaluation of each indicator, so the risks of granting credit will be smaller as well as the evaluation of the financial terms of a company will be more balanced and optimal. The scope is to equilibrate the weights of each indicator in the fmancial credit analyze not by rescoring its value but by assigning shares in the evaluation formula. Doing this, it can be considered as a double checking using the same parameters and it lowers the risks in the money recovering. As it is debated in the article anyone can do fxaud to obtain a loan by altering the documents they provide through which some can do it good and even get uncaught. The scope is not to find what they did; it is to get protected even if they do it.

The Relationship Between Credit Risk Management and Profitability Among the Commercial Banks in Kenya

Banks operate in an environment of considerable risks and uncertainty. Credit risk has always been a vicinity of concern not only to bankers but to all in the business world because the risks of a trading partner not fulfilling his obligations in full on due date can seriously jeopardize the affairs of the other partner. Credit risk management in banks has become more important not only because of the series of financial crisis that the world has experienced in the recent past, but also the introduction of Basel II Accord. The objective of the study was to establish the relationship between credit risk management and profitability in commercial banks in Kenya, Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in order to fulfill the main purpose of the study. A regression model was used to do the empirical analysis. The results obtained from the regression model show that there is an effect of credit risk management on profitability at a reasonable level. The findings and analysis reveal that credit risk management has an effect on profitability in all the commercial banks analyzed.

Credit Risk （Based on Analysis of Financial Statements） as the Decisive Factor Influencing the Risk of Investors

Banks as the key subjects in the financing of investment have a strong influence on the risk of investors. Hence, the solvency of the bank is of crucial importance for the risk management in the investment process. Given the fact of underdevelopment of financial markets and the lack of trading activities in securities, it is evident that the investments of banks in the developing countries mostly include lending investments. Looking at the key categories of risk that influence the overall risk of the banking business in such conditions, it can be concluded that credit risk presents the dominant and decisive factor. The aim of the paper is to select the bank determinant key factors of credit risk and to determine the extent to which non-performing loans （NPL） of bank credits affect the solvency of banks, and therefore also the risk of investors. This selection of the main determinants will be based on the analysis of financial statements. This is essential, especially taking into account the impact of the global financial crisis and the increasingly frequent falling into insolvency customers. Finally, liquidity of customers is that of the bank, and it is crucial for investors to timely identify possible risks associated with bank loans in order to proactively manage risk investment.

The Fifth China International Credit and Risk Management Conference

The 5th China International Credit and Risk Man- agement Conference was held on September 24- 26 in Xiamen,Fuiian province.More than 600 enterprises,mainly from the fields of import and export trade,manufacturing and finance,sent their repre-

The impact of credit risk transfer on financial stability

The development of credit risk transfer market disperse the credit risk of banks, at the same time, also give a threat to the whole financial system with instability. This paper from the influence factors of financial stability, explores how credit risk affecting the stability of financial system. Research found that the rating risk of credit risk transfer can cause default contagion in the financial markets.

Management Mode of Rural Credit Cooperatives

Cooperative financing, with existing problems involving legal person man-agement and property supervision is highly demanded by farmers in China. It is fea-sible to explore a shareholding system to resolve the management mode issue of rural credit cooperatives in order to introduce investments, formulate the right struc-ture for rational stock and to establish effective monitoring mechanism for property right. Hence, information issuing would be reinforced and a rural credit cooperative would be established to be a modern financial enterprise with transparent property rights.

Consideration of the Application and Risk Prevention of VAT Tax Rebate Policy for Construction Enterprises at the End of the Period

The“Announcement on Deepening the Value-Added Tax Reform”clearly outlines the preferential policy regarding incremental retention tax rebates.With the advancement of value-added tax(VAT)reform and the improvement of VAT legislation in China,VAT tax planning for construction enterprises,particularly related to retained tax credits,has become routine.This paper,focusing on the characteristics of construction enterprises,analyzes VAT retained tax credits at the end of the period,the status of tax refunds,practical issues,and related processes,and offers suggestions for policy application and risk prevention.

Identification of the Credit Guarantee Network of Steel Trade Enterprises in China

The risk points in the credit guarantee network of steel trade enterprises were identified by using the network analysis method in this paper. Firstly, the formation and operation mechanism of steel trade credit guarantee network was analyzed.Secondly,a guarantee network was established to analyze the related network structure indexes based on the mutual guarantee data of 83 enterprises in a steel trade market. These indexes included centrality,honest broker,and structural hole. The results suggest that network analysis method can be used to find out the risk points of the guarantee network. Additionally,some recommendations are brought forth to reduce or prevent future crises.

The Impact of Credit Ratings on Financial Performance (ROA) and Value Creation (Tobin’s Q)

This study employs a bibliometric and systematic approach to examine the impact of credit ratings as a measure of financial performance for companies listed in the S&P 500 index.The study identified a knowledge gap as only two researches were found,one suggesting and another using credit ratings to measure financial performance.Most researches use leverage,profitability,liquidity,and Share Return measures to explain financial performance.The empirical analysis uses the data of 2,398 observations of 240 companies rated by S&P Global Ratings for the period 2009-2013,applying a Generalized Method of Moments(GMM)methodology to estimate the models due to its ability to address potential endogeneity issues.The study considers Return on Assets(ROA)and Tobin’s Q as dependent variables.It incorporates credit ratings(CRWLTA)along with variables such as Total Debt to Total Assets(TDTA),Total Shareholder Return(TSR),EBITDA Interest coverage(EBITDAICOV),Quick Ratio(QR),Altman’s Z-Score(AZS),as well as macroeconomic factors like Gross Domestic Product(GDP)growth,inflation(Consumer Price Index-CPI),and the Federal Reserve Interest Rate(FDRI)as independent variables.The study argues that credit ratings,which incorporate historical data and confidential information about companies’strategies,provide reliable forward-looking creditworthiness assessments to the market.It is supported by specialized rating agencies that employ their methodologies.However,the findings suggested that CRWLTA,had a negative relationship with Q Tobin,although it was not statistically significant,and a negative relationship with ROA that was on the verge of significance.

Risk Control Strategies for Loan of Commercial Banks to Small Agricultural Enterprises

In recent years,the deepening of reform has provided larger development space for small agricultural enterprises. Besides,with flexible operation mechanism and sensitive market perception,small agricultural enterprises have also enriched the reform achievements,improved the market structure and promoted economic development. Therefore,attaching great importance to small agricultural enterprises and supporting their healthy development have become the key tasks of each country. However,at the current stage,small agricultural enterprises in China are facing tremendous survival pressure. Because their capital is limited,the capital turnover is difficult. In this situation,financing has become an important means for small agricultural enterprises to revitalize the capital chain,expand the scale,and ensure normal operation.Compared with large and medium sized enterprises,small agricultural enterprises are small in size,imperfect in operation system,and weak in the ability of coping with market risks. Thus,commercial banks take on more risks when lending to small agricultural enterprises. To cater to state policies,commercial banks have to lend to small agricultural enterprises. In this process,it is particularly important for commercial banks to control risks. Taking some commercial banks in Xiangyang City of Hubei Province as an example,this paper analyzed the loan contracts provided by commercial banks for small agricultural enterprises and the investigation of financial status and credit status of loans before and after lending. It is found that commercial banks seldom check the financial statements when checking the operation status of small agricultural enterprises. They just check electricity fees,water fees,and wages,which are real-time and provided by the authority to accurately grasp the operation conditions. It has also been found that commercial banks will ensure that enterprises can possess the capital flow to reduce loan risks through requiring enterprises to set up fund withdraw accounts,and taking accounts receivable of enterprises as pledges.

Analysis of the Problems and Countermeasures of China’s Green Credit

At present, China’s green credit market is the most important channel for green financing and has a great influence on the development of China’s green finance. Based on the collection and arrangement of the related data and information, the paper points out the main problems which is existing in China’s green credit by figures and examples from aspects of detail standards of policies, the matching level between deposits and loans and the management ability of avoiding environmental risk. Furthermore, the paper puts forward corresponding countermeasures of the problems.

Risk Premiums and Financial Stability

The collective revelation of credit institutions as regards the imminence of specific risks materialising, which often follows long periods of underestimating probable losses, can trigger a broad-based financial deleveraging via an overly high upsurge in banks＇ risk premiums vis-a-vis the dynamics of fundamentals underlying loan repayment capability. In this context, this paper seeks to investigate the banking sector＇s internal mechanisms that might bring about a negative spiral of credit risk by building a model for the interaction between the increase of the risk premium and that of net interest income and provisioning rate. Statistical results confirm that a higher risk premium is one of the major determinants of credit default in Romania and its excessive widening could affect financial stability in Romania.

Trade Credit in the Crisis： Selling or Financing？

The work investigates the use of trade credit in Italy for reasons of a financial nature. The analysis considers Italian small and medium-sized enterprises （SMEs） and investigates, over the years of 2009-2011： the existence of functional relationships between the incidence of trade receivables and payables and corporate profitability; the existence of interdependencies between trade credit policy and trade debt policy; and the coexistence of interchangeable and complementary conditions between trade debts and bank loans and other sources of funding. To verify the research hypotheses, linear regression models on a yearly basis are used and these models are put under observation over the years of 2009-2011. We can conclude that there are interdependencies between trade credit policy and trade debt policy and that trade credit is a source of flexible way of financing, also available in periods of crisis, which has a positive effect on the profitability of SMEs and can be utilized as a complementary and substitute source of financing to bank loans.

绿色信贷贴息政策与企业环境信息披露质量——基于自愿性与强制性披露动机下的机制分析

披露高质量的环境信息不仅是企业环境管理制度的制订基础,也是推动生态环境治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要举措。本文基于2008~2023年上市公司样本,使用渐进双重差分法,实证检验了绿色信贷贴息政策对企业环境信息披露质量的激励效应及其作用机制。研究发现:(1)财政与金融相协调的绿色信贷贴息政策能显著改善企业环境信息披露质量;(2)核心机制在于自愿性披露机制和强制性披露机制,前者主要是通过降低债务融资成本和增加高管绿色认知得以实现,后者表现为通过政府监管水平提升引致的合规效应强制企业提高环境信息披露质量;(3)政策在非国有企业、劳动密集型企业和市场化程度高的地区存在更强的激励效应。本文结论为其他激励性绿色金融政策的制定与完善提供理论依据与决策参考。