The Need to Create and Apply High-Precision Operational Remote Environmental Monitoring in the Face of Modern Challenges

The paper formulates new principles that should form the basis for the development and creation of new environmental monitoring based on heavy UAVs and high-altitude so-called pseudo-satellites capable of operating for a long time at altitudes of 25 - 30 km. In order to develop such principles, this paper analyzes the radioecological situation in the territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine for rapid and high-quality environmental cleanup and rehabilitation of areas with detected critical levels of environmentally hazardous pollutants. In order to quickly obtain fundamentally new environmental information, it is necessary to conduct multi-parameter, high-precision integrated monitoring of the Earth’s geospheres based on the latest methods and equipment for ground and remote environmental measurements, and new methods and technological means of clean, environmentally safe processing and final disposal. As the most appropriate technology, we propose mobile installations for plasma-chemical pyrolysis of medical waste directly at the place of its generation.

Environmental Radiation Measurement and Assessment of Natural Radioactivity in Soil, Water and Vegetation

Environmental radioactivity is produced by radioactive materials in the human environment. While some radioisotopes, such as strontium-90 (90Sr) and technetium-99 (99Tc), are only found on Earth as a result of human activity, and some, like potassium-40 (40K), are only present due to natural processes, a few isotopes, e.g. tritium (3H), result from both natural processes and human activities. The concentration and location of some natural isotopes, particularly uranium-238 (238U), can be affected by human activity because of the constant exposure of Human beings to radiation caused by terrestrial, extra-terrestrial and anthropogenic radio nuclides, it is necessary to determine and estimate the activity of various radio nuclides in environmental media such as vegetation, soil, and water. In the present research, the activities of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K are measured in soil, vegetation and water samples, collected from Yangdong District, Yangxi County, and Yangjiang County of Guangdong Province, China using an HPGe based gamma spectrometry system. The measured mean activity of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in soil samples was found to be 31.19 ± 1.2, 47.00 ± 2.30 and 589.31 ± 17.52 Bqkg-1, respectively. The measured mean activity of these radionuclides in all water samples was found to be below minimum detectable activity. The measured mean activity of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in vegetation samples was 19.92 ± 3.09, 25.36 ± 8.11 and 4982.94 ± 85.68 Bqkg-1, respectively. No anthropogenic 137Cs was detected in these environmental samples. Mean radium equivalent activity (Raeq), external radiation hazard index (Hex), internal radiation hazard index (Hin) and absorbed dose rate (D) for the area under study were determined as 142.92 Bqkg-1, 0.38, 0.47 and 66.47 nGyh-1, respectively. The annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) varied in the range from 0.03 to 0.12 mSvy-1. It is concluded that the surveyed area do not pose any significant radiological risk to the population and environment.

A Prediction Model of MF Radiation in Environmental Assessment

Objective To predict the impact of MF radiation on human health. Methods The vertical distribution of field intensity was estimated by analogism on the basis of measured values from simulation measurement. Results A kind of analogism on the basis of geometric proportion decay pattern is put forward in the essay. It showed that with increasing of height the field intensity increased according to geometric proportion law. Conclusion This geometric proportion prediction model can be used to estimate the impact of MF radiation on inhabited environment, and can act as a reference pattern in predicting the environmental impact level of MF radiation.

Environmental impact of electromagnetic radiation from the 10kWmedium wave transmitter of Weihai Broadcasting Station

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Dynamics of Environmental Ionizing Radiation between May to September 2016 in the Region of S^o Jos~ dos Campos, SP, Brazil

Measurements of gamma radiation （200 keV to 10 MeV） were performed between May 25 to September 30 2016 at ITA （Technological Institute of Aeronautics） in Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil. Detector and associated electronics were previously calibrated in the laboratory of ITA using radioactive sources Cs-137, Po-210 and Sr-90. These sources provide gamma-ray energies in 0.662 keV alpha particles of 5.4 MeV and 0.90 keV electrons, respectively. Detector is a scintillator Sodium Iodide activated with Thallium [NaI（Tl）] associated to a photomultiplier and electronic devices which gather, store, distribute and structure data so users can analyze them. During the period of May-September, the experimental set was installed in an open room on a tower 25 meters above the ground. Measurements indicated variations of ionizing radiation in function of dry weather, rain, cold fronts passes and presence of fog in the area; the sample time interval was minute by minute. This study discusses the analysis and the dynamics of how to measure meteorological parameters using an ionizing radiation system.

Key Environmental Factors Monitoring System of Low-power Greenhouse Based on WSN Technology

A low-power environmental monitoring system based on WSN technology is proposed to effectively monitor the environmental status and ensure the healthy growth of greenhouse crops in the greenhouse. The system performs dynamic mon- itoring on the environmental data of temperature, humidity, illumination, soil tempera- ture and humidity of the greenhouse, and it reduces the energy consumption by us- ing solar energy and lithium battery as the power supply mode and dynamic power management algorithm combined with improved routing protocol. Stable and reliable, the system could effectively monitor the key environmental factors in the green- house, making it of certain promotion value.

Internet based environmental monitoring information system and its application in Yili Prefecture

With the development of Internet technologies, Internet Based Information System (IBIS) arises with more advantages: Firstly, it is convenient for users to use owing to the introduction of Internet technologies. Secondly, it benefits greatly the data dissemination and data sharing based on Internet. The most important but not the last is that we can establish the information service network supported by its technologies and the facilities of information highway. So, it would be significant to design IBIS to realize the data collection, sharing and dissemination on Internet. There are many factors affecting regional environment. So it is not easy to realize the integrated environmental monitoring. Given this, we designed the Internet based environmental monitoring information system. By the virtue of the Internet based environmental monitoring information system, the management and storage of environmental monitoring data would be easier, which lays the foundation to actualize the environmental monitoring efficiently.

Environmental monitoring and fuzzy synthetic evaluation of municipal solid waste transfer stations in Beijing in 2001-2006

Transfer station(TS)is an integral part of present-day municipal solid waste(MSW)management systems.To provide information for the incorporation of waste facilities within the current integrated waste management system,the authors measured the existing environmental quality at five MSW TSs.Discharged wastewater,air,and noise were monitored and assayed at the five TSs in Beijing in 2001-2006 during rainy seasons(RSs)and dry seasons(DSs).Except Ammonia(NH_3)and hydrogen sulfide(H_2S),the analytical results of...

Environmental monitoring of the Zhujiang Estuary and its coastal waters

The Zhujiang (Pearl River) Estuary is a complex water system whose catchments basincovers a very large part of southern China. The large quantity of fresh water carried by the river system flows into the northern coast of the South China Sea through its eight inlets. The Zhujiang River Delta has experienced the fastest economic growth in China during the past two decades. Rapid population expansion and increased industrial development coupled with insufficient waste management turned the Zhujiang Estuary into waste disposal channels just before entering the coastal waters. The water quality of the estuaries and the coastal oceans has become polluted. During the past two years, an intensive study and monitoring efforts of the pollutions of these waters have been made. A systematic and integrated monitoring task including shore-based measurements, shipboard in-situ measurements, and satellite and radar remote sensing surveys has been completed. Comprehensive collection of physical, chemical and biological parameters has been accomplished and a database has been established. Unlike the previous large scale-monitoring task in which the various pollutant concentrations were the objective, the present study aims to understand the process of the pollution from their initial disposal to their final states. The understanding of the processes makes it possible to evaluate the severity of the pollution with respect to the sustainability. Also the objective is to incorporate these processes into the mathematical models from which a predictive capability of the pollution situation can be realized. The present presentation will describe the planning, methodology and the results of this effort.

Monitoring and Assessment of Current Situation of Environmental Quality in Yueqing Bay

Based on the monitoring results of environmental quality in Yueqing Bay during 2007-2014,the current situation of environmental quality in the bay was analyzed and assessed. The results show that pH,DO,CODMn,petroleum,and heavy metals( Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Hg,As and Cr)in the seawater of Yueqing Bay did not exceed the second class standard of Seawater Quality Standard( GB 3097-1997),but inorganic nitrogen and reactive phosphate in the seawater of Yueqing Bay exceeded the second class standard seriously,and the water quality of the bay was in an eutrophic state; the standard index of evaluation factors of sediment quality was smaller than 1,meeting the demands of sediment quality for environmental protection.

Studies of the radiation environment on the Mars surface using the Geant4 toolkit

The radiation environment on the surface of Mars is a potential threat for future manned exploration missions to this planet.In this study,a simple geometrical model was built for simulating the radiation environment on the Mars surface caused by galactic cosmic rays;the model was built and studied using the Geant4 toolkit.The simulation results were compared with the data reported by a radiation assessment detector(RAD).The simulated spectra of neutrons,photons,protons,α particles,and particle groups Z=3-5,Z=6-8,Z=9-13,and Z=14-24 were in a reasonable agreement with the RAD data.However,for deuterons,tritons,and 3He,the simulations yielded much smaller values than for the corresponding RAD data.In addition,the particles’spectra within the 90 zenith angle were also obtained.Based on these spectra,we calculated the radiation dose that would have been received by an average human body on Mars.The distribution of the dose throughout the human body was not uniform.The absorbed and equivalent doses for the brain were the highest among all of the organs,reaching 62.0±1.7 mGy/y and 234.1±8.0 mSv/y,respectively.The average absorbed and equivalent doses for the entire body were approximately 44 mGy/y and 153 mSv/y,respectively.Further analysis revealed that most of the radiation dose was owing to a particles,protons,and heavy ions.We then studied the shielding effect of the Mars soil with respect to the radiation.The body dose decreased significantly with increasing soil depth.At the depth of 1.5 m,the effective dose for the entire body was 17.9±2.4 mSv/y,lower than the dose limit for occupational exposure.At the depth of 3 m,the effective dose to the body was 2.7±1.0 mSv/y,still higher than the accepted dose limit.

About Some Aspects of Use of Optical Sensors for Monitoring the Aquatic Environment

Multi-channel polarization optical technology is increasingly used for prompt monitoring of water systems.Optical devices during the assessment of water quality determine the intensity of light through the studied aquatic environment.Spectrophotometric devices measure the spectrum of weakening of light through the aquatic environment.Spectroellipsometric devices receive spectra in vertical and horizontal polarizations.The presented article develops an adaptive optical hardware and image system for monitoring water bodies.The system is combined.It consists of 2 parts:1)automated spectrophotometer-refractometer,and 2)adaptive spectroellipsometer.The system is equipped with a corresponding algorithmic and software,including algorithms for identifying spectral curves,databases and knowledge of spectral curves algorithms for solving reverse problems.The presented system is original since it differs from modern foreign systems by a new method of spectrophotometric and spectroellipsometric measurements,an original elemental base of polarization optics and a comprehensive mathematical approach to assessing the quality of a water body.There are no rotating polarization elements in the system.Therefore,this makes it possible to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and,as a result,improve measurement stability and simplify multichannel spectrophotometers and spectroellipsometers.The proposed system can be used in various water systems where it is necessary to assess water quality or identify the presence of a certain set of chemical elements.

A Multi-Agent System for Environmental Monitoring Using Boolean Networks and Reinforcement Learning

Distributed wireless sensor networks have been shown to be effective for environmental monitoring tasks,in which multiple sensors are deployed in a wide range of the environments to collect information or monitor a particular event,Wireless sensor networks,consisting of a large number of interacting sensors,have been successful in a variety of applications where they are able to share information using different transmission protocols through the communication network.However,the irregular and dynamic environment requires traditional wireless sensor networks to have frequent communications to exchange the most recent information,which can easily generate high communication cost through the collaborative data collection and data transmission.High frequency communication also has high probability of failure because of long distance data transmission.In this paper,we developed a novel approach to multi-sensor environment monitoring network using the idea of distributed system.Its communication network can overcome the difficulties of high communication cost and Single Point of Failure(SPOF)through the decentralized approach,which performs in-network computation.Our approach makes use of Boolean networks that allows for a non-complex method of corroboration and retains meaningful information regarding the dynamics of the communication network.Our approach also reduces the complexity of data aggregation process and employee a reinforcement learning algorithm to predict future event inside the environment through the pattern recognition.

Monitoring and Evaluation of Present Situation of Environmental Quality in the Sea Area near the Aojiang Estuary in Wenzou

Based on the monitoring results of environmental quality in the sea area near the Aojiang estuary in Wenzou during 2010-2012,the present situation of environmental quality in the sea area was analyzed and evaluated. The results show that p H,DO,CODMn,petroleum,and heavy metals( Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Hg,As and Cr) in the sea area near the Aojiang estuary did not exceed the second-class standard of Seawater Quality Standard( GB 3097-1997),but both inorganic nitrogen and reactive phosphate in the sea area exceeded the second-class standard seriously,and the water quality of the sea area was in an eutrophic state; domestic sewage and fertilizer loss were the main sources of nitrogen and phosphorus. The standard index of most evaluation factors of sediment quality except for Zn was smaller than 1,meeting the demands of sediment quality for environmental protection.

Remote sensing-based dynamic monitoring and environmental change of wetlands in southern Mongolian Plateau in 2000‒2018

The environmental change in the wetlands in the southern Mongolian Plateau has important impacts on the environment of North China and even the entire Northeast Asia,from which the global climate change can be understood on a large scale,especially the climate change in the Mongolian Plateau.This study extracted the information on the wetlands from three stages of remote sensing images(also referred to as RS images)of the study area,including Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus(ETM+)images of 2000,TM images of 2010,and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager(OLI)images of 2018.As indicated by the extraction results,the area of wetlands decreased from 796.90 km^(2) of 2000 to 666.24 km^(2) of 2018 at a rate of 7.26 km^(2)/a.The reduced area is 130.66 km^(2),which is about 16.4%reduction.And the patch number of wetlands decreased from 731 of 2000 to 316 of 2018 in the study area,approximately 56.8%reduction(415 patches),and the decrease in the area of the wetlands mainly occurred in the northwest endorheic region.In terms of wetland types,the change of the wetlands was dominated by the decrease of lacustrine wetlands,of which the area and patch number decreased by 106.2 km^(2) and 242,respectively.Furthermore,the area of the lacustrine wetlands decreased at the highest rate of 8.70 km^(2)/a in 2010‒2018.From the perspective of spatial distribution,the wetlands in the western part shrunk more notably than those in the eastern part as a whole in the study area.According to local meteorological data,the precipitation gently decreased and the temperature increased(about 1.7℃)from 1975-2018.Overall,the decrease in the area of the wetlands and the temperature rises in the study area were mainly driven by the Mongolian monsoon climate,reduction in precipitation,and human activities.

Environmental monitoring in the Kaklik Cave (Denizli, Turkey)

The formation of caves is the special environment of our earth. Caves with dim natural light and lighted hypogean environments, have been found various organism. The Kaklik Cave located tectonic lines and has a very different way of formation when compare with many other same karstic formation caves. The Kaklik Cave is located in the area of Kaklik town in Honaz area and in Denizli province. The cave is one of the 54 cave opened to tourism in Turkey and endanger. In this study the cave climate, hydrol?ogy and biology were studied. The cave has specific species due to this formation, the entrance is wide and open to the sky, that makes the sunlight could go through a very wide area and cause of it is very rich about hydrology, these effects;provide a very high biodiversity to the cave. The cave has very important touristic potential because of the continuously growing travertine, geographical position, availability of access and natural beauties. The wrong artificial lightning badly changes the natural structure of the cave. This artificial lightning causes the biofilm layer and changing on the color of the travertine.

Study on the System of Aquatic Environmental Monitoring Methods in China

The development of Chinese system of aquatic environmental monitoring methods was summarized. The existing problem of the system of aquatic environmental monitoring methods was analyzed. At last, some suggestions were made on setting and implementing the system of aquat- ic environmental monitoring methods in China.

Big Data Analytics with Artificial Intelligence Enabled Environmental Air Pollution Monitoring Framework

Environmental sustainability is the rate of renewable resourceharvesting, pollution control, and non-renewable resource exhaustion. Airpollution is a significant issue confronted by the environment particularlyby highly populated countries like India. Due to increased population, thenumber of vehicles also continues to increase. Each vehicle has its individualemission rate;however, the issue arises when the emission rate crosses thestandard value and the quality of the air gets degraded. Owing to the technological advances in machine learning (ML), it is possible to develop predictionapproaches to monitor and control pollution using real time data. With thedevelopment of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data Analytics (BDA),there is a huge paradigm shift in how environmental data are employed forsustainable cities and societies, especially by applying intelligent algorithms.In this view, this study develops an optimal AI based air quality prediction andclassification (OAI-AQPC) model in big data environment. For handling bigdata from environmental monitoring, Hadoop MapReduce tool is employed.In addition, a predictive model is built using the hybridization of ARIMAand neural network (NN) called ARIMA-NN to predict the pollution level.For improving the performance of the ARIMA-NN algorithm, the parametertuning process takes place using oppositional swallow swarm optimization(OSSO) algorithm. Finally, Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)classifier is used to classify the air quality into pollutant and non-pollutant.A detailed experimental analysis is performed for highlighting the betterprediction performance of the proposed ARIMA-NN method. The obtainedoutcomes pointed out the enhanced outcomes of the proposed OAI-AQPCtechnique over the recent state of art techniques.

Monitoring and Environmental Assessment of Seawater in West Central Africa: Case of the Kribi Industrial and Urban Port Complex in Cameroon, Guinea Gulf

This study is the first of a series of a project on the development and implementation of environmental protection policies, before, during and after the construction of the Kribi Industrial and Urban Port Complex (KIPC). The results will equip the State and scientific structures concerned with the protection of people, water resources and the environment as a whole. This includes reference data on the state of marine pollution in the region dating from the end of realization of the first phase of KIPC known as Kribi Deep-Water Harbor (KDWH). Accordingly, the aim of this work is to assess the current state of KIPC and its surrounding by quantifying the preliminary parameters of suspended matter (SM);to analyze the physical and chemical parameters, chemical pollution indicators for anions and major cations and organic pollution indicators of four water samples taken from four different sites in the project area by filtration and weighing, pH meter, turbid meter, titration, colorimetry and titrimetric methods. The analysis of these samples and these parameters provides results which are slightly similar to international standards. This suggests that the environment remains relatively healthy. Hence, continuous management and monitoring of the parameters and pollution factors is strongly recommended.