THE STUDY ON MEASURING TECHNIQUE OF PARTIAL DISCHARGE IN GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR USING ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY METHOD WITH EXTERNAL SENSORS

Objective In order to find early latent faults and prevent catastrophic failures, diagnosis of insulation condition by measuring technique of partial discharge(PD) in gas insulated switchgear (GIS) is applied in this paper, which is one of the most basic ways for diagnosis of insulation condition. Methods Ultra high frequency(UHF) PD detection method by using internal sensors has been proved efficient, because it may avoid the disturbance of corona, but the sensor installation of this method will be limited by the structure and operation condition of GIS. There are some of electromagnetic (E-M) waves leak from the place of insulation spacer, therefore, the external sensors UHF measuring PD technique is applied, which isn't limited by the operation condition of GIS. Results This paper analyzes propagated electromagnetic (E-M) waves of partial discharge pulse excited by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The signal collected at the outer point is more complex than that of the inner point, and the signals' amplitude of outer is about half of the inner, because it propagates through spacer and insulation slot. Set up UHF PD measuring system. The typical PD in 252kV GIS bus bar was measured using PD detection UHF technique with external sensors. Finally, compare the results of UHF measuring technique using external sensors with the results of FDTD method simulation and the traditional IEC60270 method detection. Conclusion The results of experiment shows that the UHF technique can realize the diagnosis of insulation condition, the results of FDTD method simulation and the result UHF method detection can demonstrate each other, which gives references to further researches and application for UHF PD measuring technique.

Insulation characteristics of triple mixtures of c-C_4F_8/N_2/CO_2 under lightning impulse voltage

This paper has researched the insulation characteristics of 10% c-C4F8/N2/CO2 mixtures under lightning impulse voltage by experiment. It is shown that the positive and negative lightning impulse breakdown voltages of 10%c-C4F8/N2/CO2 gas mixtures rise linearly as the electrode gap distance and gas pressure increase and under the same conditions, the positive lightning impulse breakdown voltage of the gas mixtures is always higher than the negative lightning impulse breakdown voltage. As the gas mixtures have a little higher liquefied temperature than SF6 and the comprehensive GWP is about 5% of SF6, and the positive and negative lightning impulse breakdown voltages can both reach 60% of SF6, 10%c-C4F8/N2/CO2 gas mixtures can be applied as insulation gas in electrical equipment such as C-GIS, GIT, GIL and so on.

Study of Multilayer Flow Insulation Utilizing Open-Cellular Porous Plates

To improve the performance of the single layer flow insulation system utilizing open-cellular porous plate, the multilayer porous gas enthalpy-radiation converter is proposed and investigated experimentally and theoretically. Two open-cellular porous materials with different porosity pore per inch and surface reflectivity have been examined. Each porous plate has the same thickness of a half of the single layer one. Both porous materials are not combined continuously but divided by free space. For the prediction model, two energy equations of the fluid and solid phases are employed, in which the convective heat transfer between both phases is described based on the empirical volumetric heat transfer coefficient. In addition, the radiative transfer equations are resolved by Pj approximation. When an equivalent blackbody radiation temperature of the radiation coming from the upstream region exceeds inlet gas temperature, use of a high reflective porous plate on the upstream side and a low reflective porous plate on the downstream side is quite effective to increase gas temperature drop across the converter. the multilayer porous converter should be made of pure scattering and porous layer, respectively. In order to obtain maximum gas temperature drop in that case, pure absorbing porous plate as the upstream and downstream

Research on thermal insulation materials properties under HTHP conditions for deep oil and gas reservoir rock ITP-Coring

Deep oil and gas reservoirs are under high-temperature conditions,but traditional coring methods do not consider temperature-preserved measures and ignore the influence of temperature on rock porosity and permeability,resulting in distorted resource assessments.The development of in situ temperaturepreserved coring(ITP-Coring)technology for deep reservoir rock is urgent,and thermal insulation materials are key.Therefore,hollow glass microsphere/epoxy resin thermal insulation materials(HGM/EP materials)were proposed as thermal insulation materials.The materials properties under coupled hightemperature and high-pressure(HTHP)conditions were tested.The results indicated that high pressures led to HGM destruction and that the materials water absorption significantly increased;additionally,increasing temperature accelerated the process.High temperatures directly caused the thermal conductivity of the materials to increase;additionally,the thermal conduction and convection of water caused by high pressures led to an exponential increase in the thermal conductivity.High temperatures weakened the matrix,and high pressures destroyed the HGM,which resulted in a decrease in the tensile mechanical properties of the materials.The materials entered the high elastic state at 150℃,and the mechanical properties were weakened more obviously,while the pressure led to a significant effect when the water absorption was above 10%.Meanwhile,the tensile strength/strain were 13.62 MPa/1.3%and 6.09 MPa/0.86%at 100℃ and 100 MPa,respectively,which meet the application requirements of the self-designed coring device.Finally,K46-f40 and K46-f50 HGM/EP materials were proven to be suitable for ITP-Coring under coupled conditions below 100℃ and 100 MPa.To further improve the materials properties,the interface layer and EP matrix should be optimized.The results can provide references for the optimization and engineering application of materials and thus technical support for deep oil and gas resource development.

Analysis of the Molecules Structure and Vertical Electron Affinity of Organic Gas Impact on Electric Strength

It is necessary to find an efficient selection method to pre-analyze the gas electric strength from the perspective of molecule structure and the properties for finding the alternative gases to sulphur hexafluoride （SF6）. As the properties of gas are determined by the gas molecule structure, the research on the relationship between the gas molecule structure and the electric strength can contribute to the gas pre-screening and new gas development. In this paper, we calculated the vertical electron affinity, molecule orbits distribution and orbits energy of gas molecules by the means of density functional theory （DFT） for the typical structures of organic gases and compared their electric strengths. By this method, we find part of the key properties of the molecule which are related to the electric strength, including the vertical electron affinity, the lowest unoccupied molecule orbit （LUMO） energy, molecule orbits distribution and negativeion system energy. We also listed some molecule groups such as unsaturated carbons double bonds （C=C） and carbonitrile bonds （C=N） which have high electric strength theoretically by this method.

The effective ionization coefficients and electron drift velocities in gas mixtures of CF_3I with N_2 and CO_2 obtained from Boltzmann equation analysis

The electron swarm parameters including the density-normalized effective ionization coefficients（α-η）/N and the electron drift velocities V e are calculated for a gas mixture of CF3I with N2 and CO2 by solving the Boltzmann equation in the condition of a steady-state Townsend（SST） experiment.The overall density-reduced electric field strength is from 100 Td to 1000 Td（1 Td = 10-17V·cm2）,while the CF3I content k in the gas mixture can be varied over the range from 0% to 100%.From the variation of（αη）/N with the CF3I mixture ratio k,the limiting field strength（E/N） lim for each CF3I concentration is derived.It is found that for the mixtures with 70% CF3I,the values of（E/N） lim are essentially the same as that for pure SF 6.Additionally,the global warming potential（GWP） and the liquefaction temperature of the gas mixtures are also taken into account to evaluate the possibility of application in the gas insulation of power equipment.

Breakdown characteristics of CF4 and CF4/N2 hybrid gas in refrigeration temperature range

Common insulation gas cannot normally work in refrigeration temperature range(153-243 K), especially in extremely cold regions. To solve this problem, this essay uses cubic equation combined with two-parameter model in theorem of corresponding states to estimate dew-point of hybrid gas. The influence of temperature on mixing ratio is studied by using van der Waals equation. The result shows that the mixing ratio is stable during temperature-fall period. Insulation property of CF_4 and CF_4/N_2 in refrigeration temperature range is studied through self-designed low-temperature test system. The result shows when the density of hybrid gas is invariable, temperature changing has less influence on breakdown voltage, and when the mixing ratio is 20%, CF_4/N_2 is the greatest potential hybrid gas.

Prediction models of the ionization coefficient and ionization cross-section based on multi-layer molecular parameters

Prediction models were proposed to estimate the reduced Townsend ionization coefficient and ionization cross-section.A shape function of the reduced Townsend ionization coefficient curves was derived from the ionization collision probability model.The function had three parameters:the first ionization potential energy,A_(α),and B_(α).A_(α)and B_(α)were related to the molecule symmetry and size.The polarization of molecules could characterize the molecule symmetry.The multi-layer molecular cross-section(MMCS)was proposed to describe the contributions of electrons and molecule radius on different molecule surfaces to collisions.A prediction model of the ionization cross-section was also proposed based on Aα.The molecule parameters were calculated by the Becke3–Lee–Yang–Parr(B3LYP)method and the 6–311G**basis set.We used available data of 30 and 23 gases,respectively,to build the prediction models of reduced Townsend ionization coefficients and ionization cross-sections.The relationships between the molecular parameters Aαand Bαand the ionization cross-section were built up via nonlinear fittings.The determination coefficients R^(2)of Aα,Bα,and the ionization cross-section were 0.877,0.887,and 0.838,respectively.The results showed that the accuracy of models was positively correlated with the molecule symmetry and reduced electric field.This was mainly related to the accuracy of the MMCS model in predicting Aα.The MMCS model needed to be improved to describe the collision direction selectivity caused by the molecule asymmetry.Under a high reduced electric field,that error of Aαhad less influence on the prediction results.However,the prediction results for single atoms with high symmetry were poor.This may be due to the absolute error of the model close to single atoms’reduced Townsend ionization coefficients.The models could provide the basis for gas insulation prediction and discharge calculations,especially for symmetric molecules under a high electric field.

Environment-friendly Insulating Gases for HVDC Gas-insulated Transmission Lines

Environment-friendly gas insulating mediums adapted to a DC gas-insulated transmission line(GIL)electric field condition is the key to the next generation of Environment-friendly HVDC GILs.In this paper,we review the literature on sulfur hexafluoride(SF6)alternatives including the scientific understanding,control,and implementation of gas-solid systems in this type of power transmission.First,the structure-activity relationship between the molecular structure and physico-chemical properties of Environment-friendly insulating gases is presented.Then,the search and prediction of important physicochemical properties of gases are summarized.Subsequently,in view of the potential of environmental friendly insulating gases,the swarm parameters of gas discharge and breakdown properties in a quasi-uniform field,inhomogeneous field,and at the gas-solid interface,that need to be taken into account with industrialized DC GILs are discussed.The latest research progress on insulation characteristics,especially the polarity effect in DC gas-solid insulation systems,the sensitivity to the electrode surface state,and the non-uniformity of the electric field,and the influence of metal particles and their variation with air pressure,is highlighted.In addition,the heat transfer characteristics of insulating gases,related to DC GIL transmission with a large current-carrying capacity and the influence of alternative gases on the heat transfer characteristics are described.Finally,aiming at solving the contradiction of low environmental impact,high dielectric strength and low liquefaction temperatures in the selection of alternative gases,an coordinated regulation model for Environment-friendly gases in DC GILs is established.Considerations for future work on this topic are also presented.

Research on Temperature Field and Thermal Stress of Liquefied Natural Gas Carrier with Incomplete Insulation

The insulation of membrane type liquefied natunal gas （LNG） carrier is composed of plywood boxes filled with perlite. Within the service period, considering of the effects of load conditions, such as sloshing, wave load, it is possible to have some damage of the plywood box, leakage of perlite, and failure of the insulation box. LNG carrier without whole protection of effective insulation is dangerous. Hull structure is extremely fragile when exposed to ultra-low temperature. In order to solve these problems, firstly a study on insulation boxes＇ character and work condition is carried out and some presuppositions of partial disabled insulation are put forward. Secondly the thermal system of LNG carrier is analyzed to find out an effective way to simulate the thermal action of close air between outer and inner hull. Then a calculation about temperature field and thermal stress is done by MSC/PATRAN＆NASTRAN. At the end it is concluded that LNG carrier with incomplete insulation is dangerous and needs to be avoided.

直流GIL中自由线形金属微粒的运动与放电特性

针对直流GIL中较常见且具有严重影响的自由线形金属微粒,搭建了贴合实际工况的封闭式同轴圆柱电极平台,同时使用高速相机和局放监测手段观测线形金属微粒的运动、局放与击穿行为。定量获得了微粒长度对站立与跳跃两种不同运动模式发生概率的影响;拍摄了站立线形微粒引起的电晕图像,同时监测、提取并统计微粒引起的局部放电情况;记录金属微粒引起的击穿图像,并基于流注理论分析了自由线形金属微粒引起的气隙击穿特性。研究表明:线形微粒的起动场强与微粒的长度基本无关,而与微粒的半径开方成正比,微粒越短,起动后越易达到跳跃运动状态,而微粒越长,越易保持站立状态;微粒引起的局部放电随着微粒长度的增大而更加剧烈;对于跳跃的自由线形微粒,其引起的微放电击穿间距随着微粒长度的增加而增加,击穿电压随着微粒长度的增加而降低。

Arcing Model of a Disconnector and its Effect on VFTO

In the computational process of very fast transient over-voltage （VFTO）, it is essen-tial to find an accurate model for a gas insulated substation. The arcing model of the disconnector is particularly important. The general arcing model is not able to give a good description of the arc development process. In this paper, based on the physical process of arcing and existing arc models （the exponential time-varying resistance model and the segmental arcing models）, a dy- namic arcing model is proposed, which is divided into two stages before and after the zero crossing. The dynamic arcing model combines hyperbola time-varying resistance and the Mayr model to describe the dynamic process of arcing. The present paper creates an arc model blockset upon the Matlab/Simulink software platform. Moreover for a specific 1100 kV station, VFTO is simulated in detail based on different arcing models. It is demonstrated that the dynamic arcing model can describe the physical arc process precisely and is useful for improving the accuracy of VFTO simulations.

温度对直流GIL绝缘子电荷积聚特性的影响

研究直流电压下绝缘子表面电荷积聚问题对于推进直流气体绝缘金属封闭输电线路(gas insulated metal-enclosed transmission line,GIL)的发展至关重要。现有试验研究中均未考虑温度对电荷积聚的影响,难以获得用于实际工程中的直流GIL绝缘子电荷积聚情况。而仿真计算仅从理论上分析了温度对电荷积聚的影响规律,尚缺乏有效的实验验证。为了解决上述问题,该文设计了可模拟直流GIL导杆发热现象的绝缘子表面电位测量试验平台,并设计了同轴圆柱结构试验模型。研制了紧凑型静电位测量系统对不同温度下绝缘子的表面电位进行了测量,掌握了直流GIL导杆温度对绝缘子电荷积聚特性的影响。试验结果表明:当中心电极温度由室温升高至70℃时,在正极性电压作用下,绝缘子平均表面电位由278V增大至1670V(501%);在负极性电压作用下,绝缘子平均表面电位为负,绝对值由460V增大至1507V(228%)。因此,在进行绝缘优化设计时,需要考虑温度的影响,该研究可为直流GIL绝缘优化设计提供参考。

Discharge Characteristics of Long SF6 Gas Gap with and Without Insulator in GIS Under VFTO and LI

Gas insulator switchgears(GISs),widely used in electric power systems for decades,have many advantages due to their compactness,minimal environmental impact,and long maintenance cycles.However,very fast transient overvoltage(VFTO)increases caused by a rise in voltage levels can lead to GIS insulation failures.In this paper,a generating system of VFTO and standard lightning impulse(LI)is established.The insulation characteristics of SF6 gas with and without insulators under VFTO and standard LI are investigated.Experimental results show that the 50%breakdown voltages of the inhomogeneous electric field rod-plane gap under positive VFTO and standard LI are higher than that under negative VFTO and standard LI.The research shows that the 50%breakdown voltage under VFTO could be lower than that under standard LI at 0.5 MPa for the negative polarity.Moreover,the polarity effect of the insulator without defect is different from that with defect.Similarly,the breakdown voltage of the defective insulator under VFTO could be lower than that under standard LI by 8%.The flashover channel under VFTO is seen as more than that under standard LI.Based on the analysis of discharge images and experimental results,it is concluded that the polarity effect is related to the distortion effect of ion clusters formed by SF6 on the electric field.Additionally,the steepness and front time of impulse plays an important role in the initiation and further development of discharge on insulator surface.Finally,the research shows that different discharge characteristics between VFTO and standard LI may be caused by different wave fronts and oscillation on the tails of the impulses.

Review of Charge Accumulation on Spacers of Gas Insulated Equipment at DC Stress

Charge accumulation on the spacer surface in gas insulated equipment is very severe in the DC field,leading to easy flashover,which restricts the application of DC GIS/GIL.Therefore,knowledge about the charge accumulation characteristics of gas insulated equipment at DC stress is essential.In this paper,we reviewed the research methods and the characteristics of charge accumulation on spacers.A summary of charge measurement methods and setups are presented.And the surface charge inversion algorithms are introduced.Then the simulation model for charge accumulation in the DC field is reviewed.Subsequently,the charge accumulation mechanisms and phenomenon,the influence factor of surface charge accumulation and the influence of accumulated charge on spacer insulation characteristics are summarized.In addition,some suppression methods of surface charge accumulation are discussed.Finally,based on the understanding of charge accumulation on spacers,some suggestions on further studies are presented to aid in the design of a better spacer free from surface charges.

热应力与电-热复合应力下油纸绝缘老化特性的比较研究(英文)

During the operation of power transformer,its oil-paper insulation is continuously subjected to various stresses,c.g.,the thermal,electrical,mechanical,and chemical stresses,which cause insulation aging gradually.It has been considered that the combined thermal and electrical stresses are the most important and unavoidable factors that induce insulation materials aging.In this work,accelerated aging experiments of oil-impregnated pressboards under combined thermal(130℃) and electrical stresses(4 kV/mm) are performed,while the aging experiments under single thermal stress are also carried out at the corresponding temperature(130℃).The electrical and physic-chemical properties of oil,including dielectric losses factor tanδ,resistivity,acid value and pH value etc.,are measured during the aging process.Dissolved gasses in oil and polymerization degree of cellulose are also measured.The relationship between these properties of oil-paper insulation and aging time is investigated.The results show that dissolved gases in oil,resistivity,tanδof oil under combined thermal and electrical stresses are obviously different from that tinder thermal stress during aging process while some other properties show similar changing trend.For cellulose, compared with the single thermal aging results,it even shows a slower degradation rate in the presence of electrical stress.

Study of partial discharge characteristics in HFO-1234ze(E)/N2 mixtures

HFO-1234 ze(E)(trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene,chemical formula:C3H2F4)is an extremely environmentally friendly SF6 alternative gas with high electrical strength.In this paper,the partial discharge(PD)characteristics of HFO-1234 ze(E)/N2 mixtures were studied using the gas insulation test platform.The PD inception voltage of insulating gas under positive and negative half cycles of power frequency was tested.Using SF6/N2 mixtures as a control group,the effects of electrode spacing,mixing ratio and pressure on the insulation performance of HFO-1234 ze(E)/N2 mixtures were explored.The test results show that the PD inception voltage of the negative half-cycle of pure HFO-1234 ze(E)under short electrode spacing can reach 0.96-1.04 times of pure SF6 under different pressures;the PD inception voltage of40%HFO-1234 ze(E)/60%N2 mixtures at 0.3 MPa is 0.67-0.89 times that of SF6/N2 mixtures under the same conditions,which has great application prospect.

单壁碳纳米管气体传感器在GIS局部放电检测中的应用(英文)

This paper describes a realizable fabrication method to manufacture chemical gas sensors by using singlewalled carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs).The sensors were tested for the monitoring of SF_6 decomposition gas produced by partial discharge(PD) in GIS tank.The results showed a superior sensitivity,favorable reliability and good reproducibility. For further clarifying the relativity between sensor response and partial discharge activity,the discharge in GIS tank was monitored simultaneously through conventional pulse current method and a SWCNTs gas sensor,and the measurement results were put together for comparative analysis in this paper.The sensor response showed a great dependence on partial discharge characteristics.The sensor response increased nearly linearly with limits when the energy of discharge was persistently accumulated.Partial discharge power had a great influence on the response rate and the time delay.With the increase of partial discharge power,the response rate augmented almost in proportion while the time delay gradually becomes shorter with limits.The results were quite favorable to assess the partial discharge intensity and duration to some extent.Compared with pulse current method,the sensor was predominant to detect partial discharge exposed to constantly high levels of noise.It was capable of detecting partial discharge which was too weak to be detected with pulse current method.However,the sensor response didn't show much dependency on the apparent discharge of partial discharge.

佛山地区500kV变电站设备运行缺陷分析

对广东佛山地区500kV变电站运行设备从缺陷类别、发现方法、设备种类、出现原因、电压等级等方面进行了统计分析和总结,并提出了针对性较强的消缺和预防措施,对500kV变电站的运行管理、维护、建设有一定的指导意义。

GIS用超高频传感器的校准:不同校准方法的比较及一种采用锥形天线的校准系统测试(英文)

Different methods of calibrating ultra high frequency(UHF) sensors for gas-insulated substations(GIS) were investigated in the past.The first approach was to use strip lines,triplates and TEM calibration cells.These cells had already been in use for years for example to test the electromagnetic compatibility of electronic devices.The smaller the size of the cell,the higher its bandwidth-but the cell should be large enough to not disturb the electric field with the installed sensor under test.To overcome this problem,a calibration procedure using a gigahertz transverse electromagnetic (GTEM) test cell and a pulsed signal source were introduced in 1997.Although this procedure has many advantages and is easy to understand,measurements show several shortcomings of this calibration method.To overcome the disadvantages of the known systems,a calibration cell using a monopole cone antenna and a metallic ground plane were developed and tested.The UHF sensor was placed in a region with minimum distortion of the electric field due to its installation.Experience shows that the new method for calibrating UHF sensors is necessary in order to overcome the limits in the calibration of large sensors and to suppress the propagation of higher order modes and reflections.Due to its surprisingly simple structure,its low price and low overall measurement uncertainty,it is the preferred method for calibrating UHF sensors for GIS applications.