Evolutionary analysis of green credit and automobile enterprises under the mechanism of dynamic reward and punishment based on government regulation

To explore the green development of automobile enterprises and promote the achievement of the“dual carbon”target,based on the bounded rationality assumptions,this study constructed a tripartite evolutionary game model of gov-ernment,commercial banks,and automobile enterprises;introduced a dynamic reward and punishment mechanism;and analyzed the development process of the three parties’strategic behavior under the static and dynamic reward and punish-ment mechanism.Vensim PLE was used for numerical simulation analysis.Our results indicate that the system could not reach a stable state under the static reward and punishment mechanism.A dynamic reward and punishment mechanism can effectively improve the system stability and better fit real situations.Under the dynamic reward and punishment mechan-ism,an increase in the initial probabilities of the three parties can promote the system stability,and the government can im-plement effective supervision by adjusting the upper limit of the reward and punishment intensity.Finally,the implementa-tion of green credit by commercial banks plays a significant role in promoting the green development of automobile enter-prises.

Prioritizing real estate enterprises based on credit risk assessment:an integrated multi‑criteria group decision support framework

Credit risk assessment involves conducting a fair review and evaluation of an assessed subject’s solvency and creditworthiness.In the context of real estate enterprises,credit risk assessment provides a basis for banks and other financial institutions to choose suitable investment objects.Additionally,it encourages real estate enterprises to abide by market norms and provide reliable information for the standardized management of the real estate industry.However,Chinese real estate companies are hesitant to disclose their actual operating data due to privacy concerns,making subjective evalu-ation approaches inevitable,occupying important roles in accomplishing Chinese real estate enterprise credit risk assessment tasks.To improve the normative and reliability of credit risk assessment for Chinese real estate enterprises,this study proposes an integrated multi-criteria group decision-making approach.First,a credit risk assessment index for Chinese real estate enterprises is established.Then,the proposed framework combines proportional hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets and preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation II methods.This approach is suitable for processing large amounts of data with high uncertainty,which is often the case in credit risk assessment tasks of Chinese real estate enterprises involving massive subjec-tive evaluation information.Finally,the proposed model is validated through a case study accompanied by sensitivity and comparative analyses to verify its rationality and feasibility.This study contributes to the research on credit assessment for Chinese real estate enterprises and provides a revised paradigm for real estate enterprise credit risk assessment.

Consideration of the Application and Risk Prevention of VAT Tax Rebate Policy for Construction Enterprises at the End of the Period

The“Announcement on Deepening the Value-Added Tax Reform”clearly outlines the preferential policy regarding incremental retention tax rebates.With the advancement of value-added tax(VAT)reform and the improvement of VAT legislation in China,VAT tax planning for construction enterprises,particularly related to retained tax credits,has become routine.This paper,focusing on the characteristics of construction enterprises,analyzes VAT retained tax credits at the end of the period,the status of tax refunds,practical issues,and related processes,and offers suggestions for policy application and risk prevention.

Empirical Research on the Credit Demand and Credit Behavior of Small and Micro Enterprises

This article uses discriminant sampling method to select 1062 small and micro enterprises from 25 provinces in China. Researches were conducted on their credit demand and credit behavior, with the Probit model to carry out metrologic tests on influential factors of these enterprises' credit demand and credit behavior.The metrologic analysis shows: Literacy level of leader, asset size, annual revenue of the enterprises have significantly positive effects on the credit demand of these small and micro enterprises. Annual revenue has significantly negative influence on overall credit behavior and the occurrence of informal financial behavior, but significantly positive influence on the occurrence of formal financial behavior. Literacy level of staff and asset size of enterprises have significantly positive influence on the occurrence of the overall credit behavior of small and micro enterprises.

RankXGB-Based Enterprise Credit Scoring by Electricity Consumption in Edge Computing Environment

With the rapid development of the internet of things(IoT),electricity consumption data can be captured and recorded in the IoT cloud center.This provides a credible data source for enterprise credit scoring,which is one of the most vital elements during the financial decision-making process.Accordingly,this paper proposes to use deep learning to train an enterprise credit scoring model by inputting the electricity consumption data.Instead of predicting the credit rating,our method can generate an absolute credit score by a novel deep ranking model–ranking extreme gradient boosting net(rankXGB).To boost the performance,the rankXGB model combines several weak ranking models into a strong model.Due to the high computational cost and the vast amounts of data,we design an edge computing framework to reduce the latency of enterprise credit evaluation.Specially,we design a two-stage deep learning task architecture,including a cloud-based weak credit ranking and an edge-based credit score calculation.In the first stage,we send the electricity consumption data of the evaluated enterprise to the computing cloud server,where multiple weak-ranking networks are executed in parallel to produce multiple weak-ranking results.In the second stage,the edge device fuses multiple ranking results generated in the cloud server to produce a more reliable ranking result,which is used to calculate an absolute credit score by score normalization.The experiments demonstrate that our method can achieve accurate enterprise credit evaluation quickly.

Credit Rationing in Medium-small Enterprises Credit Market under Asymmetric Information

Credit rationing has been an objective phenomenon in medium-small enterprises credit market of China. By analyzing the present situation of medium-small enterprises credit market of China, this study gives a new credit rationing model fitting medium-small enterprises credit market of China well. It has been showed in the empirical study that different factor has each different influence on medium-small enterprises credit market; further more, only the change of chastisement factor can make the medium-small enterprises credit market achieve whole success, but other factors can merely get integrant success even though under the most ideal condition.

Identification of the Credit Guarantee Network of Steel Trade Enterprises in China

The risk points in the credit guarantee network of steel trade enterprises were identified by using the network analysis method in this paper. Firstly, the formation and operation mechanism of steel trade credit guarantee network was analyzed.Secondly,a guarantee network was established to analyze the related network structure indexes based on the mutual guarantee data of 83 enterprises in a steel trade market. These indexes included centrality,honest broker,and structural hole. The results suggest that network analysis method can be used to find out the risk points of the guarantee network. Additionally,some recommendations are brought forth to reduce or prevent future crises.

Research on the Impact of Social Credit Improvement on the Debt Financing of Agricultural Enterprises

This study takes China’s A-shares agricultural companies as the research subjects and examines the influence of social credit environment on the debt financing of agricultural enterprises.This study has found that the improvement of social credit environment can significantly increase the debt financing scale of agricultural enterprises.After a placebo test,the replacement of explained variables,and the control of industry fixed effects,the results obtained are still significant.The mechanism test found that the scale of the enterprise has a complete intermediary effect;that is,the social credit environment can increase the scale of external financing of agricultural enterprises by increasing the scale of the enterprise.This article focuses on the impact of informal institutions on corporate debt financing,which is conducive to enriching relevant research on agricultural enterprises and has important practical significance for promoting the development of the agricultural industrial chain as well as“village revitalization.”

The Council Carries out Credit Evaluation Work for Chinese Textile and Apparel Enterprises

On March 15th,in Beijing,the day of World Consumer Right,the China National Textile and Apparel Council (CNTAC) released the announcement

Empirical Study on the Influencing Factors of Rural Households' Credit and Loan Demand——Investigation Based on Jianhu County, Jiangsu Province

By using the relevant data from 273 valid questionnaires of rural households in Jianhu County, Jiangsu Province, this study emphasizes on the factors of rural households' credit and loan demand by Probit model. The results show that the factors that influencing the credit demand of rural households include the features of the rural households, the economic activities of rural households and so on. Among the factors, the operation expenditure of rural households, the education degree of the household head and the understanding degree of the rural credit policies have great impact on the rural households' credit and loan demand. In the end, the suggestions on the basis of the research are put forward: developing diversified economy; improving rural households' income; increasing the reserve of rural labor resources and enhancing farmers' quality; strengthening the promotion of rural credit cooperative and perfecting the service quality of rural credit cooperative.

Risk Control Strategies for Loan of Commercial Banks to Small Agricultural Enterprises

In recent years,the deepening of reform has provided larger development space for small agricultural enterprises. Besides,with flexible operation mechanism and sensitive market perception,small agricultural enterprises have also enriched the reform achievements,improved the market structure and promoted economic development. Therefore,attaching great importance to small agricultural enterprises and supporting their healthy development have become the key tasks of each country. However,at the current stage,small agricultural enterprises in China are facing tremendous survival pressure. Because their capital is limited,the capital turnover is difficult. In this situation,financing has become an important means for small agricultural enterprises to revitalize the capital chain,expand the scale,and ensure normal operation.Compared with large and medium sized enterprises,small agricultural enterprises are small in size,imperfect in operation system,and weak in the ability of coping with market risks. Thus,commercial banks take on more risks when lending to small agricultural enterprises. To cater to state policies,commercial banks have to lend to small agricultural enterprises. In this process,it is particularly important for commercial banks to control risks. Taking some commercial banks in Xiangyang City of Hubei Province as an example,this paper analyzed the loan contracts provided by commercial banks for small agricultural enterprises and the investigation of financial status and credit status of loans before and after lending. It is found that commercial banks seldom check the financial statements when checking the operation status of small agricultural enterprises. They just check electricity fees,water fees,and wages,which are real-time and provided by the authority to accurately grasp the operation conditions. It has also been found that commercial banks will ensure that enterprises can possess the capital flow to reduce loan risks through requiring enterprises to set up fund withdraw accounts,and taking accounts receivable of enterprises as pledges.

An Inventory Model for Perishable Items with Time Varying Stock Dependent Demand and Trade Credit under Inflation

In the classical inventory models, it is assumed that the retailer pays to the supplier as soon as he received the items and in such cases the supplier offers a cash discount or credit period (permis-sible delay) to the retailer. In this paper we presented an inventory model for perishable items with time varying stock dependent demand under inflation. It is assumed that the supplier offers a credit period to the retailer and the length of credit period is dependent on the order quantity. The purpose of our study is to minimize the present value of retailer’s total cost. Numerical examples are also given to demonstrate the presented mode.

LIRR Awarded AAA-Level Credit Standing Enterprise

Requested by Ministry of Commerce of China and SASAC （State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council）, the credit evaluation of refractories enterprises was carried out by The Association of China Refractories Industry based on the principle of open, justice, and impartiality. Thirty one enterprises were awarded AAA-level credit including Sinosteel Luoyang Institute of Refractories Research Co., Ltd. （LIRR）.

我国社会信用体系建设面临的主要挑战及对策建议

党的十八大以来,国家高度重视社会信用体系建设,在一些基础领域和关键环节取得了重要进展,总体社会信用状况得到明显改善。然而,社会信用体系建设是一项长期且极为复杂的系统工程,目前仍面临着理论研究和法治建设滞后,社会信用体系建设的目标定位和功能边界不够清晰,商务征信体系不健全、企业账款拖欠严重,以及其他发展不平衡不充分等问题。建议在系统总结前期经验教训的基础上,加强理论研究,厘清认识和实践误区,进一步明确社会信用体系建设的目标定位和功能边界,加快推进信用立法,健全商务信用体系,破解企业账款拖欠难题,大力发展信用经济,并做好面向公众的宣传引导工作。

企业资源配置战略与债券信用评级

企业战略作为企业全局性、长期性资源配置的重要规划,对企业经营活动具有重要影响,也必然会影响企业的融资行为。本文从企业战略视角出发,以2008—2020年中国A股上市公司为研究对象,运用固定效应模型探究了企业资源配置战略对债券信用评级的影响。研究发现:相对于经营主导型企业,投资主导型企业的债券信用评级更低,并且该结论在处理内生性问题和进行一系列稳健性检验后依然成立。异质性分析发现,企业资源配置战略对债券信用评级的影响在非国有企业和分析师跟踪人数多的企业中更明显。中介效应检验结果表明,企业资源配置战略通过作用于企业违约风险而影响债券信用评级。本文的研究结论对发债企业、信用评级机构和债券市场投资者具有重要启示意义。

社会信用与企业韧性——基于社会信用体系改革试点的准自然实验

在当前全球经济环境不稳定的背景下,如何增强企业韧性是所有企业都要面临的重要问题。文章基于2007—2021年我国A股上市公司的平衡面板数据,测度了企业韧性水平,并以城市社会信用体系改革试点作为一项准自然实验,运用多时点DID模型实证检验了社会信用对企业韧性的影响。结果表明:社会信用提升能够显著增强企业韧性;社会信用主要通过提高城市人力资本水平、降低企业交易成本和提升企业劳动生产率三个机制来增强企业韧性。异质性分析发现:社会信用对企业韧性的增强作用在内部治理水平较低企业、非国有企业、市场化程度较低地区中的效果更大。文章为研究企业韧性的影响因素提供了新的视角,对如何增强企业韧性、实现企业高质量发展具有一定的启示。

绿色信贷政策促进企业绿色技术创新了吗?

我国现代化建设进入了生态文明发展新阶段,企业绿色技术创新是“减污降碳协同增效”的关键动力,绿色信贷政策是否以及在多大程度上促进了企业绿色技术创新需要进行量化衡量,旨为绿色信贷政策更有效地促进企业绿色技术创新。在分析绿色信贷政策对企业绿色技术创新作用机理、归纳近些年绿色信贷政策与企业绿色技术创新的典型事实后,基于2007~2019年间A股上市工业企业样本数据,以受政策支持的绿色企业为实验组,未受支持的非绿色企业为控制组,利用PSM-DID模型开展准自然实验,得出绿色信贷政策对企业绿色技术创新具有显著的正向促进作用;并通过中介效应模型检验了促进作用是通过信贷规模与融资成本两种渠道缓解了企业融资约束;且通过异质性分析分别细化了政策因企业区位、企业所有权、企业规模的促进作用程度差异;最后,基于研究结论提出相应的对策建议。

Domestic Market Demand and Core Competitiveness of Local Enterprises: Promotion or Inhibition?

Under the background of China's accelerating high-quality development,whether expanding domestic demand can promote the improvement of the core competitiveness of local enterprises is still lacking support of theoretical and empirical evidence.Using micro-data at the level of Chinese industrial enterprises,this paper empirically examines the impact mechanism and effect of domestic market demand on the enhancement of local enterprises'core competitiveness.The research shows the following three findings.First,domestic market demand will help local enterprises to increase investment in R&D and design and brand marketing,so as to promote value-added activities to shift from tangible activities in production to intangible activities before and after production,thereby improving their own core competitiveness.Second,further deconstructing market competition factors from the perspective of ownership shows that,driven by domestic market demand,non-state-owned enterprises can enhance their core competitiveness better than state-owned enterprises.Third,China's regional industrial distribution and development have the typical echelon characteristics,which leads to the geographical heterogeneity of the promotion effect of domestic market demand on the local enterprises to enhance their core competitiveness,showing a ladder-type declining trend from the east to the middle and then to the west.These findings provide a useful decision-making reference for better implementation of the strategy of expanding domestic demand under the background of accelerating the construction of a new developmentpattern.

绿色信贷政策与污染型僵尸企业治理:淘汰与转型的双重效应

以2007年绿色信贷政策出台为事件构造了准自然实验,基于中国工业企业数据库,采用双重差分法考察了绿色信贷政策对污染型僵尸企业的淘汰效应与转型效应及其影响机制。实证结果发现,政策显著增加了污染型僵尸企业的退出概率,且对于存续的污染型僵尸企业生产率提升具有显著的促进作用。绿色信贷政策淘汰效应的作用机制,来自融资可得性降低和融资成本增加导致的银行信贷资源配置合理化的影响;绿色信贷政策转型效应的作用机制,来自政策强化外部监督引致的代理成本下降。异质性分析发现,绿色信贷政策的淘汰效应和转型效应在环境规制强度较高、市场化水平较高的地区以及劳动力密集较低行业更显著,且淘汰效应在非国有企业更显著,转型效应在国有企业更显著。将绿色信贷政策与解决僵尸企业难题的有效结合,加快转变经济发展方式,对如何缓解信贷资源错配,加快推进僵尸企业治理提出相应的政策建议。