A Case-control Study of Environmental Risk Factors for Nonsyndromic Cleft of the Lip and/or Palate in Xuzhou,China

In this study, we sought to determine the association between environmental factors and nonsyndromic cleft of the lip and/or palate （NSCLP） to understand the etiology of the disease. A total of 200 NSCLP cases and 327 controls were recruited at the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Xuzhou City. We conducted face-to-face interviews with the mothers of both cases and controls. The factors increasing the risk of NSCLP were a positive family history [odds ratio （OR）=56.74], pesticide exposure （OR=8.90）, and indoor decoration pollution （OR= 4.32）. On the other hand, the factors decreasing the risk of NSCLP were a high education level （OR=0.22） and supplementation of folic acid （OR=0.23） and multivitamins （OR=0.16）. Positive family history, pesticide exposure, and indoor decoration pollution are associated with the risk of NSCLP. In contrast, high education level and folic acid and multivitamin supplementation are protective factors against NSCLP.

Environmental Risk Factors for Stomach Cancer in an African Setting about 193 Cases at the CHU Point G in Bamako/Mali

CHU (University Hospital Center) Point G: The department of surgery B is a surgical department of CHU Point G. The department is par excellence a reference department for cases of visceral surgery, cancer surgery, cardiovascular surgery, plastic and endocrinology surgery. As a reminder, the CHU Point G is the largest 3rd level referral hospital in Mali. Aim: To study the environmental risk factors of stomach cancer in the B surgery department of the Point G University Hospital in Bamako. Patients and Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study with retrospective collection from January 2008 to June 2018 (126 months). Results: We have identified 380 cases of digestive cancer, including 193 cases of stomach cancer or 50.79% of digestive cancers. The mean age of the patients was 57.21 ± 13 years. Male sex represented 55% (n = 106). Eating habits were dominated by the consumption of tô with potash (cereal paste) with 64.76% (n = 185). The main methods of preserving meat and fish were curing and smoking with 57.51% (n = 111). Chronic smoking was found in 24.35% (n = 47), alcohol + tobacco consumption in 2.59% (n = 5). The low socio-economic class represented 126 cases or 65.38%. Housewives and cultivators were respectively 37.82% (n = 73) and 227.97% (n = 54). 20.20% (n = 39) had a history of epigastric pain. Epigastralgia was the most common functional sign with 84.5% of cases (n = 169). An epigastric mass was found in 72 patients or 37.3%. Adenocarcinoma represented 97.4% (n = 188). Palliative surgery concerned the majority of our patients with 64.8% of patients (n = 79). The postoperative consequences were simple in 28.57% of cases (n = 28), the postoperative morbidity and mortality were respectively 33.61% (n = 41), and 23.77% (n = 29). The overall survival rate after surgery was 10.81% at 2 years and 2.94% at 5 years. This rate was 58.83% at 2 years and 28.50% at 5 years after curative surgery. Conclusion: The risk factors for stomach cancer are many and varied. Some are particularly present in Africa. Delay in diagnosis due to a belief in traditional healers is common in our community.

Epidemiological studies of migration and environmental risk factors in the inflammatory bowel diseases

Inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD)are idiopathic chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract well known to be associated with both genetic and environmental risk factors.Permissive genotypes may manifest into clinical phenotypes under certain environmental influences and these may be best studied from migratory studies.Exploring differences between first and second generation migrants may further highlight the contribution of environmental factors towards the development of IBD.There are few opportunities that have been offered so far.We aim to review the available migration studies on IBD,evaluate the known environmental factors associated with IBD,and explore modern migration patterns to identify new opportunities and candidate migrant groups in IBD migration research.

Environmental risk factors in children with cerebral palsy in Jiamusi,China

Most current studies focus on statistics of the incidence, etiology, and rehabilitative treatment of cerebral palsy. However, very few studies focus on the environmental risk factors for this syndrome In the present study, a total of 202 children with cerebral palsy in the Jiamusi district of China were selected as the case group, and 404 children were randomly selected for the control group. The survey focused on environmental factors during pregnancy, which included indoor pollution as the most dangerous factor （odds ratio = 2.432, 95% confidence interval = 1.172-5.047; P = 0.017）, followed by use of high-radiation mobile phones, more than 5 hours of watching television per day, and cooking with a marble kitchen platform during pregnancy. Results demonstrated that environmental risk factors play a role in the development of cerebral palsy in children.

Systematized Literature Review on Spatial Analysis of Environmental Risk Factors of Malaria Transmission

Malaria is still the major parasitic disease in the world, with approximately 438,000 deaths in 2015. Environmental risk factors (ERF) have been widely studied, however, there are discrepancies in the results about their influence on malaria transmission. Recently, papers have been published about geospatial analysis of ERF of malaria to explain why malaria varies from place to place. Our primary objective was to identify the environmental variables most used in the geospatial analysis of malaria transmission. The secondary objective was to identify the geo-analytic methods and techniques, as well as geo-analytic statistics commonly related to ERF and malaria. We conducted a systematized review of articles published from January 2004 to March 2015, within Web of Science, Pubmed and LILACS databases. Initially 676 articles were found, after inclusion and exclusion criteria, 29 manuscripts were selected. Temperature, land use and land cover, surface moisture and vector breeding site were the most frequent included variables. As for geo-analytic methods, geostatistical models with Bayesian framework were the most applied. Kriging interpolations, Geographical Weighted Regression as well as Kulldorff’s spatial scan were the techniques more widely used. The main objective of many of these studies was to use these methods and techniques to create malaria risk maps. Spatial analysis performed with satellite images and georeferenced data are increasing in relevance due to the use of remote sensing and Geographic Information System. The combination of these new technologies identifies ERF more accurately, and the use of Bayesian geostatistical models allows a wide diffusion of malaria risk maps. It is known that temperature, humidity vegetation and vector breeding site play a critical role in malaria transmission;however, other environmental risk factors have also been identified. Risk maps have a tremendous potential to enhance the effectiveness of malaria-control programs.

Interaction of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T,cytochrome P4502E1 polymorphism and environment factors in esophageal cancer in Kazakh population

AIM： To evaluate the association and interaction of genetic polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase （MTHER） and cytochrome P4502E1 （CY- P4502E1）, environment risk factors with esophageal cancer （EC） in Kazakh, a high EC incidence area of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. METHODS： A 1：2 matched case-control study was conducted with 120 cases of EC and 240 populationor hospital-based controls. The controls were matched for sex, nationality, area of residence and age within a 5-year difference. MTHER and CYP4502E1 genotypes were identified by PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism （RFLP）. A conditional logistic regression model was established to identify risk factors. The strata method was adopted in interaction analysis. RESULTS： Low consumption of green vegetables and fresh fruits, alcohol drinking, and unsafe water （shallow well, or river） were found to be the risk factors for EC. Individuals with the MTHFR677 （C/T ＋ T/T） genotype had a 2.62-fold （95% CI： 1.61-4.28） risk of developing EC compared with those who carried the C/C genotype. Individuals with the CYP4502EIC1/C1 genotype had a 3.00-fold （95% CI： 1.82-4.96） risk compared with those who carried the CYP4502E1 （C1/C2 ＋ C2/C2） genotype. Gene-environment interaction analysis showed that MTHFR677 gene polymorphism was correlated with consumption of green vegetables and fresh fruit, while CYP4502E1 C1/C1 was correlated with alcohol drinking and unsafe drinking water. MTHFR and CYP4502E1 analysis of gene-gene interaction showed that individuals with the MTHFR677 （C/T ＋ T/T） and CYP4502EIC1/ C1 genotypes had a 7.41-fold （95% CI： 3.60-15.25） risk of developing EC compared with those who carried the MTHFR677C/C and CYP4502E1 RsaI C1/C2 ＋ C2/C2 genes, and the interaction rate was higher than that of the two factors alone. CONCLUSION： Low consumption of green vegetables and fresh fruits, alcohol drinking, and unsafe water （shallow well, or river） and polymorphisms in MTHFR and CYP4502E1 genes are important risk factors for EC. There is a synergistic interaction among polymorphisms in MTHFR and CYP4502E1 genes and environment factors. MTHFR and CYP4502E1 genes can be used as biomarkers for prevention of EC in Kazakh, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.

Trends and risk factors of elderly-onset Crohn’s disease: A nationwide cohort study

BACKGROUND The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is increasing in Asia.Numerous risk factors associated with IBD development have been investigated.AIM To investigate trends and environmental risk factors of Crohn’s disease(CD)diagnosed in persons aged≥40 years in South Korea.METHODS Using the National Health Insurance Service database,a total of 14060821 persons aged>40 years who underwent national health screening in 2009 were followed up until December 2017.Patients with newly diagnosed CD were enrolled and compared with non-CD cohort.CD was identified according to the International Classification of Diseases 10th revision and the rare/intractable disease registration program codes from the National Health Insurance Service database.The mean follow-up periods was 7.39 years.Age,sex,diabetes,hypertension,smoking,alcohol consumption,regular exercise,body mass index,anemia,chronic kidney disease(CKD)and dyslipidemia were adjusted for in the multivariate analysis model.RESULTS During the follow-up,1337(1.33/100000)patients developed CD.Men in the middle-aged group(40-64 years)had a higher risk than women[adjusted hazard ratio(aHR)1.46,95%confidence interval(CI):1.29-1.66];however,this difference tended to disappear as the age of onset increases.In the middle-aged group,patients with a history of smoking[(aHR 1.46,95%CI:1.19-1.79)and anemia(aHR 1.85,95%CI:1.55-2.20)]had a significantly higher CD risk.In the elderly group(age,≥65 years),ex-smoking and anemia also increased the CD risk(aHR 1.68,95%CI:1.22-2.30)and 1.84(95%CI:1.47-2.30,respectively).Especially in the middle-aged group,those with CKD had a statistically elevated CD risk(aHR 1.37,95%CI:1.05-1.79).Alcohol consumption and higher body mass index showed negative association trend with CD incidence in both of the age groups.[Middle-aged:aHR 0.77(95%CI:0.66-0.89)and aHR 0.73(95% CI:0.63-0.84),respectively][Elderly-group:aHR 0.57(95% CI:0.42-0.78)and aHR 0.84(95%CI 0.67-1.04),respectively].For regular physical activity and dyslipidemia,negative correlation between CD incidences was proved only in the middle-aged group[aHR 0.88(95%CI:0.77-0.89)and aHR 0.81(95%CI:0.68-0.96),respectively].CONCLUSION History of cigarette smoking,anemia,underweight and CKD are possible risk factors for CD in Asians aged>40 years.

Association between Prenatal Environmental Factors and Child Autism: A Case Control Study in Tianjin,China

Objective To investigate the association between autism and prenatal environmental risk factors.Methods A case-control study was conducted among 193 children with autism from the specialeducational schools and 733 typical development controls matched by age and gender by usingquestionnaire in Tianjin from 2007 to 2012. Statistical analysis included quick unbiased efficientstatistical tree （QUEST） and logistic regression in SPSS 20.0.Results There were four predictors by QUEST and the logistic regression analysis, maternal airconditioner use during pregnancy （OR=0.316, 95% CI： 0.215-0.463） was the single first-level node（χ2=50.994, P=0.000）; newborn complications （OR=4.277, 95% CI： 2.314-7.908） and paternalconsumption of freshwater fish （OR=0.383, 95% CI： 0.256-0.573） were second-layer predictors（χ2=45.248, P=0.000; χ2=24.212, P=0.000）; and maternal depression （OR=4.822, 95% CI： 3.047-7.631）was the single third-level predictor （χ2=23.835, P=0.000）. The prediction accuracy of the tree was 89.2%.Conclusion The air conditioner use during pregnancy and paternal freshwater fish diet might bebeneficial for the prevention of autism, while newborn complications and maternal depression might bethe risk factors.

A Review of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): Symptoms, Risk Factors, Treatment, and Health Related Quality of Life Issues

In this paper, we present a thorough review of one of the most life-threatening autoimmune diseases, Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). Symptoms, risk factors, including genetic and epidemiological factors are discussed. Treatment, life expectancies, and Health Related Quality of Life of patients with SLE will be discussed as well. Special attention will be given to Lupus Nephritis.

The Risk Factors and Environm ental Risk Prediction during the Production of Yellow Phosphorus

Phosphorus is an important chemical raw material of economy. There are several risk factors in the entire production process of yellow phosphorus. The health of the production staff was greatly endangered by the toxic and harmful substances. The generation of risk factors was analyzed during the yellow phosphorus production and its harm was discussed,and several toxic and harmful substances were tested for a number of phosphorus manufacturing enterprises. The environmental risks of P2O5 in phosphorus pollution sources were scientifically predicted on the first time.

井冈蜜柚主产区土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价

为探明井冈蜜柚园土壤重金属污染特征及风险状况,采集江西省吉安市4个主产区18个具有代表性的井冈蜜柚园土壤样品,测定其土壤理化性质和重金属(Cd、Pb、As、Hg和Cr)含量,采用单因子、地累积和内梅罗综合污染指数(PN)评价其污染程度,并采用潜在生态风险指数(RI)评价其生态风险。结果表明,研究区土壤肥力呈中下水平,酸化严重,碱解氮较缺乏。0—20 cm土壤Cd、Pb、As、Hg和Cr平均含量为0.23、63.81、13.95、0.10和167.28 mg·kg^(-1),为背景值的2.30、1.99、1.35、1.25和3.49倍;20—40 cm平均含量为0.26、62.40、13.51、0.10和167.87 mg·kg^(-1),为背景值的2.60、1.94、1.31、1.25和3.50倍;不同深度重金属含量差异较小。单因子污染指数和地累积指数均表明研究区土壤Cr、Pb和Cd累积程度较为严重,其中Cd有11.11%的属于重度污染。以标准值为参比,研究区土壤重金属污染程度主要呈轻度污染,属低生态危害程度;以背景值为参比,研究区土壤主要为中、重度污染,属中等、强危害程度。相关性分析表明,土壤重金属Cr与Pb、As具有较好的同源性。冗余分析表明,土壤pH和有机质含量是影响井冈蜜柚土壤重金属变化的主要环境因子。总体上,研究区土壤重金属污染较轻,但部分果园存在土壤重金属超标和Cd、Cr和Pb的累积程度较严重的问题,果农和有关部门需引起重视,采取有效措施防范其生态风险。

内蒙古高原达里诺尔湖氟化物分布特征及成因

达里诺尔湖位于内蒙古高原,是典型的原生高氟区。为揭示湖泊氟化物的分布特征及成因,采集达里诺尔湖上覆水和表层沉积物,对氟化物的空间分布及其赋存形态进行了详细调查,并探讨了达里诺尔湖氟化物的来源及环境因素对水体氟化物的影响。结果表明:达里诺尔湖水体中氟化物浓度为3.91~4.61 mg/L,平均值为4.41 mg/L,显著高于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类阈值(1.5 mg/L)。表层沉积物中氟化物浓度变化范围为252.69~940.14 mg/kg,平均值为643.07 mg/kg,高值主要分布在湖泊西南部和湖心区。从形态上看,各形态氟含量整体表现为残余态>有机结合态>水溶态>铁锰结合态>可交换态,其中水溶态氟在一定环境条件下易向水体释放,成为达里诺尔湖水体中氟化物的主要内源。稳定度风险评估表明,达里诺尔湖沉积物中氟化物整体处于中等风险水平。达里诺尔湖的高氟水是在地层岩性引起的高自然本底值下,寒旱气候、特殊水化学条件、入湖河流及内流湖蒸发浓缩特征等环境因素的共同影响所致。研究结果可为达里诺尔湖及其他高氟湖泊的生态环境安全评估提供理论支持和科学依据。

高原富营养化湖泊杞麓湖微囊藻毒素分布特征、相关因子及其健康风险分析

杞麓湖作为典型的富营养化高原湖泊,其藻华暴发引发的微囊藻毒素(microcystins,MCs)污染问题会危害水生态安全并造成人体健康风险。为了评估杞麓湖流域MCs的秋冬季节污染现状以及健康风险情况,对湖内和7条主要入湖河流入湖口的表层水进行采样检测,分析MCs主要异构体的时空分布特征,研究MCs与水质和浮游植物等环境因子的关系,并通过人体非致癌健康风险评价MCs的风险等级。结果发现,MCs浓度自秋季到冬季呈下降趋势,秋季湖内胞内MCs(IMCs)占比超过99%,冬季IMCs与胞外MCs(EMCs)浓度接近。MC-RR和MC-LR是主要的MCs异构体类型,其中MC-RR在秋季浓度占比高于MC-LR和MC-YR,而冬季MC-LR最高。MCs与微囊藻密度等生物因子呈极显著正相关关系,与TN、TP和NH_(3)-N营养盐呈显著负相关关系。杞麓湖EMCs污染的风险指数范围为0.004~0.110,处于极低或低风险,冬季风险略高于秋季,因南岸入湖EMCs污染以及湖内IMCs释放带来的风险需要进一步关注。

基于生态服务价值的中国分区域溃坝环境风险标准研究

溃坝风险标准是大坝管理者进行风险决策的基础,然而溃坝环境风险作为溃坝风险标准的重要内容之一,目前尚没有统一的标准。借鉴生态经济学中关于生态系统服务价值和当量因子法的研究思路,对环境价值进行量化;利用ALARP准则和F-N曲线将溃坝环境风险标准与现有标准进行有效衔接;考虑我国不同区域环境和经济的差异,构建风险偏好矩阵以确定各区域风险偏好情况,进而提出了我国溃坝环境风险标准,并以河南省陆浑水库为例进行了应用说明。

乌梁素海冰封期砷与环境因子响应及风险评价

以乌梁素海为研究对象,分析冰封期冰-水-沉积物多相介质中砷(As)的分布特征,利用高通量测序技术揭示其主要微生物群落,结合理化因子探究乌梁素海冰封期As与环境因子响应关系并识别影响As分布的关键环境因子,同时综合多种方法进行生态风险评价.结果表明,冰封期乌梁素海各点位沉积物中总砷(TAs)浓度均高于河套平原As背景值,平均浓度为背景值的1.7倍;冰-水-沉积物多相介质中As主要为As(Ⅴ),且TAs浓度的最大值均出现在总排干处;综合多相介质中相关性和冗余分析,冰封期乌梁素海中铁是影响As在冰-水-沉积物相迁移的关键环境因子,微生物在其中扮演重要角色,特别是Thiobacillus、norank_f_Steroidobacteraceae和Bacillus等菌属.风险评价结果表明冰封期乌梁素海表层沉积物大都处于轻度污染,但总排干处已经趋向于偏中度污染,且表层沉积物可能发生As的毒性效应风险,冰封期乌梁素海As的潜在生态风险不容忽视.

黄河流域环境风险因素的时空演变及影响因素分析

为深入推进黄河流域环境风险防治,实现黄河流域高质量发展,利用大气污染、水污染、碳排放表征黄河流域环境风险因素,采用空间核密度方法构建核函数进行密度平滑处理,分析环境风险因素空间集聚态势及演化特征;采用考虑空间依赖性的空间自回归模型剖析多维因素对环境风险因素的影响。结果表明:大气污染、水污染、碳排放主要集中在黄河流域中下游城市,环境风险防治区域明显;产业结构优化升级及企业绿色技术创新可降低环境风险因素,但节能环保支出不合理会导致环境风险因素升高;经济水平和人口密度与风险因素之间存在倒U型曲线关系。从长远发展战略看,应该以区域协同治理、减污降碳协同治理为战略主导,加强中下游城市协作,优化产业结构,加大行业技术创新投入,实现经济发展模式转型。

建设项目环境影响评价风险因素及预防策略分析

以台州市眼镜生产企业为案例,围绕建设项目环境影响评价物质风险因素、系统风险因素、污染影响因素等风险因素进行预防策略分析,具有较现实的研究价值,以期为同类型项目提供参考。

典型铅锌矿流域土壤重金属生态风险评价及环境容量预测

为探究广西典型铅锌矿区重金属的生态风险及其环境容量,以广西阳朔铅锌矿流域思的村为例,采用内梅罗综合污染指数(Nemerow multi-factor index,NIPI)和环境容量综合指数PI对研究区内土壤重金属进行污染状况评价、环境容量评价与预测,并基于ArcGIS经验贝叶斯克里金空间插值法对其生态风险评价和环境容量水平进行分区。结果表明:Cu、Zn、Cd、Hg和Pb的含量均值超过广西土壤环境背景值的3.29~10.67倍,存在不同程度的富集;Zn、Cd、Hg和Pb超标较为严重,超标率为46.43%~77.98%,对环境及人类造成的风险危害较大。内梅罗综合指数评价结果显示在不同深度层集的中度-重度污染区域占比高达70%,存在Pb、Zn和Cd多种元素复合污染;环境综合指数结果显示:PI范围为-9.84~1.24,整体环境容量水平低,主控元素是Cd、Hg和Pb。综合评价研究区土壤重金属污染状况严重,整体存在复合污染,环境容量水平低,总体上污染程度和环境容量与思的河关系密切,呈现与思的河空间距离愈远,污染程度逐渐减轻、环境容量逐渐增加的趋势。相比居民区,农业活动区的土壤环境容量基本处于超载状态,存在着较大的环境风险,重金属污染程度更高,对农作物危害更大,间接危害人体健康。基于近百年的环境容量预测结果显示环境总容量在理想状态下有逐渐好转的趋势。

建成环境中老年人跌倒风险因素的研究现状与趋势综述

跌倒作为威胁老年人健康的主要风险因素,近年来得到多学科领域研究人员的广泛关注。通过对建成环境中老年人跌倒风险因素的国内外相关研究进展进行综述,系统梳理了关注热点及研究趋势、交叉学科领域分布、跌倒风险因素分类、跌倒风险评估工具和参数选取,并对该领域未来关注点进行了展望,为今后开展相关研究提供实证基础和经验总结,促进以降低环境跌倒风险为目标的适老环境设计。

环境气象因素对脂质异常型干眼发病的风险研究

目的:探讨我国东西部地区不同环境气象因素对脂质异常型干眼发病的影响。方法:多中心回顾性研究。选取2021-03-01/2022-02-28南京中医药大学附属南京中医院及新疆伊犁哈萨克自治州友谊医院眼科门诊就诊的干眼患者,统计整理一般资料(性别、年龄、就业情况、教育程度)及就诊当日室外环境气候数据(温度、湿度、空气质量指数、风力)。筛选出符合纳排的患者,应用单因素、多因素及非线性模型分析筛选出两地区脂质异常型干眼的环境相关因素。结果:南京与伊犁两地区各自不同季节脂质异常型干眼发病情况无明显差异,两地相比,伊犁地区脂质异常型干眼发病就诊人次四季均明显多于南京地区(P<0.001)。单因素研究结果显示,影响脂质异常型干眼发病的因素有:性别、就业情况、湿度、空气质量指数、风力。多因素Logistic回归分析显示:湿度、温度、空气质量指数三种环境因素有统计学意义,在调整年龄、性别、就业情况三种混杂因素后仍然有意义。非线性分析显示温度在低于10℃时,脂质异常型干眼的发生概率随温度的降低而上升;在10℃~15℃时,脂质异常型干眼的发生概率变化趋于平稳,当温度超过15℃后,脂质异常型干眼的发生概率随温度的升高而上升。湿度与脂质异常型干眼发病呈负相关,随湿度上升,脂质异常型干眼的发生概率下降。结论:伊犁地区脂质异常型干眼的发病风险四季均高于南京地区。湿度、温度、空气质量等环境气候因素均会影响脂质异常型干眼的发病情况。