Cerrado:Agricultural Production and Areas Designated for Environmental Preservation Registered in the Brazilian Rural Environmental Registry(Cadastro Ambiental Rural)

In this study,authors analyzed value,production and area used for producing Cerrado’s main agricultural products,and data on the farms located within this biome and registered in CAR up until April 2019,by microregion.The territory considered here comprised all microregions with at least 25%of its area covered by the Cerrado biome.The production,agricultural production,and planted area values used were the averages of the 2015 to 2017 harvests,and are shown in graphs and tables,as are maps of planted areas and groups of main annual crops,semi-perennial and perennial crops.The areas designated for environmental preservation(ADPs)are the result of the sum of permanent preservation areas(APP),legal reserves(RL)and additional vegetation areas within the farms.Authors’study shows that most of Brazilian cotton,eucalyptus for charcoal,orange,sugarcane,maize and soybean are produced in Cerrado,that 28%of Cerrado are ADPs within farms,and that 16%are areas planted with cotton,eucalyptus,orange,sugarcane,maize,soybean,coffee,beans,and potatoes.The territory occupied by agricultural areas and ADPs required by the Brazilian Forest Code shows that agricultural production and environmental preservation do coexist,and gather the maintenance of essential ecosystem services provided by the ADPs together with the development of the country’s relevant agricultural production.

The Buddhist Philosophical Perspective of Environmental Preservation and Management

At present we face a lot of environmental issues at both national and global levels. At the same time we will have to face severe environmental issues in the future. This is evident in forming the elements of earth, air, and water which reflect the human influence on organic and inorganic life. So, it is timely significant to pay attention on environmental preservation and management. The main purpose of this study is to explore how the Buddhist teaching could be used for environmental preservation and management. Accordingly, this study introduces a suitable long term environmental preservation model. The other objectives of this study are to learn Buddhism for environmental preservation and management, to create a new model which combines man and environment together, to compare Buddhist thinking and modem man＇s thinking regarding environmental preservation and management through the above and, to motivate man to preserve environment in through both direct and indirect ways. This study was based on the question whether the Buddhist philosophical teaching could be utilized to solve today＇s environmental issues？ The hypothesis was that the Buddhist philosophical teaching could be utilized for environmental preservation and management. For this purpose, the teachings of Buddha, related to environmental preservation as found in ＂Suttapil;aka＂ and ＂Vinayapi!;aka＂ were studied. In order to address these conditions we have subjected randomly collected information for interpretation and comparative analysis in qualitative research methodology. The content that has been analyzed is compared with the ethical code related to the patterns of human behavior and its relation to conservation. This has also given way to building some models related to the Buddhist teaching of environmental preservation. The objective of Buddhist philosophy is to generate sensitivity in the mind, of human beings and persuade them to preserve organic and inorganic environment, based on the view ＂Man is a creation of the environment＂. The Buddhist philosophical process of environmental preservation includes preserving flora and fauna, water, air, soil as well as garbage disposal. These elements, along with ethics, can be used in effective environment preservation. This new model of environmental preservation directs human beings towards sustainable development with a realistic vision. The Buddhist teaching on environment civilizes man＇s physical and spiritual behaviors, with a view to lead human beings towards environmental preservation with a realistic perspective.

Utilization of Agro-Industrial Residues and Municipal Waste of Plant Origin for Cellulosic Ethanol Production

Today’s search for alternative sources of energy to reduce the use of fossil fuels is motivated by environmental, socioeconomic and political reasons. The use of agro-industrial and municipal wastes of plant origin for ethanol production appears to be the best option to solve the dilemma of using food sources to produce biofuels, since it adds value to these wastes in eco-efficient processes. This paper highlights the potential of agro-industrial and municipal wastes for cellulosic ethanol production.