Optimization of Fermentation Medium and Conditions of Antibiotic Active Substances Produced by Antarctic Psychrotrophic Bacterium Rheinheimera sp. 97

[Objective] The aim was to optimize the fermentation medium and conditions of antibiotic active substances produced by Antarctic psychrotrophic bacterium Rheinheimera sp.97.[Method] Single-factor experiment and orthogonal test were adopted to optimize the fermentation medium of antibiotic active substances produced by Antarctic psychrotrophic bacterium R.sp.97,while the fermentation conditions were optimized by single-factor experiment.[Result] The optimum fermentation medium for the antibiotic active substances production was as follows：tryptone 3.0 g/L,ammonium sulfate 1.0 g/L,starch 2.0 g/L,NaCl 15.0 g/L.The optimized fermentation conditions were as follows：the starting pH of medium was 8.0,fermentation temperature was 10 ℃,liquid volume in Erlenmeyer flask was 30 %（V/V）and inoculation amount was 1%（V/V）.Under the optimized fermentation medium and conditions,the antibacterial activity of R.sp.97 was increased by 18.1%.[Conclusion] This study had provided basis for the antibiotic active substances produced by Antarctic psychrotrophic bacterium R.sp.97.

Optimization of Generator Based on Gaussian Process Regression Model with Conditional Likelihood Lower Bound Search

The noise that comes from finite element simulation often causes the model to fall into the local optimal solution and over fitting during optimization of generator.Thus,this paper proposes a Gaussian Process Regression(GPR)model based on Conditional Likelihood Lower Bound Search(CLLBS)to optimize the design of the generator,which can filter the noise in the data and search for global optimization by combining the Conditional Likelihood Lower Bound Search method.Taking the efficiency optimization of 15 kW Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor as an example.Firstly,this method uses the elementary effect analysis to choose the sensitive variables,combining the evolutionary algorithm to design the super Latin cube sampling plan;Then the generator-converter system is simulated by establishing a co-simulation platform to obtain data.A Gaussian process regression model combing the method of the conditional likelihood lower bound search is established,which combined the chi-square test to optimize the accuracy of the model globally.Secondly,after the model reaches the accuracy,the Pareto frontier is obtained through the NSGA-II algorithm by considering the maximum output torque as a constraint.Last,the constrained optimization is transformed into an unconstrained optimizing problem by introducing maximum constrained improvement expectation(CEI)optimization method based on the re-interpolation model,which cross-validated the optimization results of the Gaussian process regression model.The above method increase the efficiency of generator by 0.76%and 0.5%respectively;And this method can be used for rapid modeling and multi-objective optimization of generator systems.

Optimization of Conditions for the Extraction of Melanin from Walnut Husk

[Objective] This study was conducted optimize the conditions for the ex- traction of melanin from walnut husk. [Method] Melanin was isolated from walnut husk through alkali extraction and acid precipitation, and the factors that may influ- ence the extraction efficiency： temperature, duration, NaOH concentration and solid- liquid ratio were set at different levels. [Result] The optimal conditions for the ex- traction of melanin from walhut husk were temperature of 80 ℃, extraction duration of 120 min, NaOH concentration of 70 mol/L, and solid-liquid ratio of 1：20. [Conclu- sion] The optimal conditions for the extraction of melanin from walnut husk deter- mined in the present study will provide references for the development and utiliza- tion of natural melanin.

OPTIMALITY CONDITIONS AND DUALITY RESULTS FOR NONSMOOTH VECTOR OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS WITH THE MULTIPLE INTERVAL-VALUED OBJECTIVE FUNCTION

In this paper, both Fritz John and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker necessary optimality conditions are established for a （weakly） LU-efficient solution in the considered nonsmooth multiobjective programming problem with the multiple interval-objective function. Further, the sufficient optimality conditions for a （weakly） LU-efficient solution and several duality results in Mond-Weir sense are proved under assumptions that the functions constituting the considered nondifferentiable multiobjective programming problem with the multiple interval- objective function are convex.

Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Xylanase Production by Aspergillus niger NS-1

In this study, a xylanase-produeing Aspergillus niger strain, NS-1, was screened and isolated from agricultural and forestry wastes. Based on single-fac- tor experiments, the effects of different carbon sources, composite carbon sources, nitrogen sources, calcium carbonate concentrations, initial pH and surfactants on xylanase production by A. niger NS-1 were investigated. The results indicated that the most appropriate carbon source was corncobs ; the best composite carbon source was corncobs ＋ xylan, which was conducive to xylanase secretion; the most suitable nitrogen source was ammonium sulfate. Xylanase activity reached the highest in the medium added with 1.5% calcium carbonate and SDS as a surfactant with an initial pH of 5.0. This study provided the basis for the production of high-activity xylanase.

Optimization of Culture Conditions and Medium Composition for the Marine Algicidal Bacterium Alteromonas sp. DH46 by Uniform Design

Harmful algal blooms(HABs) have led to extensive ecological and environmental issues and huge economic losses.Various HAB control techniques have been developed,and biological methods have been paid more attention.Algicidal bacteria is a general designation for bacteria which inhibit algal growth in a direct or indirect manner,and kill or damage the algal cells.A metabolite which is strongly toxic to the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense was produced by strain DH46 of the alga-lysing bacterium Alteromonas sp.The culture conditions were optimized using a single-factor test method.Factors including carbon source,nitrogen source,temperature,initial pH value,rotational speed and salinity were studied.The results showed that the cultivation of the bacteria at 28℃ and 180 r min-1with initial pH 7 and 30 salt contcentration favored both the cell growth and the lysing effect of strain DH46.The optimal medium composition for strain DH46 was determined by means of uniform design experimentation,and the most important components influencing the cell density were tryptone,yeast extract,soluble starch,NaNO3 and MgSO4.When the following culture medium was used(tryptone 14.0g,yeast extract 1.63g,soluble starch 5.0 g,NaNO3 1.6 g,MgSO4 2.3 g in 1L),the largest bacterial dry weight(7.36 g L-1) was obtained,which was an enhancement of 107% compared to the initial medium;and the algal lysis rate was as high as 98.4% which increased nearly 10% after optimization.

Optimization of cultural conditions for thermostable β-1,3-1,4-glucanase production by Bacillus subtilis ZJF-1A5

The optimization of cultural conditions for β glucanase production by Bacillus subtilis ZJF 1A5 was investigated in flask trials. Temperature had great effect on β glucanase production which maximized at optimal temperature of 37℃ and decreased significantly when temperature was over 37℃.Charge quantity affected β glucanase production significantly. Adding oxygen vector N dodecane or acetic ether benefited β glucanase production, but it depended on the concentration and charge quantity. The results of fractional factorial design showed that age and size of inoculum and shaking speed were the key factors affecting β glucanase production and the cultivation time span to reach the highest β glucanase activity. The optimal cultural conditions for β glucanase production obtained with CCD were as follows: inoculum age and size (16 h, 3.82%(v/v)), shaking speed 210 r/min, charge quantity of 30 mL in 250 mL flask and initial pH 7.0, cultured at 37℃ for 50 h. Repeated experimental results accorded with those predicted by a second order polynomial model. The amount of β glucanase, α amylase and neutral protease produced by B subtilis ZJF 1A5 was associated partially with cell growth. Those three enzymes' activities increased following the cell growth and increased significantly when cells entered the stationary phase.

THE OPTIMALITY CONDITIONS OF NONCONVEXSET-VALUED VECTOR OPTIMIZATION

The concepts of alpha-order Clarke's derivative, alpha-order Adjacent derivative and alpha-order G.Bouligand derivative of set-valued mappings are introduced, their properties are studied, with which the Fritz John optimality condition of set-valued vector optimization is established. Finally, under the assumption of pseudoconvexity, the optimality condition is proved to be sufficient.

Distillation Sequence Optimization Considering Extractive Distillation under Multiple Conditions: A Methanol to Propylene Case Study

This study provides insights into the distillation sequence optimization of refinery system in a methanol to propylene plant with extractive distillation under multiple conditions. The simulated annealing algorithm(SA) with relative cost function was used to solve a meaningful optimization problem. It was observed that different conditions had differed on the flowsheet. Case study shows the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Optimization of elastolysis conditions and elastolytic kinetic analysis with elastase from Bacillus licheniformis ZJUEL31410

The solubilization of elastin by Bacillus licheniformis elastase cannot be analyzed by conventional kinetic methods because the biologically relevant substrate is insoluble and the concentration of enzyme-substrate complex has no physical meaning. In this paper we report the optimization of elastolysis conditions and analysis of elastolytic kinetics. Our results indicated that the hydrolyzing temperature and time are very important factors affecting elastolysis rate. The optimized conditions using central composite design were as follows： elastolysis temperature 50 ℃, elastase concentration 1 × 10^4 U/ml, elastin 80 mg, elastolytic time 4 h. Investigation of the effects of substrate content, elastase concentration and pH was also revealed that low or high elastin content inhibits the elastolysis process. Increasingelastase improves elastin degradation, but high elastase may change the kinetics characterization. Alkaline environment can decrease elastin degradation rate and pH may affect elastolysis by changing elastase reaction pH. To further elucidate the elastolysis process, the logistic model was used to elastolysis kinetics study showing clearly that the logistic model can reasonably explain the elastolysis process, especially under lower elastase concentration. However, there is still need for more investigations with the aid of other methods, such as biochemical and molecular methods.

Optimization of Extraction Conditions of Some Phenolic Compounds from White Horehound (<i>Marrubium vulgare</i>L.) Leaves

This research was aimed to optimize the extraction conditions of three phenolic compounds: total phenolics, flavonoids and condensed tannins, from White Horehound’s leaves (Marrubium vulgare L.). Distilled water and different organic solvents such as: methanol, ethanol and acetone, were used, with various concentrations (20% - 80%, v/v), temperatures (20&deg;C - 60&deg;C) and extraction times (30 - 450 min). Results showed that the maximum total phenolics amounts (293.34 ± 14.60 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weigh), were obtained with 60% aqueous methanol at 25&deg;C for 180 min;total flavonoids (79.52 ± 0.55 mg catechin equivalent/g dry weigh) with 80% aqueous methanol at 20&deg;C for 450 min, and condensed tannins (28.15 ± 0.80 mg catechin equivalent/g dry weigh) with 60% aqueous acetone at 50&deg;C and for 180 min. ANOVA test showed the significant effect (***P < 0.001) of the extraction conditions tested on phenolic compounds. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) exhibited the positive effect of low temperatures on total phenolics and flavonoids extraction, and the effect of high temperatures on the condensed tannins extraction. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) provided predicted values of extraction conditions and maximum polyphenols amounts similar to those obtained experimentally.

Design Optimization of TBM Disc Cutters for Different Geological Conditions

A novel optimization methodology for the disc cutter designs of tunnel boring machines (TBM) was presented. To fully understand the characteristics and performance of TBM cutters, a comprehensive list of performance parameters were investigated, including maximum equivalent stress and strain, specific energy and wear life which were closely related to the cutting forces and profile geometry of the cutter rings. A systematic method was employed to evaluate an overall performance index by incorporating objectives at all possible geological conditions. The Multi-objective & Multi-geologic Conditions Optimization (MMCO) program was then developed, which combined the updating of finite element model, system evaluation, finite element solving, post-processing and optimization algorithm. Finally, the MMCO was used to optimize the TBM cutters used in a TBM tunnel project in China. The results show that the optimization significantly improves the working performances of the cutters under all geological conditions considered.

Optimization of reaction conditions for the electroleaching of manganese from low-grade pyrolusite

In the present study, a response surface methodology was used to optimize the electroleaching of Mn from low-grade pyrolusite. Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate was used in this reaction as a reducing agent in sulfuric acid solutions. The effect of six process variables, including the mass ratio of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate to pyrolusite, mass ratio of sulfuric acid to pyrolusite, liquid-to-solid ratio, current density, leaching temperature, and leaching time, as well as their binary interactions, were modeled. The results revealed that the order of these factors with respect to their effects on the leaching efficiency were mass ratio of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate to pyrolusite 〉 leaching time 〉 mass ratio of sulfuric acid to pyrolusite 〉 liquid-to-solid ratio 〉 leaching temperature 〉 current density. The optimum conditions were as follows： 1.10：1 mass ratio of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate to pyrolusite, 0.9：1 mass ratio of sulfuric acid to pyrolusite, liquid-to-solid ratio of 0.7：1, current density of 947 A/m^2, leaching time of 180 min, and leaching temperature of 73°C. Under these conditions, the predicted leaching efficiency for Mn was 94.1%; the obtained experimental result was 95.7%, which confirmed the validity of the model.

Optimization of the operating conditions in a TiO_2/Fe_3O_4-SiO_2 photocatalytic reactor for the treatment of industrial wastewater containing Procion Red MX-5B

According to the design principle of the central composite experimental,the method of response surface analysis with three factors and three levels was adopted based on one factor test.A second-order quadratic equation for photocatalysis of Procion Red MX-5B was built.Response surface and contour were graphed with the decoloration rate of Procion Red MX-5B as the response value.Based on the analysis of the response surface plots and their corresponding contour plots,effects of pH value,irradiation time and catalyst loading were explored.By using this new method,the optimum decoloration condition was obtained as follows:pH value,1.3;irradiation time,49.9 min;catalyst loading,0.57 g/L.In the optimization,R-Squared and Adj R-Squared correlation coefficients for quadratic model were evaluated quite satisfactorily as 0.9310 and 0.8620,respectively.Under the optimum conditions established,the performance of 99.47% for color removal was experimentally reached.It was found that all factors considered have an important effect on the decolorization efficiency of Procion Red MX-5B.By the ANOVA analysis and model confirmation the optimal solution obtained using RSM was experimentally validated and credible with preferable instructional ability for experiments.

Optimality conditions in set optimization employing higher-order radial derivatives

There are two approaches of defining the solutions of a set-valued optimization problem： vector criterion and set criterion. This note is devoted to higher-order optimality conditions using both criteria of solutions for a constrained set-valued optimization problem in terms of higher-order radial derivatives. In the case of vector criterion, some optimality conditions are derived for isolated （weak） minimizers. With set criterion, necessary and sufficient optimality conditions are established for minimal solutions relative to lower set-order relation.

Optimization of Screening Method for Feed Nutrition and Processing Conditions

On the basis of regressional relationship between nutritional indexes and technological conditions,when confronted with feed quality that contains multiple nutritional indexes,a comprehensive equation of evaluating feed quality was developed by using fuzzy mathematical method at first in this study,and then the optimum technological conditions were established by introduction of statistical frequency analysis method pursuant to the comprehensive evaluating equation mentioned above compared with conventional multi-aim nonlinear programming,this method can lead to easy solutions,and also can make adjustment of the importance of nutritional indexes to feed quality according to practical considerations.An example was given of soybean extruding to show how the method worked.

DES Mutagenesis of Antagonistic Streptomyces of Botryosphaeria dothidea and Optimization of Its Fermentation Conditions

[ Objective] The paper wag to improve the antimicrobial effect of antagonistic Streptomyces on Botryosphaeria dothidea. [ Method ] Different concentrations of DES were adopted for mutagenic treatment of antagonistic Streptomyces F-58. After fermentation, the mutant strain numbered F-58-06 with genetic stability and good antimicrobial effect was selected among 200 mutant strains; the biological activity of the strain was determined with B. dothidea as the indicator fungus, and the best concentration of DES wag 2%. The fermentation conditions of antagonistic substances of Streptomyces strain F-58-06 produced in shake flasks were opti- mized using the method of single factor and orthogonal experimental design. [ Result] The optimal fermentation conditions were carbon source corn flour, nitrogen source KNO3, initial pH 7, loading volume 30 mL in 250 mL shake flask, inoculation volume 3%, incubation time 132 h. Based on orthogonal experiments, the best cultured medium ratio was corn flour 4%, KNO3 0.5%, CaCO3 0.2%, NaCI 0.35%, MgSO4 · 7H2O 0. 15%. [ Conclusion ] After mutation and optimization of culture medium, the antimicrobial activity of Streptomyces F-58 was greatly improved, and the average inhibition zone diameter was 1.35 times of that of the original strain.

Higher-order Optimality Conditions for Henig Effcient Solution in Set-valued Optimization under Cone-convexlike Maps

This paper deals with higher-order optimality conditions for Henig effcient solutions of set-valued optimization problems.By virtue of the higher-order tangent sets, necessary and suffcient conditions are obtained for Henig effcient solutions of set-valued optimization problems whose constraint condition is determined by a fixed set.

On Second-order Sufficient Conditions in Constrained Nonsmooth Optimization

In this paper, we establish a second-order sufficient condition for constrained optimization problems of a class of so called t-stable functions in terms of the first-order and the second-order Dini type directional derivatives. The result extends the corresponding result of [D. Bednarik and K. Pastor, Math. Program. Ser. A, 113（2008）, 283-298] to constrained optimization problems.

Optimization of Cellulase Production Conditions in Bacteria Isolated from Soils in Brazzaville

Objective: The objective of the present study is to optimize cellulase production in five strains: (Pantoea dispersa MLTBY6 (MT646430.1);Pseudomonas aeruginosa MLTBM2 (MT646431.1);Pseudomonas monteilii MLTBC10 (MT674682.1);Bacillus subtilis MLTBC5 (MT674681.1) and Lysinibacillus fusiformis MLTBB7 selected cellulase producers isolated from soils in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo. Materials and Methods: The cellulolytic activity of the selected cellulase-producing strains was determined by transferring the strains to a petri dish containing CMC culture medium with the following composition: cellulose 1%, K2HPO4 0.2%, MgSO4 0.03%, peptone 1%, (NH4)2SO4 0.2% adjusted to a pH value of 7, previously poured and then frozen. The dishes were incubated in an oven at 37°C for 48 hours. The petri dishes were then flooded with 1% lugol for 15 minutes. A positive reading is indicated by the formation of a hydrolysis zone, the diameters of the hydrolysis zone were measured with a ruler. Strains with a broad lysis spectrum were selected. Optimisation of cellulase production by five bacterial strains isolated from the soil was done using the following factors: temperature and pH. Results: The production of cellulase showed that these strains showed a high production of cellulase at pH values between 5.6 and 9 with an optimum of pH = 8 and temperature values between 35°C and 40°C with an optimum at temperature t = 40°C. Of the carbon sources used, two sources, namely glucose and galactose, showed a high production of cellulase compared to the other carbon sources. However, the two nitrogen sources, ammonium sulphate and urea, were favourable for cellulase production by all five strains. Fe2+, CO2+, Zn2+ ions are favourable for cellulase production by these strains, with a referendum for Fe2+. Conclusion: From these results, we conclude that the sources of carbon (glucose and galactose), nitrogen (ammonium sulphate and urea) and ions (Fe2+, CO2+, Zn2+) added to these five strains were the elements favouring the good production of cellulase.