Measurement and prediction of isothermal vapor–liquid equilibrium of a-pinene+camphene/longifolene+abietic acid+palustric acid+neoabietic acid systems

The vapor–liquid equilibrium(VLE)data of a-pinene+camphene+[abietic acid+palustric acid+neoabietic acid]and a-pinene+longifolene+[abietic acid+palustric acid+neoabietic acid]systems at 313.15 K,333.15 K and 358.15 K were measured by headspace gas chromatography(HSGC).These data was compared with the predictions value by conductor-like screening model for realistic solvation(COSMO-RS).Moreover,the calculated data of COSMO-RS and Non-Random Two-Liquids(NRTL)models showed good agreement with the experimental data.It was found that the three resin acids inhibited the volatility of a-pinene,camphene and longifolene and resulted in the decrease of total pressure.Moreover,HE(HB)contributes the most to the excess enthalpy and the hydrogen bonding interaction is the dominant intermolecular force of a-pinene,camphene and longifolene with the three resin acids.In addition,the geometric structures optimization and binding energy were obtained by the DFT to further illustrate the hydrogen bonding interaction and the effects of the addition of the three resin acids on the isothermal VLE.

Study of Isothermal Equilibrium,Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Adsorptive Desulfurization on Synthesized Cu~ⅠY~ⅢY Zeolite

Deep adsorptive desulfurization of low sulfur content gasoline via zeolite is a promising process.Herein,the Cu~ⅠY~ⅢY zeolite was prepared and the effect of adsorption conditions and aromatics on the performance of adsorptive desulfurization was studied.And the isothermal equilibrium and kinetics were also investigated.The results showed that upon using 10 m L of model oil and 0.2 g of the Cu~ⅠY~ⅢY adsorbent during the adsorption reaction,which was carried out at 323 K for 60 min,the benzothiophene(BT) desulfurization rate reached 98.4%.The impact of aromatics on the adsorptive desulfurization over the Cu~ⅠY~ⅢY zeolite decreased in the following order:ortho-xylene > meta-xylene > para-xylene.The equilibrium isotherm shows that the adsorption of benzothiophene over the as-prepared CuIYIIIY zeolite can be represented by the Langmuir model.And the kinetics can be more perfectly represented by the pseudo-second-order model than that of the pseudo-first-order one.The thermodynamic parameters(ΔG,ΔH) were both negative,which suggested that the adsorption process is monostratal,mass transfer controlled,spontaneous,and exothermic.

Equilibrium Sorption of Lead and Nickel from Solutions by Flame of the Forest (<i>Delonix regia</i>) Pods: Kinetics and Isothermic Study

Batch adsorption techniques were used to study the biosorption of Lead and Nickel from aqueous solutions by Flame of the forest pods. The effects of optimum pH, contact time, metal ion concentration, biosorbent dose, biosorbent particle size and the presence of sodium, calcium and magnesium interfering ions on the sorption were investigated. Experimental results showed that Delonix regia biomass was effective in removing these metals from aqueous solutions as the equilibrium biosorption of both metals was attained within 60 minutes of interaction with 98% of the metals removed within this period. Sorption of these metals was dependent on pH as maximum removal was attained at pH 4 and pH 5 for Lead and Nickel ions respectively. Adsorption experiments showed that the process followed the pseudo second order kinetic model with high r2 (0.9999) and the equilibrium data fitted well with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The presence of competing ions impacted negatively on the sorption process irrespective of the type used. 27% and 36% of lead (II) were recovered from the spent biosorbents with 1 MHCl and disodium salt of EDTA solutions respectively.

Error Analysis of Adsorption Isotherm Models for Acid Dyes onto Bamboo Derived Activated Carbon

High surface area activated carbons were produced by thermal activation of waste bamboo scaffolding with phosphoric acid.Single component equilibrium dye adsorption was conducted on the carbons produced and compared with a commercially available carbon.Two acid dyes with different molecular sizes,namely Acid Yellow 117(AY117) and Acid Blue 25(AB25),were used to evaluate the adsorption capacity of the produced carbons.It was found that the dye with smaller molecular size,AB 25,was readily adsorbed onto the produced carbon,nearly three times higher than a commercially available carbon,while the larger size dye,AY117,showed little adsorption.The experimental data were analyzed using isotherm equations including Langmuir,Freundlich,Tempkin,Toth,Redlich-Peterson and Sips equations.The equilibrium data were then analyzed using five different non-linear error analysis methods.

第52届国际物理奥林匹克竞赛理论第2题介绍与解答

第52届国际物理奥林匹克竞赛理论部分共三道题目,本文主要对理论第二题“詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜”题目进行介绍,给出参考解答以及对中国学生答题情况的分析。

Adsorption equilibrium for Z-ligustilide on C18-bonded silica from supercritical carbon dioxide

Adsorption equilibrium is of great importance for the preparative supercritical fluid chromatography(pre-SFC) in defining supercritical adsorption behavior and the industrial amplification.This paper presents adsorption isotherms of Z-ligustilide from supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-CO_2) on C18-bonded silica.Adsorption behavior was studied at 305.15 K,313.15 K and 323.15 K with SC-CO_2 density varying from 0.687 g·cm^(-3) to0.863 g·cm^(-3) with the elution by characteristic points(ECP) method.The adsorption amount of Z-ligustilide from SC-CO_2 on C18-bonded silica decreased with the increasing density of the mobile phase as well as the increasing temperature.Adsorption equilibrium data were fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models,and the Langmuir isotherm model performed better for describing the whole adsorption process on the column.The monolayer saturation adsorption capacity of Z-ligustilide is in the range of 3.0 × 10^(-4) mg·cm^(-3) to5.5 × 10^(-4) mg·cm^(-3) with an average value of 4.0 × 10^(-4) mg·cm^(-3).

西台吉乃尔盐湖卤水沸腾蒸发—等温平衡过程中资源元素的迁移规律

文章采用沸腾蒸发—等温平衡的研究方式,对西台吉乃尔盐湖卤水蒸发结晶过程中锂、钾、镁、硼在液相中的迁移规律进行研究,同时对西台吉乃尔盐湖卤水不同蒸发析盐阶段资源元素在液相中的浓缩、损耗和迁移进行定性和定量分析。研究结果表明:蒸失水率为0%~81.9%为钠盐阶段,81.9%~91.8%为钾混盐阶段,91.8%~96.4%为光卤石阶段。锂和硼元素在光卤石阶段的液相中损失最多,损失率分别为29.4%和37.7%;在三个盐析阶段,钾和镁的总损失率分别为21.8%和24.8%,锂和硼的总损失率分别为39.1%和54.3%。

某低品位氧化铜矿堆浸液萃取铜的试验研究

采用不同品牌的3种萃取剂从某低品位氧化铜矿堆浸液中萃取铜,考察25℃时3种萃取剂的萃取-反萃反应等温平衡相过程及相应的分相速率,绘制萃取和反萃工艺过程的McCabeThiele等温平衡线,根据实验数据计算了3种萃取剂对应的萃取率、反萃率、铜和铁排斥比及净铜迁移量。结果表明,萃取剂A的萃取率为99.3%,反萃率为97%,铜和铁排斥比为816,净铜迁移量为2.68 g/L,是最适合萃取该氧化铜矿堆浸液的萃取剂。

ISOTHERMAL SECTION OF Mg-Zn-La SYSTEM IN Mg RICH CORNER AT 350℃

Alloys of Mg-Zn-La system in Mg rich corner at 350℃ have been prepared in this study. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, electron probe microanalysis with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EPMA-EDS）, and X-ray diffraction （XRD） have been used to identify the phase equilibrium and the composition of each phase in the alloys. As a result, the isothermal section of Mg-Zn-La system in Mg rich corner at 350℃ has been determined. The result shows that, in addition to some binary phases, there exists a linear ternary compound called T-phase in Mg-Zn-La system at 350℃, in which the La content is about 8 at. pct ±0.4 at. pct and the Zn content is 8 at. pct- 48 at. pct. The T-phase has a C-centered orthorhombic crystal structure, and the lattice parameters are a=0.965-1.020 nm, b=1.121 1.142 nm, c=0.950-0.977 nm.

Phase Equilibrium of Quaternary System Cd^(2+)//Cl^-,SO_4^(2-),NO_3^--H_2O at 298 K

Solid-liquid equilibrium of quaternary system Cd2＋//Cl–, SO42–, NO3–-H2O at 298 K was studied by means of an isothermal solution saturation method. Experimental results indicate that there are three univariant curves BE, AE and CE, one invariant point E and three crystallization fields in the quaternary system. The quaternary system belongs to a simple type, and there are no double salts or solid solution existing. The crystallization zones of equilibrium solid phases are CdCl2·5/2H2O（AEB field）, 3CdSO4·8H2O（AEC field） and Cd（NO3）2·4H2O（BEC field）, respectively. The composition of the invariant point is CdCl2, Cd（NO3）2, CdSO4 and H2O and the contents of which are 17.02%, 45.50%, 4.52% and 32.96%, respectively. The physico-chemical properties of solution in the quaternary system show regular changes along with the increased cadmium concentration. The results indicate that Cd（NO3）2 possessed the highest solubility among those three salts, which means a strong transfer of Cd ion and a high pollution risk of soil environment. And the solubility of CdSO4 would be restrained as the salts existing together.

Isothermal section of Mg-Zn-La system in Mg-rich corner at 400 ℃

Alloys with different compositions in Mg-rich corner of Mg-Zn-La system at 400 ℃ were prepared,the phase equilibrium in the Mg-rich corner of Mg-Zn-La system was determined by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),electron probe microanalysis based on energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EPMA-EDS) and X-ray diffraction(XRD),and the isothermal section at 400 ℃ was established. The results show that there exists a ternary compound(T-phase) with a constant La content and changable Mg/Zn contents in the Mg-Zn-La system. The mole fraction of La in T-phase is about 8%,and that of Zn is from 16% to 43%. There exist a two-phase equilibrium which consists of T-phase plus hcp-Mg and a three-phase equilibrium which is composed of T-phase,hcp-Mg and a liquid phase(L-phase) at 400 ℃ . The L-phase consists of 70% Mg,30% Zn and is free of La.

25℃NaCl-Na_(2)SO_(4)-C_(2)H_(5)OH-H_(2)O体系相平衡及应用研究

溶析结晶法是无机盐分离纯化的重要方法之一。通过等温溶解平衡法测定了两个三元体系NaCl-CH_(3)CH_(2)OHH _(2)O,Na_(2)SO_(4)-CH_(3)CH_(2)OH-H_(2)O和一个四元体系NaCl-Na_(2)SO_(4)-CH_(3)CH_(2)OH-H_(2)O的部分溶解度数据,并根据溶解度数据绘制了相图。通过对实验数据的分析得出以下结论:1)随着乙醇含量的增加硫酸钠和氯化钠的单盐含量均下降。2)随着乙醇含量的增加硫酸钠和氯化钠共饱和溶液中两盐的含量均下降,但是趋势有所不同,氯化钠的下降趋势较缓和,而硫酸钠一开始下降速度比较快之后趋于平缓。3)乙醇含量为10%时硫酸钠和氯化钠的溶解度差值最大,大于纯水中两盐溶解度差值,这为溶析结晶法分离氯化钠和硫酸钠奠定了理论基础。4)设计了溶析结晶法分步分离盐硝的路线,并用相图进行了分析计算,结果表明硫酸钠和氯化钠的一次循环收率分别为68.68%、66.61%。

RHO分子筛空分性能评价

RHO分子筛由于独特的孔道结构在O_(2)N_(2)分离方面表现出其特有的性质。采用水热合成法合成Na,Cs-RHO分子筛,进行碱金属离子交换改性,然后利用XRD和SEM对样品进行表征。通过单组分气体吸附实验、Aspen Adsorption软件模拟混合组分穿透曲线实验和双塔PSA空分实验对吸附剂性能进行评价。结果表明:Li-RHO是一种容易通过阳离子调控骨架扭曲程度的分子筛,O_(2)N_(2)平衡分离性能参数最大。穿透曲线实验结果表明,弱吸附组分(N2)首先穿透吸附床,O2因强吸附而后穿出,Li-RHO的动力学分离因子很高。Aspen Adsorption模拟结果表明,Li-RHO制得的N2纯度和回收率最高,可能是一种具有良好应用前景的空分吸附剂。

供试土壤氯离子运移实验及模拟研究

为了研究氯离子在供试土壤中运移及吸附规律,采用室内瞬态氯离子土柱运移实验,获得氯离子在供试土壤中运移的穿透曲线,基于Hydrus-1D对实验结果进行反算,计算氯离子在供试土壤中运移及吸附参数。结果显示,模型对氯离子运移实验结果拟合度高,其RMSE为0.0479,供试土壤的弥散度为0.5 cm,上、下层供试土壤的渗透系数分别为3.992,3.229 cm/h,上、下层供试土壤的等温平衡吸附系数分别为0.2372,2.2186,供试土壤中黏质占比影响供试土壤的透水性及供试土壤对氯离子的吸附能力。

三元体系NiSO_(4)-CuSO_(4)-H_(2)O 298.15 K相平衡研究

采用等温溶解平衡法研究298.15 K三元体系NiSO_(4)-CuSO_(4)-H_(2)O相平衡。用原子吸收分光光度计测定平衡液相中Ni^(2+)、Cu^(2+)浓度,用X射线衍射仪分析平衡固相物相,用折光仪、密度计和pH计分别测量平衡液相折光率、密度和pH值。实验结果表明:三元体系NiSO_(4)-CuSO_(4)-H_(2)O 298.15 K的相图为三元简单共饱和型,没有复盐和固溶体产生。稳定相图包含1个共饱和点,2条单变量曲线,3个固相结晶区。共饱和点E处的液相组成W(NiSO_(4))=23.33%,W(CuSO_(4))=12.60%。根据经验公式对平衡液相折光率进行计算,测定值与计算值吻合较好。基于Pitzer模型对共饱和点处平衡液相中的活度系数计算,其值分别为γ_(±NiSO4)=0.901 9,γ_(±CuSO4)=1.119 6,进而得到溶解平衡常数K分别为K_(NiSO4)=6.859 9,K_(CuSO4)=5.520 1。该研究为铜镍资源的回收利用,提供热力学支持和指导。

非理想稀溶液中溶质化学反应达平衡时化学反应等温式的探讨

物理化学中化学平衡一节关于非理想稀溶液中溶质化学反应,当反应达到平衡时的化学反应等温式中,在讨论标准平衡常数时并未提及所对应的标准态的组成表示,因此很多初学者会忽略组成表示的选取而直接计算标准平衡常数导致计算结果产生偏差,所以建议在反应达平衡时化学反应等温式中的与的公式中分别用下角标标注出相应的组成的表示,以便使初学者更容易的记忆和使用公式。

聚合物强化超滤处理含铜废水

聚合物强化超滤工艺(PEUF)是一种将高分子聚合物和超滤技术结合的新型、高效的重金属废水治理方法。以壳聚糖(CTS)为聚合物去除水中的铜离子。考察了吸附络合和超滤过程中影响铜去除率的多种因素。结果表明,溶液pH值为6.0、CTS浓度为0.15 g/L和反应时间为60 min时,通过超滤系统后效果最佳。装载比一定时,铜初始浓度的变化对铜的去除率没有明显影响。CTS对铜的吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温方程。还研究了超滤膜的污染情况和膜清洗方法,结果表明,酸清洗效果较好,可使膜通量恢复达87%左右。

Mg-Sn-Y三元系富Mg角500℃等温截面的测定

采用合金法,利用XRD、SEM-EDS测定一系列Mg-Sn-Y三元合金在500℃下富Mg角处相平衡关系及各相平衡成分,建立Mg-Sn-Y三元系在500℃下富Mg角处的等温截面相图。结果表明:Mg-Sn-Y三元系富Mg角处存在Mg2Sn、MgSnY、Sn3Y5和Mg24+xY54种化合物与α-Mg固溶体平衡,从而构建3个三相区和4个两相区;Sn在α-Mg基体中的固溶度为2.5%～3.9%(摩尔分数),Y在α-Mg基体中的固溶度为1.1%,但二者不能同时固溶到α-Mg基体中,同时Sn3Y5相中大约可以固溶3.6%～4.1%的金属Mg;由于MgSnY和Sn3Y5等一些高熔点化合物在高温下能够稳定存在,使得Mg-Sn-Y体系有可能成为一种潜在的新型耐热镁合金。

酿酒酵母吸附Zn^(2+)、Pb(2+)、Ag^+、Cu^(2+)的动力学特性研究

利用静态摇瓶实验方法,研究了工业废弃酿酒酵母无缓冲溶液体系吸附Zn2+、Pb2+、Ag+、Cu2+的动力学特性.结果表明,酵母吸附Zn2+、Pb2+、Ag+、Cu2+的动力学过程可以用准二级动力学方程进行描述.金属离子初始浓度在0.08~3.0mmol.L-1范围内,Langmuir方程可以较好地描述Zn、Pb、Ag的等温吸附行为,Zn、Pb、Ag的理论饱和吸附量分别为0.522mmol.g-1(34.11mg.g-1)、0.577mmol.g-1(119.50mg.g-1)和0.329mmo.lg-1(35.50mg.g-1).以mol为基础的金属离子吸附量顺序是:Pb>Zn>Ag;以mg为基础的金属离子吸附量顺序是:Pb>Ag>Zn.Freundlich方程对整个浓度范围内的平衡数据拟合效果较差,但是它可以较好地描述低浓度Zn2+(初始浓度0.08~0.5mmo.lL-1)、低浓度Pb2+(0.08~1.0mmo.lL-1)以及高浓度Ag+(1.5~3.0mmol.L-1)的等温吸附行为.酵母吸附Zn2+、Pb2+、Ag+、Cu2+过程中,溶液pH值有不同程度的增加,增加幅度大小顺序是Zn>Pb>Ag>Cu,这间接反映出Zn2+、Pb2+、Ag+、Cu2+与水溶液中H+的竞争力逐步减弱.吸附过程中酵母释放大量的K+,其次是Mg2+,而Ca2+、Na+的释放量较低,数量级一般可分别达到几百μmol.g-1、几十μmol.g-1、几到几十μmol.g-1、十几μmol.g-1.

固定化海带生物吸附剂的制备及其吸附Ni^(2+)的动力学特性

以海藻酸钠、明胶和海带粉为原料制备了固定化海带生物吸附剂。固定化海带生物吸附剂对Ni2+的吸附过程可分为3个阶段:快速吸附阶段、缓慢吸附阶段和吸附平衡阶段。动力学过程可用Lagergren准二级反应动力学方程描述,限速步骤为化学吸附。随Ni2+初始质量浓度的增加,固定化海带生物吸附剂的Ni2+吸附量逐渐增大,Ni2+去除率逐渐降低。吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程,说明该吸附体系既有物理吸附又有化学吸附,从吸附状态看属于多层吸附,由Langmuir吸附等温方程得出固定化海带生物吸附剂对Ni2+的最大吸附量为39.43mg/g,说明固定化海带生物吸附剂对Ni2+有较好的吸附性能。