Raising medium function of environmental engineering by using life rubbish to produce carpet turf

Abundant material with low cost was utilized to raise medium function of producing carpet turf by life rubbish. The results showed that the material used could strikingly raise water retentiveness and ventilating of medium. Through the determination of the effect of each growth index of several turfgrass, emergence density, plant height, root growth and individual plant′s net primary production were all positively related to the material′s amount mixed, showing that the mixture of material could promote turfgrass growth, further proving that the material used raised medium function of producing carpet turf by life rubbish and made most use of life rubbish resources. It provided a scientific base is for application of environmental engineering by using life rubbish to produce carpet turf. So the study had both important theoretic meaning and applied value.

Planktonic protist communities in semi-enclosed mariculture waters: temporal dynamics of functional groups and their responses to environmental conditions

The functional groups of planktonic protist communities and their responses to the changes of environmental conditions were investigated in a semi-enclosed shrimp-farming pond in Qingdao,Shandong Province,China,during a six-month study period （a complete shrimp-culture cycle） from May to October 2002.The results reveal that： （1） the protist communities represented five trophic and functional groups of the species identified,about 60% were photoautotrophs,20% algivores,12% bacterivores,5% raptors and about 3% non-selectives;（2） the photoautotrophs,algivores and bacterivores were the primary contributors to the changes in the protist communities in short temporal scales,the succession of dominance typically being bacterivores→photoautotrophs→algivores,with the raptors dominating the protist communities in a single sample （early June）;（3） the photoautotrophs and non-selectives were the primary contributors to the peak of protist abundance in early October whereas the photoautotrophs,bacterivores,raptors and non-selectives mainly gave rise to two bimodal peaks of biomass in July and October respectively;（4） five functional groups of protist communities represented significant correlations with water nutrients （i.e.,NH 3-N,NO 3-N,and PO 4 ）,either alone or in combination with temperature,of which algivores and raptors were strongly correlated with phosphate and the concentration of Chl a,while bacterivores were strongly related to nitrogen and the concentration of bacteria.These findings confirm that planktonic protists are potentially useful bioindicators of water quality in the semi-enclosed mariculture system.

Systematic analysis of corporate environmental responsibility:elements,structure,function,and principles

Corporate Environmental Responsibility(CER) is the subsystem of Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR),which continues to increase prominence in the global economy.Nowadays,CER becomes more important in corporate sustainable development.Based on Carroll's pyramid mode of CSR,this article explores the systematic feature of CER.From a systematic perspective,it sorts out its elements,structure,function,and principles of CER.And the four levels of economic,legal,ethical,and charitable structure are emphasized.With these considerations interpreted into practice,success will be achieved in potential cost savings,technological innovation,increased public acceptance,and better relations with governments.

Preparation and Characterization of Environmental Functional Poly(Styrene-<i>Co</i>-2-[(Diethylamino)Methyl]- 4-Formyl-6-Methoxy-Phenyl Acrylate) Copolymers for Amino Acid Post Polymerization

Vanillin was used as renewable resource for preparing new monomer in two stops. The monomer has tertiary amine group which facilitates the pH change and functional aldehyde group that encourages the formation of Schiff base. It was abbreviated by DEAMVA and evaluated using chemical analysis e.g. 1H NMR, 13C NMR and FT IR all data were in logic case. Copolymerization of Styrene with 5 and 15 mol% of DEAMVA has been done by free radical polymerization and AIBN as initiator. The copolymers have been chemically and physically characterized e.g. 1H NMR, FT IR, GPC, and DSC. Post polymerization of poly (styrene-Co-DEAMVA) with 15 mol% (III b) was prepared for immobilization of tryptophan and investigated by the same methods used lately. Moreover, the sensitivity of the posted copolymer to pH has also studied by UV-vis. Spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the morphological feature of polymer surface after immobilization of tryptophan.

景边型传统村落公共空间功能复合特征探讨

受风景名胜区影响,大量的游客涌入景边型传统村落,公共空间使用者变得多样化,但受土地资源约束,公共空间规模无法大幅增长,景边型传统村落公共空间的功能与土地之间矛盾突出,导致村落公共空间无法满足现在村落公共空间的使用,功能复合为其提供一条可行的途径。结合工程案例,介绍了公共空间的功能复合,在同一公共空间提供多种功能,能有效地满足多元人群的使用需求。梳理了点、线、面公共空间特征,以指明未来公共空间功能设计的方向。

Vegetation Restoration Technique System and Its Ecological Functions of the Degraded Ecosystem in the Arid-Hot Valleys——Taking the Example of Typical Mode in Small Watershed of Yuanmou

This paper concluded the vegetation restoration technique system in the arid-hot valleys and studied the anti-erosion function, environmental function and biological diversity effects of vegetation restoration on the ecosystem in the arid-hot valleys. The results showed that the soil erodibility decreased significantly after the vegetation restoration. The climate environment of the small watershed had a great improvement after the vegetation restoration, of which the temperature decreased, the humidity increased, the harsh environment of dry and hot in this region changed. The studies of the ecosystem biodiversity were mainly on the analysis of the relations between biodiversity and ecological function of the artificial ecological forest pattern and the natural enclosed treatment mode on the severely of degraded land. It could conclude that the natural enclosed treatment mode is helpful to the biodiversity of the ecosystem and the improvement and stability of the ecosystem, and Leucaena artificial forest restoration pattern reduced the species diversity but optimized the ecological function. Therefore, as to the severely and extremely severely degraded ecosystem in the arid-hot valleys, Leucaena pattern of gully control and natural enclosed treatment mode are the relatively optimal choices.

Functional diversity of Cercidiphyllum japonicum, communities in the Shennongjia Reserve, central China

Functional diversity is significant to ecological processes of plant communities. We analyzed the variation of functional diversity of endangered species, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, communities along an elevational gradient in the Shennongjia Reserve, central China. Sixty plots of 10 9 20 m from 1,350 to 2,050 m were set up and species composition, traits and environmental variables were measured and recorded. These data were analyzed using five functional diversity indices, functional attribute diversity, modified functional attribute diversity, plot based functional diversity, community based functional diversity and Rao＇s functional diversity indices（Rao＇s index）,Functional diversities of C. japonicum communities were rich and varied greatly. Functional diversity declined nonlinearly with increasing elevation. Functional diversity was significantly correlated with species richness and heterogeneity. Elevation was a key environmental variable influencing functional diversity and species diversity. The five functional diversity indices were all effective for measuring functional diversity of communities. Functional diversity can be used as an indicator of conservation efficiency of endangered species such as C. japonicum.

Environmental rehabilitation of damaged land

Background:Much land is subject to damage by construction,development and exploitation with consequent loss of environmental function and services.How might the loss be recovered?Results:This article develops principles of environmental rehabilitation.Key issues include the following.Rehabilitation means restoring the previous condition.Whether or not to restore is not a technical but a value judgement.It is subject to adopting the sustainability ethic.If the ethic is followed under rule of law then rehabilitation must be done always to’the high standard’which means handing down unimpaired environmental function and no extra land management.The elements of the former condition that it is intended to restore must be specified.Restoring these in any given case is the purpose of that rehabilitation project.The specified restoration elements must be easily measurable with a few simple powerful metrics.Some land damage is not fixable so restraint must be exercised in what construction,development and exploitation are permitted.If sustainability is adopted then cost benefit analysis is not a valid form of project appraisal because trading off present benefits against future losses relies on subjectively decided discount rates,and because natural capital is hard to price,indispensable,irreplaceable and non-substitutable.Elements often to be restored include agricultural land capability,landscape form and environmental function.Land capability is a widely used convention and,with landscape form,encapsulate many key land factors,and are easily measurable.Restoring soil and thereby environmental function provides the necessary base for an ecological pyramid.Conclusions:The need for rehabilitation is not to be justified by cost-benefit or scientific and technological proof,but rests on a value judgement to sustain natural capital for present and future generations.Decision on what activities and projects to permit should be based on what is physically and financially fixable on current knowledge.Business and government must be proactive,develop rehabilitation standards,work out how to meet the standards,design simple powerful metrics to measure performance against the standards,embark on continuous improvement,and report.

Frame Work of Data Envelopment Analysis—A Model to Evaluate the Environmental Efficiency of China'S Industrial Sectors

Objective To evaluate the environmental and technical efficiencies of China＇s industrial sectors and provide appropriate advice for policy makers in the context of rapid economic growth and concurrent serious environmental damages caused by industrial pollutants. Methods A data of envelopment analysis （DEA） framework crediting both reduction of pollution outputs and expansion of good outputs was designed as a model to compute environmental efficiency of China＇s regional industrial systems. Results As shown by the geometric mean of environmental efficiency, if other inputs were made constant and good outputs were not to be improved, the air pollution outputs would have the potential to be decreased by about 60% in the whole China. Conclusion Both environmental and technical efficiencies have the potential to be greatly improved in China, which may provide some advice for policy-makers.

Study on Ecological Function and Protection of Wetland

The ecological function of wetland is introduced from the angles of natural conservation reservoir, flood irrigation, coastal land protection and erosion management. The threats and degradation of wetland are analyzed. In the end, protection of ecological system of wetland is proposed.

Oestrogen-androgen crosstalk in the pathophysiology oferectile dysfunction

<abstract>Ageing in man is associated with a decline in testosterone following changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary testicular axis. This may offset the physiologic equilibrium between oestrogen and androgen and at some point when the ratio of free testosterone to oestradiol reaches a critical level, the oestrogenic gonadotropin suppressive effect predominates with decreased release of FSH and LH. Adding to this endocrinal complexity is the continued peripheral conversion to oestradiol through aromatisation. Although the androgen deficiency is not the sole cause for impotence in the elderly, there is a gradual decrease in nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) and spontaneous morning erections with ageing. Despite the age related increase in oestrogen levels, the information on the pathophysiological role of the 'female hormone' in erectile dysfunction has been scanty. Together with our identification of oestrogen receptors within the penile cavernosum, we have delineated dysfunctional changes on male erection mediated by oestradiol. These findings parallel the recent concerns over environmental oestrogens on fertility declines in young men. Oestrogenic activity is also present in plants and thereby in human diet. These phytoestrogens are structurally and functionally similar to oestradiol and more potent than the environmental oestrogenic chemicals such as organochlorine and phenolic compounds. Thus in the light of growing concerns of possible compromising effects on sexuality by endogenous and environmental oestrogens, we are faced with the scientific need to delineate their role on the mechanism of male erectile pathway in health and disease for clinical correlates and prognostics.

The emergence of global environmental awareness

An effective plan for global ecosystem management must be developed in the next 10 or 20 years. Awareness of the need has recently emerged, but still no integrated resource management system is universally accepted. A fragmented management approach has not been effective. Any successful course of action must be based on three assumptions: (1) that science can determine how ecosystems function, (2) once this is known, the social/political system will be able to protect ecosystems to the extent needed for the survival of human society, and (3) reality will take precedence over political expediency because Mother Nature cannot be fooled. This discussion focuses on the transition from awareness to taking effective action.

The Space Dissimilation of Stakeholders' Environment Cognitive and Behavior Preference Response in the Area from Returning Fazing Land to Grasslands

The cognition and attitudes of resources environment affect environmental behavior of behavior subject,the changes of attitude and behavior become one of the key factors of influencing harmonious and healthy development of ecological environment. With PRA survey method for obtaining questionnaire data and based on behavior geography and social psychology theory,farming-pastoral,dry grassland,desert grassland, typical project village alpine grassland of returning fazing land to grasslands as an example,with main body cognitive perspective of the aid of resources,the article analyzed space dissimilation of stakeholders environmental cognitive and behavior preference response in the area of returning grazing land to grasslands from ecological environment from policy environment,ecological environment and family economic environment aspects. The results showed that： stakeholders judgment of Grassland degradation in different ecological function area had obvious regularity,the cognitive proportion of Grassland degradation gradually increase from farming-pastora to alpine savanes. The satisfaction from returning grazing land to grasslands showed a changing tendency of reversed U. stakeholders had more strongly negative cognition in the area of dry steppe and desertsteppe. From farming-pastoral to alpine savanes,the economic environment tend to worse situation. Negative environmental behaviors tend to increase,Positive behavior on the contrary.

Study on the proposed environmental guidelines for Cd, Hg, Pb and As in soil of China

This paper deals with the soil-environmental standard. According to the current situation of researching on the soil-environmental quality guideline at home and abroad, and on the basis of the foundations and principles of enacting the soil-environmental standard, the soil environment quality guideline values of Hg, Cd, Pb and As were suggested.

贝叶斯优化模糊聚类地级行政区声环境

声环境功能区划是噪声污染管理的重要手段。当前声环境功能区划研究大多是基于某个特定的地级行政区来进行的,难以反映各地级行政区声环境的异同。该文基于134个地级行政区的人口、面积、各声环境功能区面积和及面积占比,进行地级行政区声环境表征和归一化处理。以轮廓系数作为聚类有效性评价指标,基于贝叶斯优化模糊聚类方法对地级行政区声环境表征进行聚类分析。通过与谱聚类、K-medoids聚类、高斯混合模型聚类的聚类性能对比,验证了该方法的有效性。结果表明,我国地级行政区声环境分为9类,城市规模和用地情况发生显著变化导致其声环境表征和归类发生变化后应重新评估当前噪声污染管理政策,并借鉴同类的地级行政区的噪声污染管理政策做出必要的调整。

大连市既有铁路专用线改造更新研究

城市既有铁路专用线的改造更新大多为片段式,其空间价值与社会意义未能得到充分发挥,将其作为整体进行系统化研究将大大提升社会、经济、环境综合效益。概述了大连市既有铁路专用线使用状态及环境品质不佳的现状,从线域用地类型及土地开发强度、既有铁路专用线与城市道路的空间关系、线域人口密度及老龄化程度3个方面揭示不同区位既有铁路专用线环境特征及其差异。基于国内外相关实践经验,总结既有铁路专用线改造更新的5种主要类型及其与环境特征的适应性。将大连市既有铁路专用线分为13个区段,从功能转型、空间重构、实施运作3个层面提出不同区段的改造更新策略,推动城市更新与城市空间品质提升。

环境行政中法律解释的功能主义趋向:以政策支持为核心

环境利益复杂性伴随的利益认知难题与环境利益关联性伴随的价值选择难题,使得环境行政的法律解释凸显功能主义趋向。功能主义趋向并不意味着规范主义不受重视,而是需要摆脱单方面的文本思维或工具思维,将实践情景中的利益指向与价值选择通过功能化转译,形成有所区别的解释尺度,并过渡到对行政行为要件的理解中。这无法局限于环境法律的内部探讨,需要在文义解释与历史解释设定合法性基础、目的解释与体系解释提供嵌入通道的基础上,依托具有强关联性的环境政策,通过信息补充与结果评价的路径合理引导法律解释过程。

The impact of environmental constraint on China's industrial productivity growth:An empirical study based on an directional environmental production model

Using input, output and pollution data of industrial enterprises in 30 Chinese provinces and municipalities from 1998 to 2005, this paper creates an environmental production frontier function model to assess China's industrial growth sources, particularly environmental control and changes in the industrial environmental structure's impact on industrial productivity. It found that (1) at its current stage, China's rapid industrial growth is accompanied by a slow increase in pollution; (2) environmental total factor productivity has become a primary driver of rapid growth with less pollution; (3) environmental control didn't cause any substantial restraint on China's industrial growth; (4) improvement in industrial environmental structure contributes an increasingly large share to economic growth with less pollution. China's industrial productivity is increasing, its growth model is being transformed, and the environment is exerting a diminishing constraint on economic growth.

植物功能性状对环境的响应及在森林经营中的应用

植物功能性状被概括为能够影响生态系统功能并且能够反映植物对环境响应的核心植物性状,是植物因为遗传特性或基于可塑性与环境耦合,形成特定的生理、形态方面的性状,更强调植物与生态系统和环境的关系,植物功能性状能够反映植物对环境变化的响应,在环境与植物间以核心植物属性发挥着中介作用。植物功能性状研究在生态学领域取得了丰硕成果,其对环境响应的规律逐渐明晰,但目前研究主要集中于生态学基础理论上,其应用研究较少且分散,缺少系统的梳理与总结。本研究对植物功能性状的发展与分类进行回顾与整理,在剖析植物功能性状定义的基础上,总结出常见的分类依据包含植物的器官或部位、功能性状获得的难易程度、植物的生存策略、性状与环境的关系、形态和生理特征5大类,并指出植物功能性状的分类系统有待补充与调整;进而结合森林经营的需要,考虑到直观性与可操作性的要求,采取器官分类的方式,对研究较为集中的功能性状进行论述,包括叶功能性状、枝干功能性状、根功能性状与繁殖性状对环境的响应;最后探讨植物功能性状在森林经营中具有为森林更新的树种选择提供依据、为森林采伐的结构调整提供指导、为森林防火与生态保护提供预警、为森林生产力提供有效预测4方面的应用,并从森林经营角度对植物功能性状的应用进行思考与展望。以期为植物功能性状对环境的响应研究以及其在森林经营中的应用提供一定的理论指导。

科尔沁沙地不同种源元宝枫功能性状变异及其环境驱动因子研究

【目的】研究不同种源地木本油料植物功能性状变异及其环境驱动因子,对其核心育种群体构建和良种选育具有重要的意义。【方法】以分布于科尔沁沙地周围的乌旦塔拉、松树山、代钦塔拉3个中国现存最大的元宝枫天然林为研究对象,测定其叶片和种子功能性状、土壤理化性质,同时结合气候数据,采用方差分析、相关性分析、RDA排序分析以及构建PLS-SEM模型等方法,研究科尔沁地区不同种源地元宝枫功能性状的变异程度以及性状与环境之间的相关性,探究元宝枫功能性状与环境因子之间的关系。【结果】(1)3地元宝枫各个功能性状的差异性明显,各性状的变异系数表现为比叶面积(SLA)>油酸含量(OA)>种子长宽比(ZC∶ZK)>碳氮比(C∶N)>神经酸含量(NA)>种子油脂含量(OC)>亚油酸含量(LOA)>叶片碳含量(LCC),种源间变异系数范围为3.81%~19.51%,种源内变异系数范围为3.60%~14.64%,种源间变异大于种源内变异;(2)3个种源地中,代钦塔拉地区油脂、亚油酸含量最高,乌旦塔拉地区的神经酸含量最高;(3)相关性结果显示,元宝枫功能性状与环境因子间存在显著的相关关系;(4)RDA分析结果显示,环境因子可以解释24.1%的元宝枫功能性状变异,土壤有机质(SOM)和气温季节性变异系数(BIO-4)为主导生态因子,气象和土壤共同决定元宝枫功能性状的变异,且气象因子起主导作用;(5)PLS-SEM模型显示,元宝枫叶片及种子性状与油脂指标之间的路径系数较小,协同作用不显著,年均温是元宝枫油脂相关指标的主要影响因子,且与其油脂相关性表现出负相关,即较低的温度有利于元宝枫种子油脂的积累。【结论】气象是驱动元宝枫功能性状变异的主导环境因子,且气温是决定元宝枫种子油脂含量的关键因子,该研究结果可为油用元宝枫定向培育提供理论基础。