Implications of Dynamic Interactions between Meteorological Patterns and Surface Water Quality on Environmental Health—A Case Study of the Nairobi River

Urban areas face significant challenges in maintaining water quality amidst increasing urbanization and changing climatic patterns. This study investigates the complex interplay between meteorological variables and water quality parameters in Nairobi City, focusing on the impacts of rainfall and temperature on surface water quality. Data from multiple sources, including the Water Resources Authority, Nairobi Water and Sewerage Company, and the World Bank’s Climate Change Knowledge Portal, were analyzed to assess the relationships between meteorological variables (rainfall and temperature) and water quality parameters (such as electroconductivity, biochemical oxygen demand, chloride, and pH). The analysis reveals varying impacts of rainfall and temperature on different water quality parameters. While parameters like iron and pH show strong relationships with both rainfall and temperature, others such as ammonia and nitrate exhibit moderate relationships. Additionally, the study highlights the influence of runoff, urbanization, and industrial activities on water quality, emphasizing the need for holistic management approaches. Recommendations encompass the establishment of annual publications on Nairobi River water quality, online accessibility of water quality data, development of hydrological models, spatial analysis, and fostering cross-disciplinary research collaborations. Implementing these recommendations can enhance water quality management practices, mitigate risks, and safeguard environmental integrity in Nairobi City.

Correlation Analysis of Turbidity and Total Phosphorus in Water Quality Monitoring Data

At present,water pollution has become an important factor affecting and restricting national and regional economic development.Total phosphorus is one of the main sources of water pollution and eutrophication,so the prediction of total phosphorus in water quality has good research significance.This paper selects the total phosphorus and turbidity data for analysis by crawling the data of the water quality monitoring platform.By constructing the attribute object mapping relationship,the correlation between the two indicators was analyzed and used to predict the future data.Firstly,the monthly mean and daily mean concentrations of total phosphorus and turbidity outliers were calculated after cleaning,and the correlation between them was analyzed.Secondly,the correlation coefficients of different times and frequencies were used to predict the values for the next five days,and the data trend was predicted by python visualization.Finally,the real value was compared with the predicted value data,and the results showed that the correlation between total phosphorus and turbidity was useful in predicting the water quality.

Assessing the Impact of Petrol Service Stations on Selected Physico-Chemical Water Quality Parameters within Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria

This study assessed the impact of petrol service stations on physico-chemical water quality in Port Harcourt metropolis, Rivers State. This threw light on the extent of damage and alteration of water quality in Port Harcourt metropolis as a result of the proliferation of petrol service stations especially the condition of ground and nearby surface water. This serves as a useful tool to government and regulatory authorities for planning especially due to lack of central water supply system in Port Harcourt metropolis. The parameters studied were sampled, measured and analyzed using in situ and other standard methods. Remarkable results above permissible limits of interest for physicochemical parameter analysis revealed pH values from 4.6 to 6.8, electrical conductivity from 0.002 µS/cm to 0.42 µS/cm, salinity from 3 ppm to 4050 ppm, and temperatures from 19.9˚C to 32.6˚C. Total dissolved solids (TDS) varied from 7 ppm to 1000 ppm, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) from 0.167 mg/L to 2.167 mg/L, chemical oxygen demand (COD) from 0.257 mg/L to 3.253 mg/L, and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations from 1.70 mg/L to 4.30 mg/L. Specifically, water samples from NNPC Filling Station (Choba) and Eneka Pond displayed “Poor” water quality with WQI values of 112.003 and 112.076, respectively. Similarly, ALLTEC Filling Station (Eneka) and TOTAL Filling Station (Rumuomasi) had “Poor” water quality with WQI values of 173.707 and 180.946, respectively. In contrast, Excelsis Filling Station (Akpajo) demonstrated “Good” water quality with a WQI of 85.2072, while Total Filling Stations (Slaughter) and Choba River revealed “unsuitable for drinking” water quality with WQI values of 552.461 and 654.601, respectively. Slaughter River also indicated very poor water quality with a WQI of 442.024. The physicochemical and nutrient analyses of the water samples showed that activities of the filling stations within the study area may have polluted groundwater in the environment posing poor aesthetics and great health risk to consumers of the water bodies. The findings underscore the need for immediate remediation efforts and stricter regulatory measures to protect water quality. The study concluded that surface and groundwater near petrol service stations in Port Harcourt are unfit for drinking and irrigation purposes without adequate treatment.

Analysis and Evaluation of Heavy Metal Environmental Quality of Irrigation Water in Vegetable Farmlands of Shandong Province

[Objective] The aim was to evaluate heavy metal environmental quality of irrigation water in vegetable farmlands of Shandong Province. [Method] Heavy metal contents including Hg,Cd,As,Cr (+6),Pb,Cu and Zn in irrigation water of main vegetable farmlands of Shandong Province were investigated by randomly sampling,and the environmental quality conditions of these heavy metals were evaluated by methods of single quality index and complex quality index. [Result] The results showed that the average contents of heavy metals in irrigation water of Shouguang,Laiyang,Jinxiang and Zhangqiu were all far lower than the limit values prescribed by 'Farmland Environmental Quality Evaluation Standards for Edible Agricultural Products' (HJ332-2006),and no heavy metal was found beyond the limit value in every sample. The single quality indices of the 7 elements in the studied 4 places were all lower than 0.5. The comprehensive quality index of the seven elements was 0.317 8 in Shouguang,0.320 4 in Laiyang,0.232 6 in Jinxiang,and 0.260 7 in Zhangqiu. The environmental quality of irrigation water in the studied four places were all set at the first class. [Conclusion] The environmental quality of irrigation water in the 4 places belonged to clean level and were fit for the plantation of no pollution vegetables.

Monitoring and Evaluation of Environmental Quality of the Waters near the Oujiang River Estuary in Wenzou

Based on the monitoring results of environmental quality of the waters near the Oujiang River estuary from 2010 to 2017,the present situation of environmental quality of the waters was analyzed and evaluated.The results showed that pH,DO,COD Mn ,petroleum,and heavy metal (Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Hg,As and Cr) content in the waters near the Oujiang River estuary did not exceed the second-class standard of Seawater Quality Standard (GB 3097-1997),while both inorganic nitrogen and reactive phosphate in the waters greatly exceeded the second-class standard.The water quality near the Oujiang River estuary was in an eutrophic state.In terms of sediment quality,the standard index of most evaluation factors except for Cu was smaller than 1,meeting the demands of sediment quality for environmental protection.

Monitoring and Evaluation of Environmental Quality of the Waters near the Feiyun River Estuary in Wenzou in Recent Years

Based on the monitoring results of environmental quality of the waters near the Feiyun River estuary during 2011-2016, the current situation of environmental quality of the waters was analyzed and evaluated. The results showed that pH, DO, COD Mn , petroleum, and heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, As and Cr) in the waters near the Feiyun River estuary did not exceed the second-class standard of Seawater Quality Standard (GB 3097-1997), while both inorganic nitrogen and reactive phosphate in the waters exceeded the second-class standard obviously. The water quality of the waters near the Feiyun River estuary was in an eutrophic state. In terms of sediment quality, the standard index of most evaluation factors except for Cu was smaller than 1, meeting the demands of sediment quality for environmental protection.

Geochemical analysis and quality assessment of geothermal water in Gujarat,India

Geothermal water can have a wide range of direct applications,including drinking,domestic use,irrigation and industrial use.This study analyses geothermal water from Dholera,Diu,Gandhar,Kutch,Porbandar,Tulsishyam,and Unai regions located in Gujarat,India,to determine the hydrochemistry for establishing the water's suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes.From each region,three different water samples were collected.For drinking purpose,total eleven water quality parameters such as pH,electrical conductivity,total dissolved solids,calcium,magnesium,sodium,potassium,chloride,sulphate,carbonate and bicarbonate were evaluated.Piper and Durov plots were used to understand the ionic composition and evolution of water.Whereas for irrigation,the parameters such as total dissolved solids,sodium absorption ration,electrical conductivity,and potential salinity were used for water quality check.Wilcox Plot was plotted to understand the sodium and salinity hazard of water.Water quality index and irrigation water quality index were used to assess the water quality for making the analytical procedure easy.The findings indicate that the water samples from the Dholera and Diu areas had extremely high values for both the water quality index and total dissolved solids content.Water in these places may be appropriate for making salt.All the other samples show adequacy for utilization in irrigation purpose.

Composition analysis of colored dissolved organic matter in Taihu Lake based on three dimension excitation-emission fuorescence matrix and PARAFAC model, and the potential application in water quality monitoring

Taihu Lake is one of the five biggest lakes in China. Surface water samples from 26 sampling sites of Taihu Lake were collected. Furthermore wet chemical analysis （CODCr and BOD5） and measurement of three dimensional excitation-emission matrix （3DEEM） spectra in the laboratory have been conducted. Using parallel factor analysis （PARAFAC） model, three components of colored dissolved organic matter （CDOM） have been identified successfully, based on the analysis of 3DEEM data. The characteristics of the three components also have been described by comparing them to some components of CDOM, identified in earlier researches. Meanwhile, spatial variations of concentration for the three components in Taihu Lake have been analyzed, and the result indicates that the concentration of component 1 depends more on the situation of wastewater pollution and can be used as the indicator of wastewater pollution. The relationship between the concentrations of the three components and results of the wet chemical analysis show that none of the three components can be used as indicators of gross organic matter in water. However, the concentrations of all the three components have obvious linear relationships with the BOD5 value, especially for component 1 （r = 0.72878）. Finally, the potential applications of the composition analysis based on 3DEEM and PARAFAC model in water quality monitoring have been illuminated.

Introduction to the airborne marine surveillance platform and its application to water quality monitoring in China

China Marine Surveillance Force was equipped with modern aerial equipments for marine lawexecute with the advantage of functioning agilely at a large scale of surveillance coverage, providing powerful all-round safeguard, which is of benefit to the harmonious and sustainable development of coastal economy. Onboard the planes, three kinds of remote sensing sensors have been installed, including a marine airborne multi-spectrum scanner （MAMS）, an optical-electronic platform, and an airborne hyper-spectral system AISA＋. The specifications of remote sensing platforms were introduced briefly first, then examples of water quality monitoring by airborne remote sensing were presented, including the monitoring in coastal suspended material, oil-spill and abnormal warm water, etc.

Design and Analysis of a Water Quality Monitoring Data Service Platform

Water is one of the basic resources for human survival.Water pollution monitoring and protection have been becoming a major problem for many countries all over the world.Most traditional water quality monitoring systems,however,generally focus only on water quality data collection,ignoring data analysis and data mining.In addition,some dirty data and data loss may occur due to power failures or transmission failures,further affecting data analysis and its application.In order to meet these needs,by using Internet of things,cloud computing,and big data technologies,we designed and implemented a water quality monitoring data intelligent service platform in C#and PHP language.The platform includes monitoring point addition,monitoring point map labeling,monitoring data uploading,monitoring data processing,early warning of exceeding the standard of monitoring indicators,and other functions modules.Using this platform,we can realize the automatic collection of water quality monitoring data,data cleaning,data analysis,intelligent early warning and early warning information push,and other functions.For better security and convenience,we deployed the system in the Tencent Cloud and tested it.The testing results showed that the data analysis platform could run well and will provide decision support for water resource protection.

Comparison of Using an Electronic System and Conventional Monitoring Method for Monitoring the Quality of Drinking Water and Defects Discovery in Rural Area Water Distribution Network of Abarkouh, Iran

The used water for human consumption must be free of microorganisms and chemicals that cause risk in the human health. In this study, water quality of 18 rural area of Abarkouh was determined and compared the conventional monitoring method (According to ISIR (Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran), 1053 and 4208) and use of electronic system method (Patent in industrial property general office of Iran, 77815). Free chlorine monitoring and pH test done by health workers in the conventional method and the results will be sent to the Health Network monthly. Sampling for microbiological testing is done monthly based on population (According to ISIR, 4208). On the electronic system, the procedure is also done by health workers, but the result will be sent to the receiver device by using a cell phone. According to the chlorine test results if the free chlorine residual reported zero, microbiological sampling was done by a health expert. Finally, the number of chlorine test and microbiological sampling and the results of these experiments collected in the both methods and recorded in SPSS 22 then were analyzed by using chi-square test and Fisher exact test. The result of microbiological experiments shows that the sampling rate decreased 29% in using of electronic system method in comparison to the conventional monitoring method while the number of microbial defect detection increased 19% in drinking water networks monitoring by electronic system. Using of electronic system monitoring can reduce the rate and cost of microbiological sampling and its experiments and increase accuracy of these tests, in this way it will increase the quality and safety of drinking water in distribution network in small and dispersed rural communities.

Monitoring and Evaluation of Present Situation of Environmental Quality in the Sea Area near the Aojiang Estuary in Wenzou

Based on the monitoring results of environmental quality in the sea area near the Aojiang estuary in Wenzou during 2010-2012,the present situation of environmental quality in the sea area was analyzed and evaluated. The results show that p H,DO,CODMn,petroleum,and heavy metals( Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Hg,As and Cr) in the sea area near the Aojiang estuary did not exceed the second-class standard of Seawater Quality Standard( GB 3097-1997),but both inorganic nitrogen and reactive phosphate in the sea area exceeded the second-class standard seriously,and the water quality of the sea area was in an eutrophic state; domestic sewage and fertilizer loss were the main sources of nitrogen and phosphorus. The standard index of most evaluation factors of sediment quality except for Zn was smaller than 1,meeting the demands of sediment quality for environmental protection.

Monitoring and Assessment of Current Situation of Environmental Quality in Yueqing Bay

Based on the monitoring results of environmental quality in Yueqing Bay during 2007-2014,the current situation of environmental quality in the bay was analyzed and assessed. The results show that pH,DO,CODMn,petroleum,and heavy metals( Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Hg,As and Cr)in the seawater of Yueqing Bay did not exceed the second class standard of Seawater Quality Standard( GB 3097-1997),but inorganic nitrogen and reactive phosphate in the seawater of Yueqing Bay exceeded the second class standard seriously,and the water quality of the bay was in an eutrophic state; the standard index of evaluation factors of sediment quality was smaller than 1,meeting the demands of sediment quality for environmental protection.

Visualization Research and Application of Water Quality Monitoring Data Based on ECharts

Water resources are one of the basic resources for human survival,and water protection has been becoming a major problem for countries around the world.However,most of the traditional water quality monitoring research work is still concerned with the collection of water quality indicators,and ignored the analysis of water quality monitoring data and its value.In this paper,by adopting Laravel and AdminTE framework,we introduced how to design and implement a water quality data visualization platform based on Baidu ECharts.Through the deployed water quality sensor,the collected water quality indicator data is transmitted to the big data processing platform that deployed on Tencent Cloud in real time through the 4G network.The collected monitoring data is analyzed,and the processing result is visualized by Baidu ECharts.The test results showed that the designed system could run well and will provide decision support for water resource protection.

Monitoring and Assessment of Water Quality of Centralized Drinking Water Sources in Kaixian County during the " Twelfth Five-year Plan " Period

Based on the monitoring data of water quality of more than 40 centralized drinking water sources in 40 towns （townships or streets） of Kaixian County in the first and second half of each year during the ＂Twelfth Five-year Plan＂ period, the changing rules of the water quality were studied to provide scientific references for the improvement of drinking water safety of urban and rural residents and drinking water quality. The re- sults show that the water quality of centralized drinking water sources in Kaixian County improved year by year during the ＂Twelfth Five-year Plan＂ period, and most monitoring sites with water quality exceeding the standard are distributed in reservoirs. Total phosphorus, total nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, and permanganate index exceeded the standard obviously. Main pollution sources are domestic pollution and non-point source pol- lution caused by excessive discharge of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic pollutants. To improve drinking water quality, it is suggested that some towns can get drinking water from other reservoirs, surface water or underground water with better quality instead of previous reservoirs with water quality exceeding the standard, and the control of non-point source pollution should be enhanced.

Marine environmental quality, pollution monitoring and environmental management

Chinese government has adopted a series of management measures to prevent and manage marine pollution and to protect ocean bio resources and ecosystem. The key points of Chinese marine environmental quality status, pollution monitoring and environmental management since 1980' were discussed in this paper. Those included the investigations of Chinese coast environmental quality, monitoring techniques and standards, as well as the marine environmental management measures. Recent status of marine environmental pollution and the monitoring network in China were also introduced.

Establishment of a Quality Assurance System in the Online Monitoring of Electromagnetic Environment of Alternating Current Power Transmission and Transformation Facilities

With the acceleration of urbanization and increase of points in power systems,complaints about power grids have increased.In the actual on-site measurement process,although the actual measurement results can meet the relevant standards,some people are still concerned that the electromagnetic environment may change drastically outside the measurement period,which will have an impact on human health.In this study,the situation of electromagnetic online monitoring systems at home and abroad was introduced firstly,and then some practical requirements for establishing monitoring stations were analyzed.According to existing technologies and related writings,the methods and steps for establishing a quality assurance system were introduced,including the identification of quality assurance system activities and their corresponding structure of quality assurance system documents,the preparation and principles of the documents,and the operation of the quality assurance system.It intends to provide reference for the relevant organizations and personnel conducting electromagnetic environment monitoring when establishing a quality assurance system.Through the establishment of the online monitoring system and the later data publicity,the public have an intuitive understanding of the electromagnetic environment attenuation around power transmission and transformation projects,which can not only make China's electric power industry develop better,but also monitor the unexpected situation in time,maintain public safety and reduce people's fear of electromagnetic radiation in substations.

Quality Monitoring of Various Local and Imported Brands of Bottled Drinking Water in Saudi Arabia

Minerals and constitutes in drinking water are vital for the nutrition of human bodies. Certain limits of water quality parameters must be met to ensure the safety of bottled drinking water for the human consumption. Thirty two local and twelve imported brands of bottled water in Saudi Arabia have been collected to verify their compliance with international and local standards which are EPA (2016), WHO (2013) and SASO (2009). A proposed scoring system is used to evaluate the water quality. Fayha and Hilwa brands have been selected as the best local brands whereas Volvic brand as the optimal imported brand in the western region of Saudi Arabia. The local water brands are more reliable to the standards than the imported brands. Licensed water brands in Saudi Arabia are found to have a good water quality which satisfied the quality requirements.

Study on Factors Influencing the Quality of Automatic Monitoring Data of Pollution Sources and Technical Assurance Measures

Automatic monitoring data of pollution sources is an important basis for environmental supervision and management.At present,it is difficult to guarantee the quality of automatic monitoring data of pollution sources,and it is difficult to play the role of the monitoring data.In response to this problem,the factors influencing the quality of automatic monitoring data of pollution sources were analyzed in detail,and technical assurance measures for the quality of automatic monitoring data of pollution sources in Shandong Province were studied.Besides,the dynamic management and control idea of automatic monitoring of pollution sources was proposed,and specific technical measures were analyzed from five aspects of standardizing automatic monitoring equipment of pollution sources,improving the data collection and transmission system,establishing a mechanism for reporting operating status information of monitoring equipment,setting alarm rules and alarm processing procedures,and statistically analyzing the operating status of the equipment.Practice has proved that the dynamic management and control system can effectively ensure the quality of automatic monitoring data of pollution sources.

Comparison between Two Bioassays in Monitoring and Evaluation of Water Quality

[ Objective] The aim was to compare the application of two bioassays to monitoring and evaluation of water quality. [ Method ] By using two bioassays （micronucleus detecting technology based on Vicia faba root tip cells and the bioassay by luminous bacteria）, we monitored and evaluated seven kinds of single solutions respectively added different pollutants （ Hg, Cd, As, Cr6 ＋ , Pb, I_A8 and CODc,） and a mixed solution added those seven pollutants. Afterwards, we compared their results under the same pollutant and concentration, so as to study the two bioassays＇ sensitivity and sensitive concentration to the seven pollutants. [ Result] Under the same pollutant and concentration, micronucleus detecting tech- nology based on Vicia faba root tip cells had responses to Hg, Cd, As and Cr6＋ , but there was no response to Pb, LAS and CODer. However, the bioassay by luminous bacteria had responses to most pollutants except Cr6＋. Comparing the sensitive degree and concentration to each pollutant, they can complement each other. For these seven pollutants, the bioassay by luminous bacteria was better than micronucleus detecting technology based on Vicia faba root tip cells. Meanwhile, from the testing result of the mixed solution, the combined toxicity of several pollutants in lower con- cantrations was serious. At the same time, contrasted to normal chemical methods, bioassays were fast and effective. [ Conclusion] The research could provide theoretical references for the correlation study of bioassays.