光学玻璃磨削亚表面损伤预测模型及DOE实验设计

为了掌握光学玻璃材料杯型砂轮研磨与表面粗糙度(SR)和亚表面损伤(SSD)机理,本文建立BK7光学玻璃杯型砂轮研磨表面粗糙度的预测模型,通过改变磨削参数来研究对表面粗糙度的影响。设计DOE试验,研究影响SR与SSD的显著性特征因子,并分析了各因子的交互作用。实验结果表明预测模型的可靠性,得到表面粗糙度的预测模型数据与实验数据的平均误差为5.47%。采用角抛光法,通过电子显微镜观测表面裂纹,并测量裂纹的深度。最后,基于Li的模型,建立基于磨削工艺参数的亚表面损伤的新预测模型。实验结果表明:实验和预测模型结果具有很好的一致性,模型数据与实验数据的平均误差为6.19%,并且新预测模型结果要优于Li的模型。

基于DOE考虑结构参数不确定性的砌体结构地震易损性分析

砌体结构参数具有离散性高且其受到地震作用后响应结果非线性强等特点,所以在砌体地震易损性研究中结构参数不确定性对结果产生的影响不容忽视。针对汶川地震中具有代表性的砌体结构,提出基于DOE(试验设计)方法考虑在砌体结构地震易损性研究中结构参数不确定性的影响。首先,使用Plackett-Burman方法开展结构参数的灵敏度分析,筛选出对砌体结构地震响应影响较大的3个结构参数;然后,根据筛选结果及地震参数PGA进行试验设计,进而建立结构参数与最大层间位移角的响应面回归模型;最后,通过进行蒙特卡罗模拟获得地震易损性曲线,并进一步评估结构参数不确定性对砌体地震易损性分析的影响程度。研究结果表明,弹性模量、密度和抗拉强度是对砌体结构易损性影响较大的3个参数;当地震动PGA为0.1 g时,相较于其他结构参数,弹性模量对结构地震响应的影响最显著;当PGA为0.2 g时,3个结构参数的影响由大到小依次为弹性模量、密度和抗拉强度,当PGA为0.4 g时,3个结构参数的影响由大到小依次为弹性模量、抗拉强度与密度。本文所提出的方法计算量少、精度高,可为有效解决砌体结构参数种类众多和材料非线性强等难题提供新思路。

Linear OPF-based Robust Dynamic Operating Envelopes with Uncertainties in Unbalanced Distribution Networks

Dynamic operating envelopes(DOEs),as key enablers to facilitate distributed energy resource(DER)integration,have attracted increasing attention in the past years.However,uncertainties,which may come from load forecasting errors or inaccurate network parameters,have been rarely discussed in DOE calculation,leading to compromised quality of the hosting capacity allocation strategy.This letter studies how to calculate DOEs that are immune to such uncertainties based on a linearised unbalanced three-phase optimal power flow(UTOPF)model.With uncertain parameters constrained by norm balls,formulations for calculating robust DOEs(RDOEs)are presented along with discussions on their tractability.Two cases,including a 2-bus illustrative network and a representative Australian network,are tested to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach.

Trial application of the envelope method to the potential ambiguity problem

The optical potential ambiguity is a long-standing problem in the analysis of elastic scattering data.For a specific collid-ing system,ambiguous potential families can lead to different behaviors in the nearside and farside scattering components.By contrast,the envelope method can decompose the experimental data into two components with negative and positive deflection angles,respectively.Hence,a question arises as to whether the comparison between the calculated nearside(or farside)component and the derived positive-deflection-angle(or negative-deflection-angle)component can help analyze the potential ambiguity problem.In this study,we conducted a trial application of the envelope method to the potential ambiguity problem.The envelope method was improved by including uncertainties in the experimental data.The colliding systems of 16O+28Si at 215.2 MeV and 12C+12C at 1016 MeV were considered in the analyses.For each colliding system,the angular distribution experimental data were described nearly equally well by two potential sets,one of which is“surface transpar-ent”and the other is refractive.The calculated angular distributions were decomposed into nearside and farside scattering components.Using the improved envelope method,the experimental data were decomposed into the positive-deflection-angle and negative-deflection-angle components,which were then compared with the calculated nearside and farside components.The capability of the envelope method to analyze the potential ambiguities was also discussed.

利用DOE实验设计方法模拟聚苯硫醚热氧处理的研究

文章研究了聚苯硫醚热氧处理的模拟预测,利用MSA方法对熔体质量流动速率(MFR)的测试系统进行评估,并使用DOE实验设计方法模拟了聚苯硫醚热氧交联工艺。结果表明,对MFR不超过1000 g/10 min的样品,可以使用现有MFR测试系统得到可靠数据;根据JMP软件模拟可以得到PPS热氧交联过程的模型和交联产物MFR的计算公式。交联MFR随热空气温度升高而降低,但热空气温度接近或超过PPS树脂初熔点时,PPS树脂容易部分熔融、黏附在设备内壁或结块,影响交联反应;通过单因子验证实验,确定了模型的使用范围是热空气温度200~240℃、热处理时间大于20 h,模型偏差为-6.0%~6.2%。利用JMP软件指导PPS树脂的交联品生产,并进行DOE扩充设计,进一步建立实际生产用热氧处理模型,用于技术指导。

An envelope-based machine learning workflow for locating earthquakes in the southern Sichuan Basin

The development of machine learning technology enables more robust real-time earthquake monitoring through automated implementations. However, the application of machine learning to earthquake location problems faces challenges in regions with limited available training data. To address the issues of sparse event distribution and inaccurate ground truth in historical seismic datasets, we expand the training dataset by using a large number of synthetic envelopes that closely resemble real data and build an earthquake location model named ENVloc. We propose an envelope-based machine learning workflow for simultaneously determining earthquake location and origin time. The method eliminates the need for phase picking and avoids the accumulation of location errors resulting from inaccurate picking results. In practical application, ENVloc is applied to several data intercepted at different starting points. We take the starting point of the time window corresponding to the highest prediction probability value as the origin time and save the predicted result as the earthquake location. We apply ENVloc to observed data acquired in the southern Sichuan Basin, China, between September 2018 and March 2019. The results show that the average difference with the catalog in latitude, longitude, depth, and origin time is 0.02°,0.02°, 2 km, and 1.25 s, respectively. These suggest that our envelope-based method provides an efficient and robust way to locate earthquakes without phase picking, and can be used in earthquake monitoring in near-real time.

A New Dynamic and Vertical Photovoltaic Integrated Building Envelope for High-Rise Glaze-Facade Buildings

Substantially glazed facades are extensively used in contemporary high-rise buildings to achieve attractive architectural aesthetics.Inherent conflicts exist among architectural aesthetics,building energy consumption,and solar energy harvesting for glazed facades.In this study,we addressed these conflicts by introducing a new dynamic and vertical photovoltaic integrated building envelope(dvPVBE)that offers extraordinary flexibility with weather-responsive slat angles and blind positions,superior architectural aesthetics,and notable energy-saving potential.Three hierarchical control strategies were proposed for different scenarios of the dvPVBE:power generation priority(PGP),natural daylight priority(NDP),and energy-saving priority(ESP).Moreover,the PGP and ESP strategies were further analyzed in the simulation of a dvPVBE.An office room integrated with a dvPVBE was modeled using EnergyPlus.The influence of the dvPVBE in improving the building energy efficiency and corresponding optimal slat angles was investigated under the PGP and ESP control strategies.The results indicate that the application of dvPVBEs in Beijing can provide up to 131%of the annual energy demand of office rooms and significantly increase the annual net energy output by at least 226%compared with static photovoltaic(PV)blinds.The concept of this novel dvPVBE offers a viable approach by which the thermal load,daylight penetration,and energy generation can be effectively regulated.

基于DOE方法的6061-T6铝合金焊接工艺参数优化研究

车体焊接是确保轨道交通车辆安全性与可靠性的关键环节,而焊接工艺参数的选择与控制则是决定焊接质量的重要因素。传统的焊接工艺参数获取方法依赖于大量的试验,导致试验周期长、成本高昂。为了高效、低成本地研究最佳焊接工艺参数,文章基于IGM公司的六轴自动化焊接机械手设备,以6061-T6铝合金为母材,采用DOE(试验设计)中的部分因子试验设计方法进行参数优化。通过合理的试验设计与结果分析,确定最佳焊接工艺参数组合为:送丝速度5.4 m/min,弧长修正3%,焊接速度53 cm/min,干伸长18 mm,脉冲频率2.5 Hz,有效降低了研究成本,缩短了试验周期。

Hepatitis B surface antigen-negative but hepatitis B envelope antigen-positive false occult hepatitis B virus infection:A case report

BACKGROUND Occult hepatitis B infection(OBI)is characterized by the detection of hepatitis B virus(HBV)DNA in serum(usually HBV DNA<200 IU/mL)or the liver but negativity for hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg).The diagnosis of OBI relies on the sensitivity of assays used in the detection of HBV DNA and HBsAg.HBsAg assays with inadequate sensitivity or inability to detect HBV S variants may lead to misdiagnosis of OBI in people with overt HBV infection.CASE SUMMARY We report a HBsAg-negative but hepatitis B envelope antigen-positive patient who had a significant HBV DNA level.The patient was initially diagnosed as having OBI.However,sequence analysis revealed a unique insertion of amino acid residues at positions 120-124 in the S protein,which affects the formation of a disulfide bond that is associated with the formation of a loop.It is well known that there is an overlap between the S protein and Pol protein.We found that this new insertion site occurred in polymerase/reverse transcriptase domain,indi-cating that this insertion might be involved in HBV pathogenicity.The patient was finally diagnosed with a false OBI.CONCLUSION An insertion of amino acid residues at positions 120-124 of the S protein affects the formation of immunodominant epitopes and results in negative HBsAg levels.

基于DoE实验设计的硝酸铈溶液雾化特性研究

为满足喷雾热分解法制备氧化铈颗粒需求,使用两相流空气辅助雾化喷嘴,对不同浓度的硝酸铈溶液雾化特性进行了实验研究,并使用响应曲面法对硝酸铈溶液喷雾的雾化颗粒度SMD实验数据进行了定量分析,得到了雾化颗粒度SMD与溶液物理性质及雾化环境参数之间的定量关系。本实验中溶液质量浓度为0.334~0.462、溶液体积流量为0.05 m^(3)/h和0.12 m^(3)/h、雾化空气压力为0.2~0.5 MPa。根据对获得的定量关系式分析可知,对硝酸铈溶液雾化颗粒度SMD影响最显著的因素是溶液浓度,其次是雾化空气压力,溶液体积流量对雾化颗粒度SMD的影响较小;雾化颗粒度均随雾化空气压力的升高而减小,雾化空气压力对粘性较小溶液的影响更加显著。

基于DOE和信噪比的手套箱外盖注塑工艺参数优化

对汽车手套箱外盖的结构进行整体分析,为满足其复杂结构的要求并解决实际生产中出现的质量缺陷,结合Moldex3D软件,优化了浇注位置,设计了传统水路冷却+隔水板冷却的混合冷却方案。以塑件翘曲变形量为质量目标,采用DOE和信噪比均值分析方法优化注塑工艺参数,最佳工艺参数组合为充填时间2.11s、塑料温度260℃、模具温度30℃、保压时间10 s、保压压力147 MPa、冷却时间15.89 s,其中,对翘曲变形量影响最大的是模具温度。优化后,缩痕指数从0.071%降低至0.041%,降低了42.25%,体积收缩率从11.351%降低至9.005%,降低了20.67%,翘曲变形量从4.446 mm降低至1.521 mm,降低了65.79%,表面质量更加均匀,保压效果更佳,优化效果明显。经过注塑工艺参数优化和实际试生产检验后,产品性能稳定,满足注塑生产要求。

基于DOE方法的装载机械工装液压夹具优化设计

装载机械工装需要特定标准化的加工制造设备,针对其生产过程中的定位和夹紧需求,设计一种采用液压驱动的多向功能的夹具装备,通过对装载机械工装液压夹具的结构力学分析,采用DOE设计方法构建斜置铰杆增力机构式液压夹具,构建了装载机械工装液压夹具性能试验环境,通过设置不同的试验工况参数对液压夹具进行测试验证,实验结果表明,DOE设计方法所设计的装载机械工装液压夹具具有较强的稳定性和可靠性。

基于CFD流体模型的摆线机油泵田口DOE设计分析

机油泵作为润滑系统的关键部件,不仅对发动机正常工作有重要影响,也是整机辐射噪声中的典型噪声源。本文使用Pumplinx对某款摆线转子机油建立了CFD模型,并对仿真模型进行了试验校核,确保该流体模型能准确反映机油泵实际工作能力。对机油泵有无卸载槽、间隙组合、含气量、机油粘度和转速等因素进行混合田口DOE设计,制定了18种方案组合,根据流体仿真结果考察分析了各因素水平对高压腔的气体体积分数、出口压力、出口流量和机油泵端面压差的主效应贡献,发现卸载槽设计可降低高压腔压力波动幅值和端面压差,从而可实现降低压力波动引起的机油泵噪声;机油泵的端隙和外转子一腔体间隙存在最优值组合,推荐端隙不大于5丝、外转子一腔体径向间隙不大于10丝,为机油泵的功能设计提供有力的理论指导。其中机油参数(包括含气量、机油黏度等)和工作转速对机油泵的性能有明显影响,分析结果对机油泵的运行边界控制具有一定指导意义。

基于DOE的加工汽车碳纤维材料的新型钻头设计与优化

针对加工汽车碳纤维材料的钻头寿命短、加工质量差的问题,设计了一种新型钻头。通过DOE(design of experiment)试验方法,给出了钻头齿数、前角和后角等3个参数的全因子试验方案。利用MINITAB软件对试验数据进行回归分析,并利用响应优化获得最优设计参数。结果表明:齿数和后角对钻孔个数及钻头寿命影响不显著,前角对钻头寿命有显著影响,后角与前角的交互作用对钻头寿命也有显著影响。齿数、前角和后角对第一孔钻孔时间及钻孔速度有显著影响,齿数与后角的交互作用以及前角与后角的交互作用对钻孔速度有显著影响。通过试验测试验证优化后的最佳设计参数是有效合理的。

Pepper mild mottle virus coat protein interacts with pepper chloroplast outer envelope membrane protein OMP24 to inhibit antiviral immunity in plants

Pepper mild mottle virus(PMMoV)is a devastating viral pathogen of pepper(Capsicum annuum)but it is unclear whether and how peppers protect against PMMoV infection.The expression of the chloroplast outer membrane protein 24(OMP24)of C.annuum was upregulated under PMMoV infection and it interacted with PMMoV coat protein(CP).Silencing of OMP24 in either C.annuum or Nicotiana benthamiana facilitated PMMoV infection,whereas overexpression of N.benthamiana OMP24 in transgenic plants inhibited PMMoV infection.Both C.annuum OMP24(CaOMP24)and N.benthamiana OMP24(NbOMP24)localized to the chloroplast and have a moderately hydrophobic transmembrane domain that is necessary for their localization.Overexpression of CaOMP24 induced stromules,perinuclear chloroplast clustering,and accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS),the typical defense responses of chloroplasts transferring the retrograde signaling to the nucleus to regulate resistance genes.The expression of PR1 and PR2 was also upregulated significantly in plants overexpressing OMP24.Self-interaction of OMP24 was demonstrated and was required for OMP24-mediated plant defense.Interaction with PMMoV CP interfered with the self-interaction of OMP24 and impaired OMP24-induced stromules,perinuclear chloroplast clustering and ROS accumulation.The results demonstrate the defense function of OMP24 in pepper during viral infection and suggest a possible mechanism by which PMMoV CP modulates the plant defense to facilitate viral infection.

Density-dependent carrier-envelope phase shift in attosecond pulse generation from relativistically oscillating mirrors

The carrier-envelope phase(CEP)φ_(0)is one of the key parameters in the generation of isolated attosecond pulses.In particular,“cosine”pulses(φ_(0)=0)are best suited for generation of single attosecond pulses in atomic media.Such“cosine”pulses have the peak of the most intense cycle aligned with the peak of the pulse envelope,and therefore have the highest contrast between the peak intensity and the neighboring cycles.In this paper,the dynamics of single attosecond pulse generation from a relativistically oscillating plasma mirror is investigated.We use an elementary analytical model as well as particle-in-cell simulations to study few-cycle attosecond pulses.We find that the phase of the field driving the surface oscillations depends on the plasma density and preplasma scale length.This leads us to a counterintuitive conclusion:for the case of normal incidence and a sharp plasma-vacuum boundary,the CEP required for the generation of a single attosecond pulse phase is closer toφ_(0)=π/2(a“sine”pulse),with the exact value depending on the plasma parameters.

基于DOE的铁氧体隔离器衰减片点锡焊接工艺优化

铁氧体隔离器作为一种大量应用于5G通讯基站的通讯元器件,其可靠性关系到基站整机运行的持续性与稳定性,而隔离器的衰减片存在的焊接空洞问题可能导致隔离器在再流焊过程中发生失效,严重时导致基站电路板烧毁,因此管控及降低衰减片焊接空洞率十分重要。首先对铁氧体隔离器的衰减片焊接空洞产生的机理进行分析,并通过实验设计(Design of Experiment,DOE)对点锡过程中可能导致焊接空洞问题的因素进行了析因分析及点锡工艺的优化。实验结果表明,通过控制点锡轨迹及点锡速度,能显著减少焊接空洞,并明显提升该焊接过程的制程能力,大幅提升了分布参数隔离器的可靠度,降低了隔离器经历再流焊后失效的风险。

基于DOE的锆合金包壳管冷轧质量分析及改善

为了提高锆合金包壳管的冷轧质量,通过统计过程控制技术和工序能力分析研究了锆合金包壳管冷轧后的壁厚偏差问题,并基于试验设计(design of experiment, DOE)技术对皮格尔冷轧工艺进行了优化。包壳管冷轧质量分析和工艺优化试验的结果表明,轧制前管材的壁厚偏差和送进量对轧制后的管材壁厚偏差有显著影响;当轧制前管材壁厚偏差<0.3 mm、壁厚变形量为65%、送进量为1.0 mm/次时,轧制后的管材壁厚偏差最小;通过轧制工艺优化后,反映壁厚偏差离散性的极差平均值由0.036减小到0.018,极差波动也明显减小,轧制质量显著提高;当轧制管材壁厚变形量一定时,对轧制前壁厚偏差较大的管材,采用小送进量轧制,可减小轧制后管材的壁厚偏差,达到提高锆合金包壳管材质量的目的。

基于DOE的电池包底部球击的仿真分析研究

基于电池包底部球击工况的仿真,以预浸料模压成型(PCM)底板替代钢底板,以实现电池包底板的减重。通过RADIOSS软件建立电池包底部球击仿真模型,分析球击完成后底板为钢板和PCM板时,应力应变分布和模组变形情况。钢板方案下,模组变形量为2.03 mm,PCM方案下,模组变形量为2.62 mm,PCM板方案较差,不满足要求,进行试验设计(DOE),对PCM板材料参数进行因子筛选,得到最优方案。选取部分底板进行试验,并与模拟结果进行对比分析,验证复材仿真建模的准确性。将优化后的PCM底板代入整包模型再次仿真,模组变形量为2.27 mm,结果满足模组变形量小于2.5 mm的要求。通过研究,PCM底板可以替代钢板,在满足要求的前提下,质量减轻40%。此研究可以为电池包的底板设计和轻量化提供指导。

基于DOE的后排座椅鞭打优化

2021版C-NCAP中新增后排座椅的动态鞭打要求。后排座椅骨架不同于前排座椅,无法完全借鉴前排的开发经验,考虑到影响鞭打的因素众多,文章基于DOE试验方法,研究了头后间隙、头枕高度、头枕杆直径、头枕杆厚度、头枕EPP和靠背MTM等6个影响因子与鞭打得分各指标的函数关系,并给出了最优解:当头后间隙缩小至25 mm,头枕高度增高至低于头部10 mm,头枕杆直径增大至16 mm,头枕杆厚度增加至1.4 mm,增加头枕EPP,移动儿童座椅上固定点至坐垫上使得靠背MTM增大至60 mm时,鞭打得分由0.21分提升至1.48分。采用最优解方案的座椅实物鞭打得分为1.56分,与DOE最优解的得分水平相当,满足得分目标。