Ensuring Full and Equal Rights

ECONOMIC and social rights mainly concern the entitlement to be allowed to work, to a basic living standard, to social security, to health care and to education, among the fulfillment of other basic needs. According to the definition of the right to food as described under the UN Committee on Economic. Social and Cultural Rights General Comment No J2 （1999）,

RULE FOR PREFERRED STOCK IN CHINA： OVERTHROW OF THE PRINCIPLE OF ＂EQUAL SHARES, EQUAL RIGHTS＂？ ——FROM A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE

The principle of ＂equal shares, equal rights＂ was established by the Company Law of 1993 of the People＇s Republic of China. At the initial stage only issuance of common stocks was allowed and the issuance of preferred stocks was interpreted as prohibited. The Company Law of 2006 has changed the rigidity of provisions of the Company Law of 1993 and laid down the legal foundation for issuance of preferred stock. The Rule for Administration of the Pilot Project for Preferred Stocks released on March 21, 2014 by the China Securities Regulatory Commission started the issuance of the preferred stocks in the Chinese capital market. The establishment of the legal system for issuance of preferred stock in China is not the symbol of overthrowing the principle of ＂equal shares, equal rights,＂ but the expansion and development of the principle of＂equal shares, equal rights＂ in a new era.

The Protection of the Right to Equality of the Elderly in the Digital Society

The inequality faced by the elderly in a digital society is the digital inequality caused by both public and private actions,as well as the societal inequality exacerbated by the digital inequality.The essence of this issue lies in the unequal social participation due to the expansion of digital space under digital inequality.The characteristics of the elderly,combined with their inherent human dignity,determine that the ultimate goal of protecting their right to equality in a digital society is not limited to equal digital rights alone.Instead,it aims to ensure that the elderly have equal opportunities for social participation in both digital and non-digital spaces by eliminating digital inequality and curbing the expansion of digital space.This ensures the autonomy of the elderly in the digital society.Accordingly,the State should implement two policies based on both prohibitive obligations that prevent direct infringements and protective obligations that safeguard the equal rights of the elderly against encroachments from private entities.The first policy,“Digital Integration”,empowers the elderly with digital skills and helps them actively integrate into the digital society.The second policy,“Digital Coexistence,”ensures that the elderly can equally participate in society even when they choose to abstain from digital technology.

Law Absence and System Construction of Equal Material Assistance Rights of Farmers in China

Firstly,conception of farmers' equal material assistance rights is introduced from the aspects of equal rights,material assistance rights,and farmers' equal material assistance rights.Value function of farmers' equal material assistance rights is pointed out,which can eliminate the partial policies with urban priority orientation.It is a necessary condition for maintaining the legal and institutional authority,as well as an inevitable choice to realize the social justice and harmony.Current status of the law absence of farmers' equal material assistance rights in China is introduced,which is reflected in the lack of theoretical research on farmers' equal material assistance rights in the law circle,the lack of procedural legal system of farmers' equal material assistance rights at present,and the lack of actual law effectiveness of farmers' equal material assistance rights at present.System construction is a turning point to change the law absence of farmers' material assistance rights.Government should promote the economic development,provide material bases for the system construction of farmers' material assistance rights,enhance the legal consciousness of farmers,cultivate the ability of farmers to participate in equal material assistance rights,strengthen the procedural legislation and judicial justice,and ensure the farmers' material assistance rights.

Dilemma and Solution for Relief in the Right to Equal Employment-From the Perspective of Rectifying Private Law with Social Law

At present,the legal remedies in terms of the right to equal employment in China are mainly related to private law,that is,laborers seek direct legal remedies for personality rights liability and infringement liability according to typical private law,supplemented by indirect remedies for labor contract liability under special private law.However,there are many challenges in private law remedies for the right to equal employment,which are manifested in the misunderstanding of the general tort identification of employment discrimination,the loopholes in the regulations on discriminatory employment,the imbalance in the burden of proof,and the limitation and alienation of the functions of civil liability and private law autonomy.The root of those problems lies in the fact that the nature of anti-employment discrimination law is not private law but social law.Equal employment involves both public and private interests,and it should be based on the public interest of society and adhere to the value orientation of prioritizing fairness while taking into account efficiency.Improving the legal relief mechanism for protecting the right to equal employment,with a focus on correcting private law with social law,is the solution to the dilemma.Specific measures include establishing the special tort liability system for equal employment,the legal mechanism against discriminatory labor contracts,the public-private integrated legal responsibility system,and an essentially fair system for the responsibility of adducing evidence.

The Change and Constancy of “Equality Issue” in Human Rights Theory Research During the 40 Years of Reform and Opening-up

In 1978, academia broke through the theoretical forbidden zone with the slogan of "equality before the law" and initiated a great discussion on some important legal issues including legal equality. During the past 40 years since the reform and opening-up, the relevant research has changed from the ideological contention deeply influenced by class discourse to the abstract theoretical research where class discourse has been fading away, and then turn to the technical and concrete practical research. This "change" is clearly visible and, to a certain extent, reveals the track of the development of human rights theory. However, there is "constancy" in "change". "Constancy" not only lies in the study of legislative equality throughout the past 40 years, but also embodies the inherent logic of theoretical research in response to social development and changes in the times.

Gender Discrimination and Female Human Rights Protection in China's Labor Market

As an important part of women’s human rights system, women’s labor right for the women as a group is of very important value and profound significance. The existence of gender discrimination in the labor market caused double losses of benefits and economic efficiency and the interaction with human capital investments. It seriously hinders the women’s equal enjoyment of labor rights, affects the rational use of female talent resources and leads to the idle and waste of human resources in society. Based on analyzing the harm caused by gender discrimination in the labor market from an economic point of view, this paper reveals the existing problems of China’s existing laws and regulations. In the end, some advisable recommendations are suggested to improve the women’s equal employment rights for China.

Rural Legal Aid in the Perspective of Human Rights:Status Quo and Reform

As one of the human rights protection systems for rural residents, legal aid is an important well-being project. It provides legal assistance to the rural population with regard to every aspect of the application of the law, and reflects the care and assistance given to rural residents. It is an important way to ensure the equal realization of legitimate rights and interests of rural residents, and it is also a powerful measure to promote the all-round development of the rural population. After more than 20 years of growth, China’s rural legal aid work has achieved gratifying results. However, there are still outstanding problems such as unbalanced supply and demand, narrow scope, and tight funding. Therefore, we should build on the practice of rural legal aid to expand the number of aid teams, improve the quality of legal aid, broaden the scope of aid, and provide financial support so that rural legal aid can be truly visible, accessible, affordable and well performed.

The Empirical Investigation and Improvement Path of Judicial Protection of Civil Litigation Rights in China

The close coupling of civil litigation rights and human rights mean how well litigation rights are realized can directly or indirectly affect the judicial protection of human rights.Therefore,human rights protection in the field of civil litigation should take the right of civil litigation as the starting point and core.Based on a sample questionnaire survey of judges and lawyers,this paper conducts an empirical analysis and proposes that the exercise of this right should be taken as the main line to build a comprehensive protection mechanism for this right to realize its role in providing an institutional guarantee for human rights protection.It specifies three aspects:first,the process of filing a case should uphold the freedom and equality of the right to initiate litigation,remove substantial obstacles that affect the filing of the case,and ensure access to justice for disadvantaged groups;second,the trial procedure should have strengthened checks and balances on judicial power to ensure the right of litigation is compromised,and respects the procedural subject status of the two parties to realize equal protection of both parties;the third is to promote the implementation and improvement of relief for this right in the supervisory procedure,clarify the boundary of its relief by procuratorial supervision,and enhance the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the relief.

“Women Hold up Half the Sky”: Engendering the Right to Development

Societal institutions and structures shape particular experiences of socio-economic disadvantage for women.It is not enough to simply extend a fixed bundle of socio-economic rights to women and men alike, but to infuse such rights with substantive equality. Based on discussing the link between the right to development and socio-economic rights, I discuss how gender inequality shapes particular experiences of socio-economic disadvantage for women, which impede the exercise of their right to development. I examine a potential approach for engendering the right to development which synthesises socio-economic rights and substantive equality to capabilities. Finally, I evaluate the extent to which CEDAW represents this optimal synthesis, albeit with some important limitations.

台湾地区居民法律地位:三重面向、内容构造与优化路径

台湾地区居民法律地位问题,是防范与遏制“台独”分裂活动、推动两岸融合发展、推进国家完全统一进程中必须面对的重大现实问题。在法律实践中,台湾地区居民地位具有“待解放的中国人民”“特殊的中国公民”“同等待遇的中国居民”三重面向。相关立法坚持目标和问题导向,逐渐趋向具体化、同等化和常态化。当前,台湾地区居民法律地位的主要问题是如何推动落实同等待遇,这在一定程度上影响了其内容构造。其中,“居住地”标准是优化落实台湾地区居民法律地位的基础,权利义务是其规范内核,政策则对法律规定起着引领、实施和补充的重要作用。为切实提升台湾地区居民国家认同,建议接续推进身份管理模块化、推动同等待遇实质化、逐步实现权利义务体系化,形成优化台湾居民法律地位的系统方案。

生育新政下工作母亲就业困境与支持体系构建

工作母亲(特指已生育且在业的女性)既要参与社会劳动,又要承担生育和照顾儿童的主要责任,必然带来职业与养育之间的矛盾冲突,陷入“生育歧视”与“母职惩罚”等种种就业困境。我国“三孩”生育新政的实施使工作母亲的职育矛盾凸显,平等就业问题更突出。因此,宜通过完善法律政策体系、建立成本共担机制、催化社会力量担当、重建家庭内部分工等方式为工作母亲构建一个合理的平等就业支持体系。

股东会电子化中股东平等原则的规范构造

出席股东会是股东行使自身权利、治理公司事务的基本路径。委托代理人出席或书面表决等方式系原《公司法》认可的股东现场出席股东会的合法替代方式,但这两种方式均存在不足。鉴于实践效果上电子化表决在提升参与度和确保表决真实性方面起到了积极作用,新《公司法》明确规定公司可以通过电子通信方式召开电子股东会,进一步提高了股东参与度并克服了传统的两类替代方式的弊端。该规定是对实践中已广泛采用的股东会组织方式合法性的确认。然而,新《公司法》等现行法律法规并未充分考虑到电子股东会制度可能引发的股东知情权行权差异和潜在的股东不平等问题,也并未对上述问题以及电子股东会可能发生的程序瑕疵、系统障碍作出针对性的预防和救济规制。实施电子股东会的公司应当保障不同参与方式的股东均可以充分行使权利,制定电子股东会决策程序瑕疵、出现系统故障时的预防和救济措施,以全面有效发挥股东会应有的功能。

正确认识保护妇女合法权益的核心要义及其价值追求

保护妇女合法权益和男女平等都是我国的重要法律原则;保护妇女合法权益是促进男女平等实现的必要手段,是为了更好地促进男女平等;保护妇女合法权益必须坚持尊重和保障人权的基本理念;保护妇女合法权益、促进男女平等是家庭和睦的重要基础,是社会文明进步的重要标志,是中国式现代化的重要内容。

从婚姻到社会:迈向全面发展的妇女权益保障之路

近年来,我国妇女权益保障法治建设成果丰富,既有妇女权益保障法的全面修订,又有民法典婚姻家庭编相关司法解释的相继出台,在持续赋权的同时,逐步强化平权观念,但其中理念革新与价值张力并存。循赋权进路,规范性理解妇女的弱势所在,找准妇女在社会规范与权力结构中的现实落差是赋权的前提。基于此,应重点围绕婚姻家庭、人格财产等私权领域,完成权利拓展与强化;沿平权进路,厘清与赋权相并列的、支撑性别平等的立法的另一种权利义务及责任分配方式是构建平权机制的前提。民法典婚姻家庭编司法解释(二)的制定亦展现性别平等的最新制度思考,但平权机制的完善仍有诸多未尽之处。

数字化时代老年人的权利保障研究——基于桑德拉·弗里德曼的实质平等视角

数字技术为实现积极的老年生活带来了新的机遇。然而,在数字技术的运用与普及过程中,其不平等现象和数字生活本身蕴含新的风险,又给老年人权利保障带来新的威胁。以桑德拉·弗里德曼的实质平等框架分析老年“数字鸿沟”,不仅是数字技术适老化程度不足的现实表现,更是资源和权力之不平等的必然结果。因此,数字时代老年人权利保障的要义在于:通过合理分配学习资源和构造公平参与机制来切实增强老年人的数字能力,重塑数字空间的权力关系。数字时代老年人权利保障的具体方案在于:以强化数字立法消除包括年龄歧视在内的直接人权威胁,以多元协作和公平责任的社会合作机制推动老年人的数字融入,最终通过平等参与基础上的代际合作实现“老龄+数字”社会的长效治理。

以思政教育引领学生防范网络戾气的有效策略

在互联网改变人们生活的同时,网络空间治理也变得更加紧迫,“网络戾气”便是其中一种亟待解决的现象。网络戾气的成因主要基于网络空间的虚拟性、隐匿性、群体效应以及人们对现实压力的释放。思政教育与防范网络戾气之间存在目标以及内容等方面的适切性,基于此,可以通过思政教育有效引领学生防范网络戾气,具体包括:融合传统文化,加强学生的道德修养;加强心理疏导,提升学生的自控能力;引用社会热点,提高学生的媒介素养;鼓励多元交流,发展学生的辩证思维;突出和谐理念,培养学生的包容心态;强调权责对等,完善学生的法治观念。

教育数字化转型中教育公平的法治保障

推动教育数字化既是促使教育事业迈向现代化的必由之路,也对教育公平提出了全新挑战。教育公平的实现要求与受教育权给付义务功能的结构高度契合,对应着公民的原始给付请求权和派生给付请求权。其中,原始给付请求权维度构成教育公平的基础,要求国家提供底线性的教育给付;而派生给付请求权与一般平等权联系紧密,要求国家公平分配现有的教育资源。

教育数字歧视的规制逻辑:从技术理性、价值理性到制度理性

教育数字化是建设教育强国的重要引擎,也是破解教育公平问题的重要路径。然而,教育数字化在推动教育公平的过程中,也衍生出了一种新型教育歧视——教育数字歧视。教育数字歧视指教育数字化过程中非主观意识造成的对受教育者的不公平对待,以及区别、排斥或限制其平等受教育权的行为,是一种因数字技术产生的“设计缺陷”。当前,教育数字化转型正面临资源、文化、群体等方面的诸多教育数字歧视问题,教育数字歧视仍处于规制失序的状态,主要原因在于:对受教育者数字教育平等权的权利界定不清、政策观照不足以及规制保障不强,导致教育数字化过程缺乏关于人的价值和教育公平的价值指导,出现了技术反噬教育公平的情形。因此,应适时嵌入制度规则,以数字教育平等权丰富平等受教育权内涵,加强政策对平等受教育权的保障,适时立法强化数字教育歧视规制的可操作性与责任,既防止技术理性世俗化的公正性偏离,也防止价值理性理想化的形而上架空,在技术之上、价值之下、制度之中,为教育数字歧视提供规制路径。

刑释人员复权制度集成的实践逻辑

在犯罪治理体系中,与运用识别技术强化管控特殊人群相比,刑释人员融入普通人生活始终是一个被搁置或被淡忘的话题。面对社会的冷漠和排斥倾向,仅仅摘掉受刑人标签即运行前科消灭机制,仍不足以帮助这类弱势加“另类”群体再社会化。“因犯罪失权—失权法律原因消失—复权—平权”的过程控制,不仅能更新普通人的权利观,提升特定人的权利意识和能力,还能在义务泛化的情形下压实基层政府的职责;逐步压缩特定人被限权的空间,一方面直面普通人与特定人之间存在的权利冲突,另一方面也真正将社会共治构想建立在社会共存基础上。因此,复权制度集成的实践逻辑应当是:在司法因应层面,扩大犯罪记录封存范围,将积极复权措施提前到自由刑执行阶段,运用政策杠杆适度压缩限制从业空间,畅通司法救济渠道限制义务主体的乱作为;在政府作为层面,基于刑释人员再社会化紧密衔接刑事法与行政法,将针对这类人群的专项服务嵌入社会福利、卫生医疗、文化教育、就业指导、劳动保护等普惠体系,消减直接和间接歧视;在社会接纳层面,借助社会工作理念与方法,消除或淡化普通人与出狱人的心理隔膜,还给后者普通人身份。