Cut-off value of glycated hemoglobin A1c for detecting diabetic retinopathy in the Chinese population

BACKGROUND Glycated hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)is considered the most suitable for diabetes mellitus diagnosis due to its accuracy and convenience.However,the effect of HbA1c on diabetic retinopathy(DR)in the Han and Korean populations in Jilin,China,remains inconclusive.AIM To determine the best cut-off of HbA1c for diagnosing DR among the Chinese.METHODS This cross-sectional study included 1933 participants from the Yanbian area of Jilin Province,China.Trained investigators employed a questionnaire-based survey,physical examination,laboratory tests,and fundus photography for the investigation.The best cut-off value for HbA1c was established via the receiver operating characteristic curve.The factors associated with HbA1c-associated risk factors were determined via linear regression.RESULTS The analysis included 887 eligible Chinese Han and Korean participants,591 of whom were assigned randomly to the training set and 296 to the validation set.The prevalence of DR was 3.27% in the total population.HbA1c of 6.2% was the best cut-off value in the training set,while it was 5.9% in the validation set.In both Chinese Han and Korean populations,an HbA1c level of 6.2% was the best cut-off value.The optimal cut-off values of fasting blood glucose(FBG)≥7 mmol/L and<7 mmol/L were 8.1% and 6.2% respectively in Han populations,while those in Korean populations were 6.9%and 5.3%,respectively.Age,body mass index,and FBG were determined as the risk factors impacting HbA1c levels.CONCLUSION HbA1c may serve as a useful diagnostic indicator for DR.An HbA1c level of 6.2% may be an appropriate cut-off value for DR detection in the Chinese population.

Wild-type MIC Distribution and Epidemiological Cut-off Value and Resistant Characteristics of Colistin Against Escherichia Coli from Chickens

The aim of the present study was to investigate minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)distributions by broth microdilution(BMD)method and to determine the preliminary epidemiological cut-off value(ECV)of colistin by epidemiological cut-off(ECOFF)finder against E.coli from chickens in China.Anal swabs were collected from chicken farms in China.BMD method was used to measure MIC50 and MIC90 of colistin which were 2 and 4μg•mL^(-1),respectively.MIC frequency distributions for colistin were used to estimate preliminary ECV(8μg•mL^(-1)).High percentages of resistance to ampicillin(94.12%),nalidixic acid(94.12%),enrofloxacin(94.12%),tetracycline(94.12%),ciprofloxacin(88.24%),florfenicol(88.24%),neomycin(64.71%),gentamicin(58.82%),levofloxacin(58.82%),doxycycline(88.24%)and cefalexin(76.47%)were found.In addition,low percentages of resistance to amikacin(5.88%),spectinomycin(17.65%)and fosfomycin(41.18%)were noted.Notably,amoxicillin,sulfisoxazole and trimethoprim resulted in a 100%resistance generation efficacy rate.Prevalence of mcr-1 in E.coli(9/17)in chromosomal DNA was higher than mcr-4(2/17)gene,and mcr-1(5/17)was higher than mcr-4(3/17)in plasmid.

Multifractal estimation of NMR T_(2) cut-off value in low-permeability rocks considering spectrum kurtosis: SMOTE-based oversampling integrated with machine learning

The transverse relaxation time (T_(2)) cut-off value plays a crucial role in nuclear magnetic resonance for identifying movable and immovable boundaries, evaluating permeability, and determining fluid saturation in petrophysical characterization of petroleum reservoirs. This study focuses on the systematic analysis of T_(2) spectra and T_(2) cut-off values in low-permeability reservoir rocks. Analysis of 36 low-permeability cores revealed a wide distribution of T_(2) cut-off values, ranging from 7 to 50 ms. Additionally, the T_(2) spectra exhibited multimodal characteristics, predominantly displaying unimodal and bimodal morphologies, with a few trimodal morphologies, which are inherently influenced by different pore types. Fractal characteristics of pore structure in fully water-saturated cores were captured through the T_(2) spectra, which were calculated using generalized fractal and multifractal theories. To augment the limited dataset of 36 cores, the synthetic minority oversampling technique was employed. Models for evaluating the T_(2) cut-off value were separately developed based on the classified T_(2) spectra, considering the number of peaks, and utilizing generalized fractal dimensions at the weight <0 and the singular intensity range. The underlying mechanism is that the singular intensity and generalized fractal dimensions at the weight <0 can detect the T_(2) spectral shift. However, the T_(2) spectral shift has negligible effects on multifractal spectrum function difference and generalized fractal dimensions at the weight >0. The primary objective of this work is to gain insights into the relationship between the kurtosis of the T_(2) spectrum and pore types, as well as to predict the T_(2) cut-off value of low-permeability rocks using machine learning and data augmentation techniques.

Cut-off Values of Diagnostic Indices to Detect Iron Deficiency in Chinese Breast-fed Infants

Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most prevalent nutritional deficiency worldwide. The commonly used cut-off values for identifying iron deficiency are extrapolated from older children and may not be suitable for infants. Therefore, our study aimed to establish appropriate cut-off values for the evaluation of iron status in Chinese infants. Pregnant women who delivered at 〉37 gestational weeks with normal iron status were recruited. Later, infants with normal birth weight and who were breastfed in the first 4 months were selected. Blood samples were collected to assess hemoglobin, serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, mean corpuscular volume and free erythrocyte protoporphyrin. Cut-offs of all iron indices were determined as the limit of 95% confidence interval.

Dynamic monitoring of menopause hormone therapy and defining the cut-off value of endometrial thickness during uterine bleeding

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of low-dose tibolone therapy on ovarian area, uterine volume and endometrial thickness, and define the cut-off value of endometrial thickness for curettage during uterine bleeding. We followed 619 postmenopausal women, aged 40-60 years, for two years. There were 301 subjects in the low-dose tibolone treatment group and 318 subjects in the control group. The ovarian area, uterine volume and endometrial thickness in all participants were measured by transvaginal ultrasound prior to, one and two years post enrollment, respectively. Endometrial specimens were collected from all subjects with abnormal uterine bleeding during the follow-up period. We found that the uterine volume in the treatment group was greater than that in the control group, and the difference was significant （P〈0.05）, but there were no significant differences in ovarian area and endometrial thickness between the two groups （P〉0.05）. When the cut-off value for endometrial thickness was 7.35 ram, the sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 79.07%, respectively, and 85.71% and 93.02% when 7.55 mm was set as the cut-offduring tibolone therapy. The results indicate that low-dose tibolone therapy may postpone uterine atrophy and the cut-off value of endometrial thickness may be appropriately adjusted for curettage.

鸡滑液囊支原体对常用抗菌药流行病学临界值的建立

鸡滑液囊支原体(Mycoplasma synoviae,MS)是现在规模化禽养殖业中危害最大的支原体之一,同时也出现了严重的耐药性。为了解鸡滑液囊支原体对各种药物的耐药现状。本课题参考CLSI和EUCAST中制定流行病学/野生型临界值(epidemiological/wildtype cut-off values, ECOFFs/CO_(WT))的方法,通过查找国内外相关文献报道,收集汇总近5年不同地区、不同来源的MS对各种药物的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)数据,应用肉眼观察法、ECOFFinder软件分析法和正态化耐药解释法(NRI)综合分析从而得到ECOFFs,随后计算相应的耐药率。结果显示,MS对泰乐菌素、替米考星、泰万菌素、多西环素、土霉素、金霉素、泰妙菌素、林可霉素、氟苯尼考和大观霉素的ECOFF值分别为1、0.5、0.5、2、4、2、2、2、8和4μg·mL^(-1)。在CLSI和EUCAST缺乏MS对各种抗菌药的敏感性折点下,本课题为临床合理用药,耐药性工作的开展,减少MS耐药性的产生以及治疗与防控提供了理论基础与科学依据。

新时代流行病学研究原理与方法的思政教育探索

“思政寓课程,课程融思政”。课程思政教育是当代高等教育改革的重点,文章通过探索流行病学研究原理与方法课程思政建设,结合新时代的背景,凝练了流行病学研究原理与方法开展思政教育的重要性,将个人层面的社会主义核心价值观与具体的流行病学研究原理与方法的教学相结合,探索流行病学研究原理与方法课程思政元素,并从教师和学生两方面入手提出推进课程思政实施的教育途径,让“爱国、敬业、诚信、友善”深度融入流行病学研究原理与方法的教学中,培养学生成为符合新时代发展的高素质公共卫生人才,为公共卫生领域其他专业课程提供思政教育改革提供借鉴。

中国多中心侵袭性感染毛孢子菌的抗真菌药物敏感性

目的本研究旨在调查中国多中心侵袭性感染毛孢子菌的抗真菌药物敏感性分布特征。方法选取2009年8月—2016年7月CHIF-NET监测网43个监测中心收集的133株侵袭性感染毛孢子菌。利用基因测序分析实现菌种的准确鉴定和基因分型,按照美国临床和实验室标准协会(CLSI)推荐的微量肉汤稀释法检测菌株的体外抗真菌药物敏感性。结果中国多中心侵袭性毛孢子菌感染中,共分离到10个菌种,阿萨希毛孢子菌是主要的致病菌(108/133株),血液是最常见的标本类型(36.8%)。利用IGS1序列,将108株阿萨希毛孢子菌分为5个型别,基因型1型(41.7%)、4型(31.5%)和3型(23.1%)是我国主要的基因型。体外药物敏感性结果显示,阿萨希毛孢子菌对两性霉素B的MIC值的总体分布高于非阿萨希毛孢子菌,GM值分别是1.36μg/mL和0.7μg/mL。47.2%的阿萨希毛孢子菌(51/108株)对两性霉素B的MIC值≥2μg/mL,而全部非阿萨希毛孢子菌(25株)对两性霉素B的MIC值小于1μg/mL。25%的阿萨希毛孢子菌(27/108株)、2株T.dohaense、1株星形毛孢子菌、1株黏质毛孢子菌和1株T.faecale对氟康唑呈现较高的MIC值(≥8μg/mL)。伏立康唑对毛孢子菌呈现出最有效的体外抗真菌活性,GM值为0.09μg/mL。我国阿萨希毛孢子菌对氟康唑、伏立康唑、伊曲康唑和泊沙康唑的ECV值分别采用16μg/mL、0.25μg/mL、1μg/mL和1μg/mL,而对两性霉素B和5-氟胞嘧啶的ECV值均采用4μg/mL。结论本研究系统调查了抗真菌药物敏感性分布情况,并试验性建立了我国阿萨希毛孢子菌的流行病学折点。

Semen analysis from an epidemiologic perspective

The fifth edition of the World Health Organization （WHO） manual for semen analysis includes for the first time reference values for human semen characteristics. This paper considers whether such values will help to resolve the intensely debated data indicating temporal and geographical shifts in sperm counts and hypotheses that anthropogenic activities that result in the release of chemicals into the environment are detrimental to male reproductive health. The reasons that these reference values will not fulfil these purposes are also explained. Although established reference values for semen characteristics are of limited value in analytical epidemiologic research, the WHO guidelines are of utmost importance for supporting the development of appropriate research protocols. Moreover, in spite of its limitations, semen analysis is still a useful research tool in epidemiological research, and no superior alternatives are on the horizon.

The Diagnostic Value of Serum TgAb in the Tg-Negative and TgAb-Positive DTC Patients after Successful Ablation

Objective: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate diagnostic accuracy of serum thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) in thyroglobulin (Tg)-negative and TgAb-positive (Tg-TgAb+) patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). Method: We studied 341 patients with histologically confirmed DTC who had undergone remnant ablation and showed Tg-TgAb+ assessed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA). The cases were divided into two groups, including recurrence group 119 cases and no evidence of disease (NED) group 222 cases. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was carried out. The symmetric measures of the two diagnostic methods (the golden standard and the diagnostic standard as serum TgAb level alone) were analyzed using McNemar test and measure of agreement Kappa. Results: Serum TgAb level (1381.292 ± 1017.221) IU/ml of patients with recurrent group was significantly higher than that (125.559 ± 314.047) IU/ml of NED group (P = 0.000 0.001). The area under the ROC curve was 0.962 and its asymptotic 95% confidence interval (CI) was (0.942, 0.982) that was high statistical significance. The cut-off value of TgAb was determined and interpreted at 246.695 IU/ml with sensitivity (92.40%) and specificity (92.30%). McNemar test showed that the diagnostic results of the two methods were not significant difference (P = 0.230 > 0.05). Measure of agreement Kappa was 0.841, P = 0.000 0.001 that showed the agreement of the two diagnostic methods was significant. Conclusion: Serum TgAb is a useful tumor marker for recurrence in Tg-negative and TgAb-positive DTC patients who underwent thyroidectomy and remnant ablation. The cut-off value of TgAb is 246.695 IU/ml, that is to say, serum TgAb level upon 246.695 IU/ml may be associated with the persistence or recurrence of DTC.

Cut-off values of lesion and vessel quantitative flow ratio in de novo coronary lesion post-drug-coated balloon therapy predicting vessel restenosis at mid-term follow-up

Background:Drug-coated balloons(DCBs)have emerged as potential alternatives to drug-eluting stents in specific lesion subsets for de novo coronary lesions.Quantitative flow ratio(QFR)is a method based on the three-dimensional quantitative coronary angiography and contrast flow velocity during coronary angiography(CAG),obviating the need for an invasive fractional flow reserve procedural.This study aimed to assess the serial angiographic changes of de novo lesions post-DCB therapy and further explore the cut-off values of lesion and vessel QFR,which predict vessel restenosis(diameter stenosis[DS]≥50%)at mid-term follow-up.Methods:The data of patients who underwent DCB therapy between January 2014 and December 2019 from the multicenter hospital were retrospectively collected for QFR analysis.From their QFR performances,which were analyzed by CAG images at follow-up,we divided them into two groups:group A,showing target vessel DS≥50%,and group B,showing target vessel DS<50%.The median follow-up time was 287 days in group A and 227 days in group B.We compared the clinical characteristics,parameters during DCB therapy,and QFR performances,which were analyzed by CAG images between the two groups,in need to explore the cut-off value of lesion/vessel QFR which can predict vessel restenosis.Student's t test was used for the comparison of normally distributed continuous data,Mann-Whitney U test for the comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data,and receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves for the evaluation of QFR performance which can predict vessel restenosis(DS≥50%)at mid-term follow-up using the area under the curve(AUC).Results:A total of 112 patients with 112 target vessels were enrolled in this study.Group A had 41 patients,while group B had 71.Vessel QFR and lesion QFR were lower in group A than in group B post-DCB therapy,and the cut-off values of lesion QFR and vessel QFR in the ROC analysis to predict target vessel DS≥50%post-DCB therapy were 0.905(AUC,0.741[95%confidence interval,CI:0.645,0.837];sensitivity,0.817;specificity,0.561;P<0.001)and 0.890(AUC,0.796[95%CI:0.709,0.882];sensitivity,0.746;specificity,0.780;P<0.001).Conclusions:The cut-off values of lesion QFR and vessel QFR can assist in predicting the angiographic changes post-DCB therapy.When lesion/vessel QFR values are<0.905/0.890 post-DCB therapy,a higher risk of vessel restenosis is potentially predicted at follow-up.

Hemoglobin cut-off values in healthy Turkish infants

Background:Anemia is a widespread public health problem associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality.This study was undertaken to determine the cut-off value of hemoglobin for infant anemia.Methods:A cross-sectional retrospective study was carried out at well-baby clinics of a tertiary care hospital.A total of 1484 healthy infants aged between 4 to 24 months were included in the study.The relationship of hemoglobin(Hb)levels with mother age,birth weight,weight gain rate,feeding,and gender was evaluated.Results:The Hb levels were assessed in four age groups(4 months,6 months,9-12 months,and 15-24 months)and the cut-off values of Hb were determined.Hb cut-off values(5th percentile for age)were detected as 97 g/L and 93 g/L at 4 months and 6 months,respectively.In older infants,the 5th percentile was 90.5 g/L and 93.4 g/L at 9-12 months and 15-24 months,respectively.The two values were lower than the World Health Organization criteria for anemia,which could partly due to the lack of information on iron status in our population.However,this difference highlights the need for further studies on normal Hb levels in healthy infants in developing countries.Hb levels of females were higher in all age groups;however,a statistically significant difference was found in gender in only 6 month-old infants.No statistically significant difference was found among Hb levels,mother's age,birth weight,weight gain rate,and nutritional status.Conclusion:Hb cut-off values in infants should be re-evaluated and be compatible with growth and development of children in that community.

体检人群幽门螺杆菌感染状况分析

目的：调查了解我国健康体检人群幽门螺杆菌（ Hp）感染状况，为Hp感染防控和感染人群健康管理提供参考。方法回顾总结2010年1月—2013年12月在该院健康体检人群10331例的相关资料，对Hp 的总感染率及相关因素、胃镜下不同病变Hp感染率、Hp感染程度与胃镜下病变之间的关系进行比较分析。结果健康体检10331例中男7158例，女3173例，年龄16～88（49．81±．11）岁。总的Hp感染率为4．42％（4589／10331）。 Hp感染人群中，现症Hp男性感染率高于女性（4．21％v．4．64％， P =0．0154）。 Hp感染者年龄小于无Hp感染者[（4．46±．98）岁v．（5．09±．21）岁， P =0．0001]。 Hp感染与个体有无消化系统症状、是否患高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症以及是否伴发胆石症无关，吸烟对Hp感染率无影响，饮酒者Hp感染率未见增加。不同年龄组Hp 感染率不同。男、女Hp感染高峰在30～岁组人群，之后逐渐下降，男女2组各年龄段Hp感染率无明显差别。胃镜检查：反流性食管炎Hp感染率明显低于正常食管（ P ＜0．01）。胃和十二指肠胃镜下不同病变Hp感染率不同：胃部疾病以慢性非萎缩性胃炎伴急性炎（8．27％）、胃溃疡（7．75％）、慢性萎缩性胃炎伴急性炎（7．00％）和慢性萎缩性胃炎（6．67％）感染率较高，明显高于正常胃黏膜（ P ＜0．05或P ＜0．01）；在十二指肠疾病中，十二指肠溃疡（8．53％）、十二指肠炎（5．05％）Hp感染率与正常十二指肠比较明显升高（ P =0．000）。其他胃、十二指肠疾病Hp感染率与正常者比较无明显差别（ P ＞0．05）。将DOB值分层分析，胃镜下黏膜病变越严重，高值DOB所占比例越高。结论我国体检人群Hp感染率低于国人自然人群平均感染率。 Hp感染人群中，年龄高峰段在30～岁。胃镜下胃黏膜急性炎性反应和萎缩性胃炎Hp现症感染率较高。胃镜下黏膜病变越重，呼气试验测得高值DOB所占比例越高。

广西城乡居民高血压流行病学研究

目的掌握城乡居民高血压流行病学特征及其患病的危险因素，为广西高血压制定防治策略提供依据。方法运用多阶段随机整群抽样方法，先抽取广西4个城市和4个县，每个市、县再抽取2个乡镇（街道）、6个村（居委），采取现场问卷调查获取15岁及以上居民相关情况数据资料，并进行现场血压、身高、体重测量，其中膳食调查户要对15岁以上居民进行抽血化验血糖、血脂等指标。结果调查15岁及以上城乡居民9127人，SBP／DBP平均值119．7／74．8mg，其中城市居民118．9／74．7mmHg，略低于农村120．5／74．9mmHg；高血压粗患病率17．9％，标化患病率15．3％，其中城市粗患病率、标化率分别为19．5％、17．1％，高于农村（16．3％、14．8％）；农村15-44岁男性居民SBP／DBP和高血压患病率均显著高于城市同年龄组男性居民；高血压患病率从35岁开始大幅上升；Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ高血压患病率分别为11．0％、3．61％和1．70％，随着年龄增长，Ⅱ、Ⅲ患病率呈增长趋势；高血压患者知晓率、治疗率和控制率分别为22．6％、15．4％和4．0％，城市显著高于农村。单因素分析发现高收入、文盲、肥胖、饮酒、糖尿病、高TG、高TC和轻体力活动等人群是高血压高危人群；而Logistic回归模型多因素分析，结果显示，年龄、高TG、饮酒、肥胖和高血压家族史是城乡居民高血压的共同危险因素，糖尿病还是城市居民的重要的危险因素（OR2．72），高TC则是农村居民不可忽视的危险因素（OR2．01），女性是保护因素（OR0．65）。结论估计广西15岁及以上居民有507．97万高血压病人，其中城市138．46万，农村更是高达369．53万；25．44岁农村男性青壮年血压值和高血压病高发问题，需要严重关注。控制体重、限制饮酒、减少高脂肪食物摄入和积极防治糖尿病对有效预防控制城乡居民高血压病的流行十分重要。

南京市肾综合征出血热长期趋势和2015-2020年流行特征及预警阈值

目的了解南京市肾综合征出血热(HFRS)的长期趋势和流行特征,探究防控重点地区,预测2021年发病情况并制定预警阈值,指导科学制定防控策略和措施。方法采用描述流行病学方法,分析1979-2020年南京市HFRS报告发病长期趋势和2015-2020年流行特征,利用全局空间自相关分析和回顾性时空重排扫描,探讨南京市HFRS空间异质性和时空聚集性特征,利用移动中位数法和泊松(Poisson)分布,预测2021年各月报告病例数和预警阈值。结果南京市HFRS报告发病率从1982年的7.18/10万(436例),在90年代下降至2.00/10万以内(1993年除外),2000年以来均在0.60/10万以内。2015—2020年共报告HFRS病例222例,年度病例数中位数为34(21~53)例,报告发病率中位数为2.55/10万(1.47/10万~7.06/10万);12月至次年6月占83.3%,其中3月至6月占52.7%;男性占64.9%;年龄中位数为51(15~82)岁;45岁及以上占68.9%,其中60岁及以上病例占33.8%;农民占60.8%,家务及待业占13.1%;南京南部的高淳区、溧水区和江宁区分别报告105例、37例、35例,占全市的79.7%;全局空间自相关分析Moran’s I均为正值(0.150~0.590),均P<0.001;2016年和2020年聚集地区为高淳区,其余年份聚集地区为高淳区和溧水区,聚集日期都分布在上半年(均P<0.001);高淳区北部和东部的5个街道以及溧水区南部的和凤镇报告病例数占两区的76.1%。预测2021年报告HFRS病例数为34例(95%CI=22~47),1月至12月每月预测值在1~4例,预警阈值在4~9例。结论1979年以来,南京市有效控制HFRS疫情,预测2021年疫情仍平稳并确定了预警阈值,农民和中老年为重点人群,但高淳区和溧水区部分地区发病水平仍较高,建议开展专题研究并继续加强综合防控措施。

上海地区健康体检人群部分生化定量检测项目结果统计分析

目的:回顾分析本院9875名健康体检者的部分生化定量检测结果,并与现行参考范围比较,以探讨现行参考范围的科学性、实用性。方法:按临床和实验室标准协会(CLSI)临床检验项目参考范围制定的要求,挑选参考个体,并规范样品分析前、中、后质量控制。在Roche Mogular全自动生化分析仪上检测9875名成人健康体检者的5项定量生化项目[包括血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、尿酸(UA)、肌酐(CREA,酶法)、尿素(UREA)和空腹葡萄糖(GLU)],数据经SPSS10.0统计软件分析。结果:各年龄组及性别组数据均呈正态分布,所分析项目的不同性别和各年龄组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:建立和修订现行条件下国人部分临床检验定量检测项目参考范围有一定必要性。

碘过量的危害及相关机制

碘是合成甲状腺激素和维持机体正常生理功能的重要元素。碘过量可引起甲状腺功能减退、甲状腺功能亢进、自身免疫性甲状腺疾病等,不同个体对碘过量的易感性不同,过度的氧化应激及继发的免疫反应可能是碘过量引起甲状腺细胞毒性的潜在机制。本文对碘过量的流行病学现状、推荐摄入量和摄入来源、机体对碘过量的调节机制及其相关致病机制做一综述。

石棉类物质的危害及其监管

以石棉类物质的危害及其监管现状为主题,首先整理分析了石棉的基本危害,及其在职业人群和普通人群中的病理学研究进展;再从监管的角度出发,总结归纳了世界各国的石棉监管政策及限量要求;在此基础上,对石棉类物质的防控措施进行综述。

试论环境犯罪中的疫学因果关系

在现代社会,伴随工业科技的发展,由此而产生了各种重大的环境污染和破坏事件。基于公害因果关系之特点,建议摒弃刑法中传统的因果关系理论,采用疫学因果关系来保护公民的环境权。

腐败“流行病学”的研究构想及其价值考量

腐败的预防与制约强烈呼唤视野拓展和方法创新。腐败作为一种社会流行病,呈现出医学意义上"流行病"的一般特征。借用业已比较成熟的"流行病学"原理和方法研究腐败问题,构建腐败的"预警—防范—制约"三级防制体系,切实可行且前景广阔,既体现了定性分析与定量研究的结合、人文社会科学与自然科学的融通,使腐败问题的研究成果更直观、更具说服力,又有利于通过理念与手段的创新,进一步丰富、完善中国特色预防腐败体系的内涵和结构。