Determination of water environment standards based on water quality criteria in China:Limitations and feasibilities

There is a need to formulate water environment standards（WESs） from the current water quality criteria（WQC） in China.To this end,we briefly summarize typical mechanisms applied in several countries with longer histories of developing WESs,and three limitations to formulating WESs in China were identified.After analyzing the feasibility factors including economic development,scientific support capability and environmental policies,we realized that China is still not ready for a complete change from its current nation-wide unified WES system to a local-standard-based system.Thus,we proposed a framework for transformation from WQC to WESs in China.The framework consists of three parts,including responsibilities,processes and policies.The responsibilities include research authorization,development of guidelines,and collection of information,at both national and local levels;the processes include four steps and an impact factor system to establish water quality standards;and the policies include seven specific proposals.

Environmental Technical Standards and the Green Transition of China’s Manufacturing Industry

Distinct from the existing literature conforming to the Porter hypothesis which emphasizes the technological innovation mechanism,this paper examines the mechanism of technological transformation through which environmental technical standards influence the manufacturing industry in reducing emissions and improving efficiency(i.e.green transition).Furthermore,drawing upon enterprise samples from the databases of Chinese Industrial Enterprises and Chinese Industrial Pollution Sources from Major Monitored Enterprises,it empirically validates the results of the theoretical analysis.Overall,our research reveals that environmental technical standards can propel manufacturing enterprises to reduce pollution and increase productivity by following an incremental path of technological transformation,thereby achieving a green transition.Moreover,environmental technical standards indirectly promote green technology innovation in the upstream equipment manufacturing enterprises.Heterogeneity analysis further shows that environmental technical standards have a stronger effect of green transition on those companies with higher pollution emission intensity,lower productivity,slower capital renewal and stronger financing capacity prior to implementing the environmental policies.

On the Establishment of Environmental Standards from the Perspective of Circular Economy in China

This essay mainly presents the mutual relations between circular economy and environmental standards,and the overview of the construction of environmental standard system in China,illustrates the achievements in the pilot work of circular economy and puts forward the thinking over how to perfect China's environmental standards from the perspective of circular economy.

The State Environmental Protection Standards Planning During 11^(th) Five-Year Plan (2006-2010)

This planning is stipulated to reinforce Decision by State Council onReinforrcing Environmental Protection with Views of Scientific Development, to give impetus to theenforcement and supervision along legal, standardized and scientific lines, to strengthenwell-structured laws and regulations for environmental protection, to improve the system oftechnical laws, regulations and standards for environmental protection, scientifically establishenvironmental standards and to dovetail environmental protection standards and targets. PresentSituation and Problems Concerning State Environmental Protection Standardization System PresentSituation of State Environmental Protection Standardization System China''s environmental protectionstandardization started side by side with environmental protection. The year 1973 witnessed China''sfirst environmental protection stand ard-Trial Standard of Industrial ''Three Wastes'' Discharge.After the development of over three decades, China''s environmental protection standard system,composed of national and local scales, has begun to take shape. National environmental protectionstandards range from environmental quality standard, pollutant discharge and control standards,standard sample, industrial standard for environmental protection, to other standards.

Review and Reflection on the Development Process of Soil Environmental Quality Standards in China

In this paper,the development process of the construction of soil environmental quality standards in China is reviewed,and the construction situation of soil environmental quality standards in typical developed countries is introduced.According to characteristics of soil environment and practice of soil environment management in China,the relevant suggestions are discussed,thereby further perfecting construction work of soil environmental quality standards in China.

On Environmental Quality Standards and Finding of Liability for Environmental Pollution Torts

Though bearing technical and legal attributes,environmental quality standards are neither rules nor regulatory documents.With the binding force coming from the legal norms where they are cited,environmental quality standards are designed and implemented as a yardstick for measuring environmental quality.They also play a role in the functions of goal setting,merit appraisals,inspiration,supervision and accountability in conjunction with the legal norms and administrative plans where they are cited.Characteristically,environmental quality standards adopt sort management in concept,take holistic values and methodologies,establish phased goals and accept the resulting policy choices.These standards are not applicable to determine tort liability caused by environmental pollution from the perspective of legal norms but provide limited evidence for finding the same in the view of factual analysis by delivering scientific support to prove negative effects on the environment.Hence,environmental quality standards do contribute to finding torts,thus making the production of evidence less difficult.Also,they can be used to prove the relevance between torts and damage.

A Study on Standards System ofChinese Environmental Labeling Program

Implementing Outlines for the Chinese Environmental Labeling Program Byawarding certificates and labels to related manufacturers in accordance with certain environmentallabeling standards, environmental labeling, also called ''Green Label''or ''Eco-label'', certifies viagovernmental departments or public and private organizations that the whole process of producing,using, recalling and disposing of manufacturers'' products is in compliance with certainenvironmental requirements. Many countries are establishing and promoting environmental labelingplans. Environmental labeling, as an important promotion means for prevention and control ofpollution in a market-oriented manner, is being extended and developed constantly across the world.

Benefits of Environmental Site Assessment Standards in China

1.Preface As the fast paced Chinese economy brings more and more direct and indirect affects into ourlives,environmental protection has become one ofthe most popular subjects of recent times.

基于环境因素法和标准金属法的大气腐蚀性等级评价与分析

本文采用环境因素法和标准金属法对我国南海某地进行大气腐蚀性等级评价与分析,详细阐述了两种评价方法的分析过程,探讨了两种方法的特点,对比分析两种评价方法推测的结果。本文最后基于环境因素法和标准金属法测定结果定量评估了金属材料大气环境腐蚀性严酷程度,对评估某个地点的大气环境腐蚀性严酷程度,采取该地区使用产品采取相应防护措施具有重要意义。

装备环境适应性研究进展及展望

首先分析了装备环境适应性的基本概念及其与装备环境工程的关系,论述了装备环境适应性研究工作内涵。其次,综述了装备环境适应性研究“六化”特征:自然环境试验站网建设全球化、装备环境适应性试验考核实战化、表征评估精细化、设计迭代化、资源积累数据化、综合管理体系化等,讨论了各方向的国内外发展现状以及研究重点、难点、不足,梳理了装备环境适应性在环境试验、环境分析等方面相关标准及其发展特点,并指出现有标准的局限性。最后,根据现阶段国家关于装备环境适应性的工作定位,展望了装备环境适应性研究领域重要发展方向。

页岩气开发过程水资源管理及水环境保护对策探讨

水力压裂和水平钻井技术是页岩气高效经济开采的关键,随着页岩气大规模商业性开发,会带来水资源大量消耗、地表水与地下水污染风险等水环境问题,可能造成页岩气开发区域内水环境影响。为此,本文系统对比研究了中国、美国、加拿大的页岩气开发水资源管理、水环境保护、监管制度相关的环保法规与标准规范,在借鉴北美页岩气开发的环保经验基础上,结合我国页岩气开发过程面临的水资源管理问题,以及国内页岩气企业在水管理中的实践经验,分别从取水用水、废水处置、水污染预防和控制三个方向提出水资源管理及水环境保护措施建议,目的在于促进页岩气企业规范水资源保护措施,改进清洁生产工艺、采用先进的技术与设备、不断改善管理水平,源头削减新鲜水消耗,减少处置风险,提高水资源循环利用效率,最大限度缓解页岩气开发中的用水问题。

基于遗传算法的炮击振动环境谱编制方法

为了提高炮击振动环境谱编制精度,提出了基于遗传算法(genetic algorithm,简称GA)的炮击振动环境谱特征点确定方法。首先,介绍了现有标准的预估炮击振动谱的编制方法;其次,以炮舱结构模拟件为对象,开展了炮击振动试验并获取了实测谱,基于飞机飞行振动环境测量数据的归纳方法对实测谱进行了归纳处理;然后,以特征点构成的环境谱与实测数据归纳谱的能量最接近为目标建立目标函数,采用遗传算法对目标函数进行优化以确定炮击振动谱特征点坐标,在对数坐标下通过折线将特征点连接以实现炮击振动环境谱的编制;最后,将基于遗传算法得到的环境谱与基于标准得到的预估谱进行对比,分析验证了所提方法的有效性。结果表明,所采用的方法获得的炮击振动环境谱在均方根值(rootmean square,简称RMS)和谱形特征上都更接近实测数据归纳谱。

JCI标准下管理模式对医院环境卫生管理的价值分析

目的于国际医院联合委员会评审标准(Joint Commission International,JCI)标准下管理模式对医院环境卫生管理的应用价值进行分析。方法选取2021年1月—2023年1月钦州市第二人民医院住院病区的97名医务人员作为研究对象。2021年1月—2022年1月采用常规管理方式,记作干预前;2022年2月—2023年1月期间采用JCI标准下管理模式,记作干预后。对比干预前后的环境质量考核情况、物体表面卫生合格情况、医务人员手卫生依从性情况以及医务人员满意率。结果干预后,环境质量考核分数显著高于干预前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预后,物体表面卫生合格率(97.95%)高于干预前(95.36%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预后的医务人员手卫生依从性率(96.27%)高于干预前(91.18%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预后医务人员的满意率(96.91%)高于干预前(89.69%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在医院环境卫生管理中实施JCI标准下管理模式能够改善院内环境清洁度、物体表面清洁度,提高医务人员手卫生依从性,进而提高医疗安全性、降低院内感染发生情况,医务人员满意度较高。

水生生物环境DNA监测技术的发展、应用与标准化

水生态系统是保障国家生态安全的重要基础。水生生物在水生态系统中扮演着核心角色,是研究水体演变的重要依据,是维护水生态健康的关键。传统水生生物调查和监测通常采用形态学方法,但其存在专业知识要求高、难以标准化和自动化及费时耗力等缺陷。环境DNA(Environmental DNA,简称eDNA)技术是一种通过监测环境中存在的DNA片段来识别特定生物物种的方法,可以实现基于水体中DNA分子进行水生生物的鉴定和监测,为水生生物的常态化监测提供了一个准确、便捷、可标准化和自动化实施的方案。文章介绍了eDNA技术的基本原理,总结回顾了eDNA技术从萌芽到广泛科研应用的发展历史和过程,介绍了基于eDNA的宏条形码和宏基因组等各类水生生物鉴定监测技术;阐述了eDNA技术在保护种、入侵种及生物类群监测和水生态评估等各领域的应用;分析了eDNA技术当前面临的物种参考序列数据库不完善等各类挑战;提出了通过优化完善数据库、样品采集方法、评价指标和参数、样品保藏、数据分析和存储等来推动eDNA技术标准化和自动化,以解决当前面临的挑战。同时,基于eDNA技术当前的发展阶段,提出了在我国水体结合专业形态分类鉴定开展水生生物eDNA技术标准化监测的实施建议。

新时期长江流域生态补偿机制与关键科学问题研究

流域生态补偿是协调长江经济带经济社会发展与生态环境保护矛盾的重要手段。当前,长江流域生态补偿实践中仍面临着整体性和系统性不足、补偿标准依据缺乏、市场体系不健全、责权利不清晰等问题。根据新时代长江保护与发展的战略需求,新时期长江流域生态补偿需要具备更为丰富的内涵,亟需针对长江流域经济社会发展与生态资产保护的多维互馈关系及良性协同机制、流域生态资产的定量核算方法与生态服务空间流转特征、多元化流域生态补偿格局与长效运行机制、区域试点示范引领与全流域统筹协调推进之间的关系等关键科学问题开展系统研究,并从创新体制机制、完善技术体系、强化立法保障、培育市场主体等方面为探索制定长江流域生态补偿总体框架提供科技支撑和政策建议。

我国农用地土壤重金属污染防治标准体系现状及展望

标准体系建设是实施土壤污染防治与农产品安全保障的重要保障.该文系统分析了我国农用地土壤环境质量管理发展历程,总结了土壤重金属污染控制标准体系的最新进展.在总结发达国家与国际组织关于农用地土壤重金属污染控制标准建设经验的基础上,分析我国标准体系当前所面临的问题及挑战,并提出本土化规划发展与完善建议,以期为我国农用地土壤重金属污染防范及风险阻控提供经验借鉴.该文将我国标准的建设历程大致总结为初识探索、质量管理、污染控制与风险管控4个阶段,初步形成了以法律、法规与国家政策为指导,国家、行业、地方与团体标准为基本框架,污染防治与农产品安全保障为总体原则的多维度、层次化、全链条污染防控标准体系.针对现行标准体系有待完善的内容,未来可通过应用导向与前瞻引领的顶层设计,强化农用地土壤重金属污染防治标准体系建设的科学规划和整体布局,满足适合我国不同阶段的农用地土壤环境管理需求,为深入打好净土保卫战提供理论基础和标准支撑.

煤矸石综合利用技术现状与标准体系研究

煤矸石是煤炭开采和选煤过程中产生的主要废弃物,在我国西北地区产生量巨大。由于缺乏有效的综合利用,大量煤矸石无法消纳,只能就地堆存,占用了大量土地资源的同时也带来环境污染和生态破坏的风险,因此,探索建立煤矸石的综合利用技术体系,并配套完善的技术标准体系至关重要。本文对我国近十年来煤矸石产生和利用情况进行分析,并调研当前国内煤矸石综合利用技术现状和标准体系,分析总结出制约我国煤矸石综合利用技术发展存在的问题,包括无法支撑大规模消纳需求、缺乏技术标准体系支撑、技术区域特征明显、不利于复制推广等;针对技术推广过程中缺乏技术规范及标准的情况,总结当前煤矸石综合利用领域标准现状,提出当前标准体系中存在的问题,包括缺乏污染防控标准体系、缺乏综合利用技术规范等。通过上述分析,为煤矸石综合利用行业提出相应的建议,旨在为煤矸石综合利用技术体系的发展方向和标准体系的完善提供参考和借鉴,以实现煤矸石更加高效、安全和环保的综合利用。

基于生态服务价值的中国分区域溃坝环境风险标准研究

溃坝风险标准是大坝管理者进行风险决策的基础,然而溃坝环境风险作为溃坝风险标准的重要内容之一,目前尚没有统一的标准。借鉴生态经济学中关于生态系统服务价值和当量因子法的研究思路,对环境价值进行量化;利用ALARP准则和F-N曲线将溃坝环境风险标准与现有标准进行有效衔接;考虑我国不同区域环境和经济的差异,构建风险偏好矩阵以确定各区域风险偏好情况,进而提出了我国溃坝环境风险标准,并以河南省陆浑水库为例进行了应用说明。

不同介质环境样品的符合修正方法研究

使用γ能谱测量放射性核素活度时,级联发射的γ射线会发生符合效应,影响测量结果。为了得到不同环境介质样品的符合修正因子,研究了简单级联发射模式的核素在不同介质中符合修正因子之间的关系,提出了利用水代替其他环境介质的符合修正因子计算方法。实验结果表明,使用该方法所得结果的最大偏差为2.8%。使用此方法不需要逐一制备不同介质标准源,它为多介质的辐射环境监测提供了一种简单的符合修正方法。

环境试验标准化发展及现状分析

近年,环境试验方法从单一环境因素试验向多种环境因素耦合的综合试验发展,凝露、冰雹等新型试验方法国家标准正在研制。重点研制了风力、太阳能等新能源设备的环境技术要求相关标准。本文基于研究国内外环境试验标准技术的发展历程,分析现行国际及国家环境试验标准体系,结合各产业发展现状,提出我国环境试验标准的发展方向。