The Effect of Soil Enzymes and Polysaccharides Secreted by the Roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge under Drought,High Temperature,and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Deficits

Root exudates serve as crucial mediators for information exchange between plants and soil,and are an important evolutionary mechanism for plants’adaptation to environmental changes.In this study,15 different abiotic stress models were established using various stress factors,including drought(D),high temperature(T),nitrogen deficiency(N),phosphorus deficiency(P),and their combinations.We investigated their effects on the seedling growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and the activities of Solid-Urease(S-UE),Solid-Nitrite Reductase(S-NiR),Solid-Nitrate Reductase(S-NR),Solid-Phosphotransferase(S-PT),and Solid-Catalase(S-CAT),as well as the contents of polysaccharides in the culture medium.The results showed that the growth of S.miltiorrhiza was inhibited under 15 stress conditions.Among them,13 stress conditions increased the root-shoot ratio.These 15 stress conditions significantly reduced the activity of S-NR,two combinations significantly improved the activity of S-NIR,they were synergistic stresses of high temperature and nitrogen deficiency(TN),and synergistic stresses of drought and nitrogen deficiency(DN)(p<0.05).The activity of S-UE was significantly improved under N,D,T,synergistic stresses of drought and high temperature(DT),DN,synergistic stresses of drought and phosphorus deficiency(DP),and synergistic stresses of high temperature,nitrogen,and phosphorus deficiency(TNP)stress conditions(p<0.05).Most stress combinations reduced the activity of S-PT,but D and T significantly improved it.(p<0.05).The N,DN,and TN stress conditions significantly reduced S-CAT activity.The P,DT,and synergistic stresses of drought,high temperature,and phosphorus deficiency(DTP)significantly decreased the total polysaccharide content of the soil(p<0.05).The research suggested that abiotic stress hindered the growth of S.miltiorrhiza and altered the behavior of root secretion.Roots regulated the secretion of several substances in response to various abiotic stresses,including soil nitrogen cycle enzymes,phosphorus transport-related enzymes,and antioxidant enzymes.In conclusion,plants regulate the utilization of rhizosphere substances in response to abiotic stresses by modulating the exudation of soil enzymes and polysaccharides by the root system.At the same time,soil carbon sequestration was affected by the adverse environment,which restricted the input of organic matter into the soil.

Screening for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease:Time to discard the emperor’s clothes of normal liver enzymes?

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD)is the most prevalent chronic liver condition worldwide.Current liver enzyme-based screening methods have limitations that may missed diagnoses and treatment delays.Regarding Chen et al,the risk of developing MAFLD remains elevated even when alanine aminotransferase levels fall within the normal range.Therefore,there is an urgent need for advanced diagnostic techniques and updated algorithms to enhance the accuracy of MAFLD diagnosis and enable early intervention.This paper proposes two potential screening methods for identifying individuals who may be at risk of developing MAFLD:Lowering these thresholds and promoting the use of noninvasive liver fibrosis scores.

Plant-Derived Enzymes Producing Chiral Aroma Compounds and Potential Application

Aroma(volatile)compounds play important ecological functions in plants,and also contribute to the quality of plant-derived foods.Moreover,chiral aroma compounds affect their functions in plants and lead to different flavor quality properties.Formations of chiral aroma compounds are due to the presence of enzymes producing these compounds in plants,which are generally involved in the final biosynthetic step of the aroma compounds.Here,we review recent progress in research on the plant-derived enzymes producing chiral aroma compounds,and their changes in response to environmental factors.The chiral aroma enzymes that have been reported produce(R)-linalool,(S)-linalool,(R)-limonene,and(S)-limonene,etc.,and these enzymes are found in various plant species.We also discuss the origins of enantioselectivity in the plant-derived enzymes producing chiral aroma compounds and summarize the potential use of plants containing enzymes producing chiral aroma compounds for producing chiral flavors/fragrances.

Changes in the activities of key enzymes and the abundance of functional genes involved in nitrogen transformation in rice rhizosphere soil under different aerated conditions

Soil microorganisms play important roles in nitrogen transformation. The aim of this study was to characterize changes in the activity of nitrogen transformation enzymes and the abundance of nitrogen function genes in rhizosphere soil aerated using three different methods(continuous flooding(CF), continuous flooding and aeration(CFA), and alternate wetting and drying(AWD)). The abundances of amoA ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB), nirS, nirK, and nifH genes, and the activities of urease, protease, ammonia oxidase, nitrate reductase, and nitrite reductase were measured at the tillering(S1), heading(S2), and ripening(S3) stages. We analyzed the relationships of the aforementioned microbial activity indices, in addition to soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN), with the concentration of soil nitrate and ammonium nitrogen. The abundance of nitrogen function genes and the activities of nitrogen invertase in rice rhizosphere soil were higher at S2 compared with S1 and S3 in all treatments. AWD and CFA increased the abundance of amoA and nifH genes, and the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase, and decreased the abundance of nirS and nirK genes and the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase, with the effect of AWD being particularly strong. During the entire growth period, the mean abundances of the AOA amoA, AOB amoA, and nifH genes were 2.9, 5.8, and 3.0 higher in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively, and the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase were 1.1, 0.5, and 0.7 higher in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively. The abundances of the nirS and nirK genes, and the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase were 73.6, 84.8, 10.3 and 36.5% lower in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively. The abundances of the AOA amoA, AOB amoA, and nifH genes were significantly and positively correlated with the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase, and the abundances of the nirS and nirK genes were significantly positively correlated with the activities of nitrate reductase. All the above indicators were positively correlated with soil MBC and MBN. In sum, microbial activity related to nitrogen transformation in rice rhizosphere soil was highest at S2. Aeration can effectively increase the activity of most nitrogen-converting microorganisms and MBN, and thus promote soil nitrogen transformation.

Fat,oil,and grease as new feedstock towards bioelectrogenesis in microbial fuel cells:Microbial diversity,metabolic pathways,and key enzymes

Microbial fuel cells(MFCs)are a well-known technology used for bioelectricity production from the decomposition of organic waste via electroactive microbes.Fat,oil,and grease(FOG)as a new substrate in the anode and microalgae in the cathode were added to accelerate the electrogenesis.The effect of FOG concentrations(0.1%,0.5%,1%,and 1.5%)on the anode chamber was investigated.The FOG degradation,volatile fatty acid(VFAs)production,and soluble chemical oxygen demand along with voltage output kinetics were analyzed.Moreover,the microbial community analysis and active functional enzymes were also evaluated.The maximum power and current density were observed at 0.5%FOG which accounts for 96 mW m^(-2)(8-folds enhancement)and 560 mA m^(-2)(3.7-folds enhancement),respectively.The daily voltage output enhanced upto 2.3-folds with 77.08%coulombic efficiency under 0.5%FOG,which was the highest among all the reactors.The 0.5%FOG was degraded>85%,followed by a 1%FOG-loaded reactor.The chief enzymes inβ-oxidation and electrogenesis were acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase,riboflavin synthase,and riboflavin kinase.The identified enzymes symbolize the presence of Clostridium sp.(>15%)and Pseudomonas(>10%)which served as electrochemical active bacteria(EAB).The major metabolic pathways involved in electrogenesis and FOG degradation were fatty acid biosynthesis and glycerophospholipid metabolism.Utilization of lipidic-waste(such as FOG)in MFCs could be a potential approach for simultaneous biowaste utilization and bioenergy generation.

Toxic Effects of Citrus maxima Based Combinatorial Formulations on Important Metabolic Enzymes in Indian White Termite Odontotermes obesus

In the present study, Citrus maxima essential crude oil extract was used to prepare combinatorial formulations and workers of Indian white termite Odontotermes obesus were treated topically with 40% and 80% of 24 hr LD50 values of these formulations. In subsequent bioassays levels of various enzymes i.e. alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase and acetylcholinesterase were evaluated to determine the anti-termite efficacy of Citrus maxima essential oil based combinatorial formulations. S-RET-A, S-RET-B and S-RET-C caused significant (p > 0.05) decrease in glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase i.e. 87.47%, 86.81% and 81.77% & 82.04%, 79.39% and 74.75% respectively at 16 h treatment. In vivo exposure of 40% and 80% of LD50 of combinatorial formulations caused very significant (p > 0.05) reduction in all the test enzymes i.e. alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase expect acetylcholinesterase levels after 16 h all tested treatments in comparison to control. Both dose-response and time period were found important in physiological alteration in levels of various enzymes. Combinatorial mixtures of Citrus essential oils have shown synergistic activity against termites. The research findings of the present study would help termite control in crop fields, gardens and houses in a sustainable way.

Toxicity of Tagetes erecta Essential Oil Based Combinatorial Formulations on Various Metabolic Enzymes in Indian White Termite Odontotermes obesus

Plant essential oils and their constituents have proven to be very effective against insects, especially termites. They are the best alternative to synthetic pesticides that are harmless to the environment and human health. In the present study, different enzymes, namely alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase and acetylcholinesterase, were evaluated in Indian termite Odontotermes obesus in a combination preparation based on Tagetes erecta essential oil. For the study of anti-termite effects against worker termites were treated topically with 40% and 80% of the 24-hour LD50 values of various combination formulations. Subsequent bioassays at 40% and 80% of LD50 of combinatorial preparations S-AST-A, S-AST-B, and S-AST-C resulted in a significant (p > 0.05) decrease in glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase. After 16 hours of treatment, they were 87.92%, 80.17%, 89.30%, 79.17%, 81.92% and 73.17% respectively. In vivo exposures of 40% and 80% of the LD50 of the combination formulation caused a highly significant (p > 0.05) reduction (p > 0.05) of all test enzymes tested compared to controls. The effects of different oil formulations exhibited time- and dose-dependent responses, resulting in physiological changes in the concentrations of various enzymes. The combined mixture of Tagetes erecta essential oils has significantly better anti-termite ability compared to inorganic insecticides. Findings from this study will help support termite control in fields, gardens and homes in a sustainable way, without the downsides of insecticide resistance and pollution. These could potentially be used to produce commercial formulations for use against pests.

Effect of Cellulose Enzymes on Some Properties of Fibre Clothes

This study examined the effects of the enzyme cellulose on a few single jersey and interlock 100% flax t-shirts, two different styles of knit children’s clothes that differ in both their chemical and mechanical characteristics. Clothing samples were dyed using reactive colours and then subjected to normal acid cellulose enzyme treatment procedures. We evaluated some physical and mechanical features before and after cellulose treatments, then compared these characteristics. Its cellulose enzymatic processing enhances some mechanical properties of fibre knitwear, such as pilling resistance and retention of water. Some characteristics of fibre-knitted clothing, such as fabric weight, fabric thickness, fabric burst resistance, and seam tensile strength of T-shirt side seams, are reduced by cellulose enzyme treatment at a manageable rate. Compared to single-jersey all-fiber children’s T-shirts, interlocking 100% flax children’s T-shirts have a better effect of the enzyme cellulose treatment on the majority of physical and mechanical attributes.

Enhanced production of cytidine 5'-monophosphate using biocatalysis of di-enzymes immobilized on amino-functionalized sepharose

Cytidine 5'-monophosphate(5'-CMP)is an essential nucleotide for additives.In this study,enhanced production of 5'-CMP was realized by the transformation of cytidine using co-immobilized di-enzymes,uridine-cytidine kinase(UCK)and acetate kinase(AcK).The immobilization yield of the enzyme had a clear correlation with the surface charges as zeta potential(ξ).Among them,ε-polylysinefunctionalized sepharose(SA-EPL,ξ=9.31 m V)showed high immobilization yield(78.8%),which was4.9-fold than that of nitrilotriacetic acid functionalized sepharose(SA-NTA,ξ=-12.6 m V).The residual activity of affinity co-immobilized enzyme(EPL-Ni/EPL@Ac K-UCK)was higher than 70.6%after recycled 10 times.Thus,this study provides an effective approach for the production of 5'-CMP with the advantages of low adenosine 5'-triphosphate(ATP)consumption,reduced side reactions,and improved reusability by co-immobilized UCK and Ac K on the functionalized Sepharose.

Peptide self‐assembly as a strategy for facile immobilization of redox enzymes on carbon electrodes

Redox-enzyme‐mediated electrochemical processes such as hydrogen production,nitrogen fixation,and CO_(2) reduction are at the forefront of the green chemistry revolution.To scale up,the inefficient two‐dimensional(2D)immobilization of redox enzymes on working electrodes must be replaced by an efficient dense 3D system.Fabrication of 3D electrodes was demonstrated by embedding enzymes in polymer matrices.However,several requirements,such as simple immobilization,prolonged stability,and resistance to enzyme leakage,still need to be addressed.The study presented here aims to overcome these gaps by immobilizing enzymes in a supramolecular hydrogel formed by the self‐assembly of the peptide hydrogelator fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyldiphenylalanine.Harnessing the self‐assembly process avoids the need for tedious and potentially harmful chemistry,allowing the rapid loading of enzymes on a 3D electrode under mild conditions.Using the[FeFe]hydrogenase enzyme,high enzyme loads,prolonged resistance against electrophoresis,and highly efficient hydrogen production are demonstrated.Further,this enzyme retention is shown to arise from its interaction with the peptide nanofibrils.Finally,this method is successfully used to retain other redox enzymes,paving the way for a variety of enzyme‐mediated electrochemical applications.

Effects of Different Nitrogen and Phosphorus Synergistic Fertilizer on Enzymes and Genes Related to Nitrogen Metabolism in Wheat

In recent years,in order to improve nutrient use efficiency,especially nitrogen use efficiency,fertilizer valueadded technology has been developed rapidly.However,the mechanism of the effect of synergistic fertilizer on plant nitrogen utilization is not clear.A study was,therefore,conducted to explore the activities and gene expression of key enzymes for nitrogen assimilation and the gene expression of nitrogen transporters in wheat after the application of synergistic fertilizer.Soil column experiment was set up in Qingdao Agricultural University experimental base from October 2018 to June 2019.Maleic acid and itaconic acid were copolymerized with acrylic acid as cross-linking monomer to make a fluid gel,which was sprayed on the fertilizer surface to make nitrogen and phosphorus synergistic fertilizer.A total of 6 treatments was set according to different nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer ratios:(1)100%common nitrogen fertilizer+100%common phosphate fertilizer(2)70%nitrogen synergistic fertilizer+100%phosphorus synergistic fertilizer;(3)100%nitrogen synergistic fertilizer+70%phosphorus synergistic fertilizer;(4)100%nitrogen synergistic fertilizer+100%phosphorus synergistic fertilizer;(5)70%nitrogen synergistic fertilizer+70%phosphorus synergistic fertilizer;(6)100%commercial nitrogen synergistic fertilizer+100%commercial phosphorus synergistic fertilizer.The results are as follows:(1)the enzyme activities of wheat plants under synergistic fertilizer condition were higher than those under ordinary fertilizer,except under the treatment that nitrogen and phosphorus synergistic fertilizer were both reduced;(2)the expression level of the genes under the treatment“100%nitrogen synergistic fertilizer+100%phosphorus synergistic fertilizer”was significantly higher than those in other treatments.Combined with the higher performance of nitrogen concentration in various parts of the plant under the condition of applying synergistic fertilizer,this study indicated that the application of synergistic fertilizer can improve the nitrogen metabolism of the plant by increasing the nitrogen level in the rhizosphere soil,inducing the expression of nitrogen transporter genes and key assimilation enzymes genes.

Investigation and Benefits of the Use of Enzymes for Unbleached Kraft Recycling Wet Strength Paper at Lab and Industrial Scale

The deterioration of recycled fibers especially unbleached kraft with high wet strength resin content due to the irreversible structural changes caused by drying and added chemicals makes the raw material difficult to repulp.The mechanical effect in the pulper over time with chemical treatment has a negative impact on the recycled fibers.At lab scale,different compositions of enzymatic treatment C022L were under investigation to select the most efficient laccase Lacc1,Lacc2 or Lacc3 and to observe the impact of lipases during repulping at low and high consistencies.Pulp disintegration at different times was evaluated to define the level of rejects and to analyze the morphology of fibers after treatments.These results were more significant for Lacc2,by increasing the pulp consistency to 15%in the pulper.Combining lipases with CELODASE 022L appeared to decrease the efficiency of enzymes.The results showed a high reduction of energy power with the enzymatic treatment and a significant reduction of fines level in fibers’suspension.The most efficient version of C022L was used at industrial scale to compare directly with the standard conditions used in a paper mill.

不同品种鲜食糯玉米采后贮藏品质及抗氧化酶活性的变化

为探究不同品种鲜食糯玉米采后贮藏品质及抗氧化酶活性变化规律,选用京科糯2000、京科糯768以及农科糯336为材料,研究其在20℃常温贮藏条件下感官品质、硬度、失重率、色泽、V_(C)、可溶性固形物、糖类物质、丙二醛含量和抗氧化酶活性的变化规律。结果表明,随着贮藏天数的延长,不同品种鲜食糯玉米均出现不同程度地籽粒失水皱缩、风味散失、光泽和甜度下降等现象,京科糯768表面劣变最为严重,其次是农科糯336,京科糯2000籽粒表面劣变程度最轻。三个品种鲜食糯玉米的硬度、L*值、V_(C)、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量均下降,失重率、b*值、淀粉和丙二醛含量总体升高。农科糯336中V_(C)、可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量下降幅度最小,且淀粉和丙二醛含量上升幅度最小,并且可溶性糖含量和过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)活性显著高于京科糯2000与京科糯768(P<0.05),而抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(Ascorbate peroxidase,APX)活性显著高于京科糯768(P<0.05)。综上,农科糯336在贮藏期间具有更好的营养价值和贮藏品质,并且还具有较高的POD活性。京科糯2000在贮藏期间,果实内部葡萄糖、果糖以及L*值的下降幅度和b*值上升幅度均最小,感官品质较好。而京科糯768能更好地维持玉米籽粒硬度值。

氨氮胁迫对翘嘴鳜幼鱼抗氧化酶、消化酶活性及应激相关基因表达的影响

为了解氨氮胁迫下翘嘴鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)幼鱼肝脏、胃抗氧化系统和消化系统的响应机制,以体质量为(15.27±0.67)g的翘嘴鳜幼鱼为研究对象,探讨了6个氨氮胁迫质量浓度(0、10、20、30、40、50 mg/L)下肝脏和胃中谷胱甘肽(GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、脂质过氧化物(LPO)、胃蛋白酶(pepsin)、胃淀粉酶(AMS)、胃脂肪酶(LPS)的活性和IL-1β、IL-8、TNF-α、HSP90α等应激相关基因的表达情况。试验结果表明,随着氨氮质量浓度的提高,肝脏抗氧化相关酶中的SOD、CAT、GSH活性呈先升高后下降的趋势,LPO活性呈逐渐升高的趋势,IL-1β、HSP90α基因表达量呈先升高后降低的趋势,TNF-α表达量呈逐渐升高的趋势,IL-8表达量呈降低-升高-降低的趋势;胃消化酶中的胃蛋白酶活性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,而AMS和LPS活性呈逐渐升高的趋势。结果表明,在低浓度氨氮胁迫条件下,鱼体通过诱导抗氧化酶活性升高和应激相关基因表达上调来应对氧化应激损伤,同时诱导升高胃消化酶活性为机体提供能量,而高浓度氨氮胁迫则抑制了抗氧化酶活性和HSP90α基因的表达。

酶催化固碳过程及其强化技术研究进展

全球范围迅猛发展的工业生产导致温室气体CO_(2)的排放,引发人们对全球气候变化的普遍关切。在发展清洁能源、工业流程再造等减少碳排放的同时,开发高效、经济的CO_(2)捕集、利用与储存(CCUS)技术显得尤为迫切。本文基于CO_(2)资源化利用的目的,对生物体外酶催化固碳过程及其强化技术的研究进展进行综述。首先,介绍了CO_(2)转化过程中涉及的关键催化酶及其优化,阐述了CO_(2)资源化利用的具体策略,涵盖了将CO_(2)催化转化为甲酸、甲醇、甲烷、淀粉以及L-乳酸、丙酮酸等特定产物分子。进而,重点阐述了辅因子的原位再生、酶的固定化、反应系统的优化设计、反应条件优化(pH、温度、底物浓度)以及产物原位分离等技术对CO_(2)生物酶催化反应过程的强化,实现CO_(2)的高效固定与资源化利用。旨在通过多方面交叉论述,为生物酶催化过程及路线设计包括固定化酶催化剂的制备、反应器选择设计与开发、酶催化过程调控、高值化产品定向合成等提供有益的启发和思考。最后,总结了酶催化固碳过程存在的问题和挑战,并对其未来值得研究的方向进行了展望。

不同钙源EICP溶液改良路基黄土动力特性研究

由于黄土地区路基基床强度低,在长期动态压力下黄土会发生不均匀沉降、滑坡或坍塌等工程问题。为了使动荷载作用下的黄土强度更符合实际工程需要,有必要进一步研究不同钙源EICP溶液对黄土动强度的改良效果。本工作以陕西某基坑黄土为研究对象,在胶凝液中引入环保型木钙代替传统钙源进行技术改进,结合室内动三轴试验在不同围压下比较三种钙源EICP溶液对黄土的固化效果。结果表明:EICP溶液能显著提高黄土的动强度;同一围压下,黄土试样动应力和阻尼比随应变的增大逐渐升高,而动剪切模量随应变的增大逐渐降低;围压较小时,乙酸钙源EICP溶液对黄土动强度的改良效果较好,而当围压较大时,木钙源EICP溶液对黄土动强度的改良效果较好;同一试样所受围压越大,动强度和动剪切模量越大,阻尼比越小。

半裸舟形藻的优化培养及在仿刺参养殖中的应用

底栖硅藻营养丰富,是仿刺参养殖中重要的食物来源。分离获得单株底栖硅藻半裸舟形藻,并对影响其生长的pH、光照度、氮磷比、玉米素等环境条件进行优化。试验结果显示,培养基的最适初始pH 8.0,最佳光照度2500 lx,玉米素的最适添加质量浓度1.0 mg/L,最佳氮磷比12.5。在此条件下,半裸舟形藻的比生长速率和细胞密度相对最高,积累的生物量最多。通过饲养试验研究半裸舟形藻对仿刺参幼参生长、消化和免疫功能的影响。试验共设3组,分别为商业饲料处理组、筒柱藻处理组和半裸舟形藻处理组。饲养试验共持续30 d,每10 d取样测定仿刺参的消化酶和免疫酶活性。结果表明,与筒柱藻和商业饲料相比,半裸舟形藻不但能够促进仿刺参生长,还可以更有效地提升仿刺参的消化酶和免疫酶活性。这表示饲喂半裸舟形藻对仿刺参的益生效果更明显,可以更有效地提升仿刺参的消化功能和免疫应答,抑制氧化损伤,提高磷酸酶响应能力和机体防御能力。试验结果可为底栖硅藻的培养和在仿刺参养殖中的应用提供参考。

伏马菌素B_(1)脱毒研究进展

伏马菌素B_(1)(FB_(1))是由镰刀菌产生的水溶性代谢产物,存在于镰刀菌污染了的谷物、油料作物、坚果、饲草和饲料中,是常见的真菌毒素之一。FB_(1)会对神经系统、呼吸系统、消化系统和生殖系统产生不同毒性作用,给农牧业造成不可估量的经济损失。如何对FB_(1)进行脱毒,以降低其毒性作用,是目前研究的热点。因此,本文对FB_(1)的物理脱毒、化学脱毒、生物脱毒及其应用进行综述,重点对常用于FB_(1)生物脱毒的菌株和酶及其脱毒效果、脱毒机制进行了深入探讨,以期为提高FB_(1)脱毒效率和开发新的FB_(1)脱毒方法提供参考和思路。

免疫亲和层析技术协同酶联免疫吸附法检测赭曲霉毒素A

利用免疫亲和层析技术(immunoaffinity chromatography,IAC)对样品中赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A,OTA)进行捕获与浓缩,利用酶联免疫吸附(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)法对IAC捕获的目标物OTA进行测定。IAC与ELISA中的抗OTA单克隆抗体来自不同的克隆株,分属不同独特型,与OTA结合靶点的选择性存在差异,IAC与ELISA协同检测,可以有效过滤OTA结构类似物造成的干扰,提高免疫分析的特异性与灵敏度。该方法用于加标样品测定时,OTA的检出限为0.2 ng/g,定量限为0.4 ng/g,OTA的平均回收率为75.9%,与单一的ELISA法相比,该方法虽然回收率略低,但灵敏度可以显著提高,达到ELISA法的60倍。通过对49份样品的实际检测,该方法检出阳性样品与国标法的符合率达到100%,漏检率为0%,由此可见,该方法在准确性上表现出明显的优势。作为一种综合免疫分析技术,该方法不需要大型仪器设备,对操作环境没有严格要求,便于基层实验室对样品中OTA的分析。

EICP与木质素联合改性粉土边坡抗雨蚀试验研究

通过设置6组试样,采用降雨试验,通过试样的表面侵蚀状况与冲蚀量、表面强度、碳酸钙含量的变化分析了改性后粉土边坡的抗雨蚀性能。试验结果表明:植物源酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀(EICP)与木质素联合改性试样并在表面喷洒EICP溶液后,试样表面完整度更好,表面强度及碳酸钙含量更高,质量损失更小,抗雨蚀能力明显提高,与其他试样的平均值相比,边坡土体侵蚀量降低了75.0%,表面强度提高了33.8%,碳酸钙含量提高了235.2%;坡面喷洒EICP溶液可形成硬壳层,有效避免坡面侵蚀;木质素可为碳酸钙提供成核位点,使分布散乱的碳酸钙附着在木质素上,添加木质素后试样碳酸钙含量提高,且表面强度随碳酸钙含量提高而增大。